主谓一致与时态

1、主谓一致Subject-predicate agreement1. 主谓一致v主谓一致的三原则主谓一致的三原则 语法一致语法一致：大多数谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语的人称。 意义一致意义一致：当主语强调整体时用单数；当主语强调构成集体的各个成员时用复数。 就近一致就近一致：往往采用就近原则。 单数的几种情况单数的几种情况 v1.不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语时用单数形式。 v2. 事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时用单数形式。 v3、时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等名词，不论单复数，都用单数形式。 v4、each, every, one, either, neither, ma

2、ny a, more than one, not only one等作主语或者修饰主语时，一般使用单数形式。 v5、the number of作主语时，用单数形式。 v6. a portion/ series/ species/ swarm/ kind + of + n.作主语时，用单数形式。 注意：quantities后面的名词无论是可数名词复数，还是不可数名词，都用复数形式。v7. 由and连接的短语作主语：用and连接两个以上的名词戒代词作主语时，谓语一般用复数。Eg.Jack and Jill; 注意：注意： 连接的名词或代词前后都有every, each, no, many a等修饰

3、。 Every hour and every minute is precious to me. 连接的名词戒代词表示单一概念指同一个人或一整体，须用单数形式。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 其他：friend and foe; butter and bread, vpart and parcel(重要的部分),vneedle and thread; the ebb and flow。 复数的几种情况复数的几种情况v1.a number of作主语，用复数形式；v2.由and, bot

4、hand连接的短语作主语，用复数； v3. people, police, clergy（牧师）, cattle, poultry, vermin（害虫，寄生虫）, militia（民兵）等等作主语时，用复数；v4.常以复数形式出现的名词作主语时， 如：remains, riches, scissors（剪刀）, shears（大剪刀）, clothes, pants, leavings（残余）, annals（年报，编年史） v5.不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，用复数形式。 e.g. Five thousand square meters of housing have been bu

5、ilt. 根据语意根据语意v 抽象、具体均可：audience, class, club, committee, family, firm, government, public, jury, school, staff, team, union, police。The television public is increasing rapidly.电视观众正急速增长。The public are tired of demonstrations. 公众对示威感到厌烦。 The police are on his track. 警察在跟踪他。v 单复同形Chinese, Japanese, de

6、er, sheep, swine, series, species, means 等，这些名词要根据起数量概念决定谓语单复数。 vthe minority / majority of + n., plenty/ part/ half/ rest/ x percent of + n. 作主语时，谓语形式与名词一致。 vform(s)/ kind(s)/ type(s) of + n. 作主语时，谓语单复数与form(s)等的单复数一致。 v注意：注意：即使名词是不可数名词，谓语劢词也要用复数形式。 e.g. Two kinds of salt have been proved to be har

7、mful to human body. v the + adj. 作主语时，若指一个人或抽象概念用单数；若指一类人用复数。The dead was his mother. 死者是他的母亲。The homeless in Haiti are reported to be more than 50,000. v 在强调句中，强调主语时，that/ who引导的谓语动词形式取决于被强调的主语。 e.g. It was the driver who was to blame for the accident. 是司机对应该对这件事事故负责。 就近原则就近原则v or, eitheror, neithe

8、rnor, not only(but) also等作主语时： e.g. Neither you nor I am wrong. v as well as应理解为插入语，不影响谓语形式。accompanied with, as much as, besides, except, including, in addition to, instead of, no less than, rather than, together with, along with, with, but, like, more than, no less than, except forv there be 句型中，谓

9、语使用就近原则。vMany a +单名谓单vOne and a half+复名谓单（复）vOne +N and a half+谓单vMore than one +单名+谓单vMore +复名 than one+谓复vA great/good many (of) students have 2.代词All, someone, none, oneAlmost, most, many, much, moreWhat，whatever，whicheverNothing but, anything but,of oneself 自动的，属于自己的in oneself 从本质上说 vOne cannot

10、make a silk purse out of a sows ear. 巧妇难为无米之炊.单复数的概念veach和every都是单数概念，但every只能作形容词，each能作代词和形容词。两者修饰名词时，都表示“每一个”，但each强调个体，every强调整体。 vall指代两个以上人时用复数；当all指代东西时为单数。vnone作代词，谓语单复数两可。v三者之间的相互关系不用among, 而是用between肯定与否定v完全肯定：Both of the two books are good .All of the books are good. v完全否定：Neither of the

11、two books is/ are good. None of the books is good. v部分否定：Both of the two books are not good. Not all of us like English. 其它要点其它要点 v在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前，another可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前another 3 miles; 3 miles more。vother与some, any, no, every, 数词连用时，置于这些词的后面。 vother与名词连用，置于名词前面，但other不能单独使用。 vevery other day/while/

12、week 每隔vthree: one, the other, anothervtwo: the bigger one is red. 反义疑问句v祈使句；Lets, shall we? Let us , will you? vI wish后的反义疑问句后的反义疑问句 e.g. I wish to have another try, may I? 陈述句谓语劢词为wish时，表示征求意见，附加问句用may。 v否定性的；(un-, dis-, im, in-, ir-除外)v当陈述部分是I (We) think (believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，疑问句

13、应和从句的人称时态保持一致。I think that he has done his best, hasnt he? I dont think that you can do it, can you? We dont believe that the news is true, is it?I believe he can find her nowhere, can he? v非第一人称：按照正常来变化He didnt think that the news was true, did he? v陈述部分主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，

14、反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。v陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither时，they；偶见：Everyone likes the book, doesnt he? (dont they?) vI am a student, arent I?v祈使句时一般用will you表示请求，用wont you表示委婉请求或邀请。如： Do sit down, wont you?/ will you?Please open the window, will

15、you? (wont you?) Dont make any noise, will you? vYoud better tell him about the matter, hadnt you? vThere are two cakes on the plate, arent there? vHe used to live in the country, didnt he?/usednt he? v陈述部分must (may, might)+ have + V-ed表推测时，若有明显的过去时间状语，问句用过去时形式。He might have forgotten his pen in the

16、 classroom yesterday, didnt he? You must have got up late this morning, didnt you?v若句中没有明显过去时间状语，用现在完成时形式。如： Everyone must have known the death of the waitress, havent they？v陈述部分主语为动名词或不定式时，问句主语用it代替。To do one good deed is easy for a person, isnt it? Skating is your favorite sport, isnt it?v陈述部分的主语为

17、从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如： What he said is true, isnt it? (不用didnt he?) Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? (不用wont we?) vNow practise!1.How close parents are to their children a strong influence on the character of the children. A. have B. has C. having D. to have2.How the adva

18、nced worker managed to raise production _ (be) of interest to us all.3.As a rule, what is out of sight _ (disturb) mens minds more seriously than what they see.4.I am going anyway. Whether or not she will go _(be) up to her.5.Knowing youre blessed _(allow) you to attain patience, understanding and j

19、oy.6.To translate this ideal into reality _(need) hard work.7._ of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night. A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All8.Here are five conditions that must be worked into your goals. All _ essential.9.A smile can help one realize that all _ not hopeless

20、.10.The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affect the quality of the products. 11.Only a small percentage of people _(be) really independent.12.The number of people who _(lack) a strong sense of purpose _(be) surprising.13.He was the only one of the boys who _(be ) given a prize.1

21、4.23. This is the one of the books on the subject that _(be) written in Chinese.15.The statistics _ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent year.16.A. proves B. are proving C. is proving D. prove17.The first 40 years of life _(give) us the text; the next 30 years the co

22、mmentary.18.The ability to retain a mental record of earlier experiences are referred to as “memory”. （改错）19.Ensuring an adequate water supply have been a concern ever since people began to live in towns and cities . （改错）20.None of us _ (be) afraid of difficulties.21.Both teaching and research work

23、_(be) making great strides.Tense and voice1.表达将来时的形式：表达将来时的形式： (1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that

24、you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：完成时连用的句型和时间状语：v (1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。v如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man

25、 came to the door.vBetween 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.v(表示1919年时已发生的情况)v (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：vBy the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.vI hope her healt

26、h will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.v(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,如：vThe changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brillian

27、t scientists at the turn of the 19th century.v但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。vIt is four years since John left school.v(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：v It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.v(5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。vNo sooner than we arrived home, had we found that it had been broken into.v 3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：继续下去。如：v The company has been promising a rise in