英语四种基本句式

1、英语四种基本句式：陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹句 一：肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句 例句：I am a student. He goes to school.I am not a boy. He does not go to school.Are you a student? Do you / Does she like English ?What time （is it）,please ? which is your pen?What day today ?问星期 what date is it today?问日期 含 be/am is are was were:This is a bo

2、ok.Is this a book? _ yes, it is / no, it isnThis is not a book.What is this ? what this is ?不含be的，借助do/does:I like En glish. I do n ot like En glish.Do you like En glish?What do you like?She likes En glish. She does no t like En glish. Does she like En glish.What does she like提问例词：When问时间 why问原因 wha

3、t day问星期 how old问年龄 how long 问时间who问人 whose问主人what time 问时间what date 问日期 what place how many/much问数量、价钱what colorwhere问地点which问选择问颜色what about问意见问具体地点How问情况how about问意见 how far问路程how soon 问时间 how often 问频率肯定句转否定句中特殊用法:1. some 变为 any。如：There are some birds in the tree.There aren't any birds in th

4、e tree.但是，若在表示邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。如： Would you like some orange juice? 与此相关的一些不定代词如 somethi ng, somebody等也要进行相应变化。2. and 变为 or。如：I have a knife and a ruler. I don't have a knife or a ruler.You needntworry about the job and pay._ You needn'tworry about the job or pay. （Don 'need to）3. a lo

5、t of （=lots of）变为many（修饰可数n）或much（修饰不可数n）。如：They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）They don't have many friends.There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词） There isrlt much orange in the bottle.4. already 变为 yet。如：I have bee n there already. I have n't bee n there yet.I have sent you the mail al

6、ready. I haven ' t sent you the mail yet.二：疑问句questios分类：一般疑问、特殊疑问、反意疑问、选择疑问I. 一般疑问句 general questions : yes/no questions 型，一般可由 yes/no 来回答；II. 一般疑问句的基本结构：A . be/助/情态动词（be can do have will等）+主语+谓语/表语+（其他），句子要读升调;Eg： Are they your friends? Can you play basketba? Can you swim to the other side?Doe

7、s he go to school on foo? Do you like En glish?Have you locked the door? Will you be free tonight ? 以上均可用 yes、no 来回答。B：陈述句亦可用作一般疑问句，多用在 非正式文体中，句末有问号，用升调；Eg： Somebody is with you？ He didn ' t finish the workYou are fresh from America I suppose?22.一般疑问句的回答：除 yes、no 夕卜，也可用 certainly，probably， perha

8、ps， of course, all right， with pleasure 等代替 yes,用 never，not at all 等代替 no；Eg： Ca n you help me?Certai nly.Could you please make less noise All right，sir.Have you bee n there?33.般疑问句的否定式:Never.A. 一般结构：系/助/情态动词+not+主语；也可为：系/助/情态动词+主语+not。Eg： Do you not/Don ' t you believe me? Is it not / Isn '

9、 t it a lovely day?Are you not / Aren ' t you comirW?l you not/Won' t you sit down?Is he not / Isn' t he a doctoiWVill he not/Won ' t he go with you?Does Helen not /Doesn' t Helen like chocc海te不喜欢巧克力吗？B.否定疑问句并不单纯表示提问，它常常带有感情色彩；否定疑问句的完全式比简略式所表达的语气 更强烈些；惊异、赞叹或责难等语气；暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答；表示

10、邀请或建议；Eg： Haven' t you read the newspaper Won t he come 他不来了啊？Shouldn ' t we start now Wasn t it an interesting filmWouldn' t you like to go with m? Won t you have a cup of coffe?44.一般疑问句否定式的回答：否定的一般疑问句的答语中，yes的含义为 不”，no的含义为 是”，但在回答这类句子时，应该注意 yes后接肯定结构，no后接否定结构，这和汉语习惯不同。Eg： Are you not M

11、r Smith ? Yes I am.丕，我是 / No， I am not.是的，我不是Haven' t you read this book beforeYes I have丕，我读过 / No, I haven 是的，我没有一Don' you play chesQ Yes， I do.不，我下棋 / No，I don '是:的，我不下棋。教你一招：I在这样的答语中，只要根据实际情况来判断，如果事实上是，就用肯定的结构，前面接 yes；如果事实上不是，就用否定结构，前面接no；但此时的yes、no应翻译成反义的中文。2. 特殊问句 special questions

12、 : wh-questions 型问句，when. where. what. who. why. which. whose.11.特殊疑问句的基本结构：A .特殊疑问词+般疑问句；即特殊疑问词+be/助/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语+（其他）.Eg: Who is it on the phone?谁来的电话？ How many oran ges can you see in the pictureWhere did you last see i? What did you eat yesterday? How do you usually go to schooPWhat can be done

13、 about it? Which are yours? What did you say?Who would like to come for a game of football?Why didn ' t you tell meB:特殊疑问句有时可有一个以上的疑问词；Eg: Which prese nt did you give to whom?When and where did you meet?C：特殊疑问句有时须以介词开首；Eg： By whom is the book written ?Since when have you lived hereD：疑问词作主语或主语的定语

14、时，与陈述句的语序相同；Eg: Who is in the room?谁在房间里？E: “why一般疑问句否定式”这种结构一般表示劲告、建议、责备等，而不能归为特殊问句；Eg: Why don' t you come earlier Why not go skiing?为何不去滑雪呢？22.特殊疑问词：疑问代词、疑问副词A. 疑问代词：who whom whosewhich what指认S指人O指所属关系，做定语后接n指人或物，一定范围、没规定范围的Eg： Who is the girl under the tree？Who is not here？Whom are you writi

15、ng to ？Whom do you want to see？Whose pen is this？Whose are those shoesWhich girls will be in the sports meeting?Which hat is lily ？ ' sWhat can you see in the picture?What is in the teacher ' ？ s roomB. 疑问畐寸词： whe n/where/ why /how /how old /how many/much/how ofte n /soon/far/long问时间 地点 原因方式

16、年龄 多少频率 速度距离Eg： When will she return ? Where do you come from ?Why are you late for school?How do you usually go to schoo?How old is Jim ' s little brother How many friends do you have?How far is it from your home to school? How long will you stay in Beijing?How ofte n do you go to see your gran

17、 dpare nt$How soon will you come back?33.特殊疑问句的回答：简略/整句回答，不用yes、noEg： Who has borrowed my bike? Jack. / Jack has borrowed your bike.When did he borrow my bike? This morning . / He borrowed your bike this morning.Where is he? At the office. / He is at the office.What is he doing there? Work ing. / He

18、 is worki ng.Whose bike is this? Mr. Smith 7/ s. It ' s Mr. Smith ' s bike.3. 选择疑问句：alternative questions提出两种或两种以上的可能，问对方选择哪一种。其结构可用 一般疑问句，也可用特殊疑问句，供选择的两部分由or连接，前者用升调，后者用降调。Eg： Will you go there by bus or by train?What would you like， coffee or tea?How many pens do you have， one or two ?11.一

19、般疑问句演化而来的：Eg： Is it right or wrong ? Are they reading, chatting or watching television ?Were you or he there? Do you want to go there by land or by air?22.特殊疑问句演化而来的：Eg： Which do you like better， coffee or milk? What colour is it，red， blue or yellow?Where are you going, to the classroom or to the li

20、brary? How shall we go, by sea or by land?33.or not构成的选择疑问句：Eg： Do you want to buy it or not ? Are you ready or not?44.选择疑问句的回答，非所问语，不用yes、no,而要用简略或完整的结构来回答Eg： Do you go to work by bus or by bike? By bus. Which would you like, tea or coffee? Coffee.55. or连接的选择疑问句，并列部分可为多种成分Eg： 表语，如：Are you an Englis

21、hman or an American I ' m from England.状语，如： Is the delegation arriving today or tomorrow ？ Today, I think.宾语，如：Would you like coffee or tea? Tea, please.谓语，如：Shall we watch TV or go to the concert I ' d prefer to go to the con cert.分句，如：Shall I come to pick you up or shall we meet at the ai

22、rport As you please.4. 反意疑问句：disju nctive questio ns是一种常用于口语的疑问句，这种问句由两部分组成，前一部 分是陈述句，后一部分是附加的一简短问句（称为question tag），中间用逗号隔开，因此，反意疑问句又称附加疑问句。如果前肯则后否；如果前否则后肯。附加问句一般为“b助、情态动词+代词”构成，如：Eg： They didn ' t cletae classroom yesterday did they ? This is your ca，isn ' t ?You' re comingaren ' t

23、you John doesn ' t like tedoes he?She can ' t swimcan she?You don ' t like rock mu，ido you ?11.反意疑问句需注意的问题：Eg： 前后代词一致 He is your teache， isn ' t he Li lei gets up at six in the morning doesn' t he 系、情态、助动词借助 Tom has finished his homework hasn' t heShe went to Shanghai yesterd

24、ay didn ' t she含否定词 There' s little water in the bottle is there ?前后双肯或双否，有特殊含义You sold that lovely bracelet did you ? =I ' sorry you did.遗憾！22.反意疑问句的语调：通常陈述句部分用降调，附加问句用升调：He can' t swimcan he? Lily likes sports doesn' t she对自己的看法比较肯定而又希望听者同意这种看法时，前后都用降调：You don ' t like rock

25、 mu$ido you?期望回答：No，I don ' t.You like rock music don' t yo?期望回答：Yes I do.33.反意疑问句的答语：A.一般由yes或no引导的简略语来回答，但是要注意时态及代词的呼应Eg： She is your teache，isn ' t she Yes，she is. / No，she isn ' t.Li lei gets up at six in the morning doesn' t he Yes he is./ No ， he isn ' t.B在前否定后肯定的，回答语中：

26、yes译成“不是” ，no译成“是的”。Eg： She can ' t swimcan she ? Yes，she can. / No， she can ' t.She isn ' t your teaches she?Yes she is. / No, she isn。t.三.一些特殊问句的反意疑问：1. 陈述句是I am 结构，反意问句用aren ' t或am not II ' m rightaren ' ?I / I ' m lajeam not I?2. 陈述句主语是不定代词时， 如果是表物的everyth ing, any th

27、i ng, someth in g, nothi ng时，反意 问 句的主语it，谓语动词用单数;女口果是表人的 everybody，every one, somebody，some one, an ybody， anyone, nobody，no one时，反意问句的主语可用they，也可用he，谓语动词用相应的单、复数， 如:Nothing is serious, is it ？ No one was hurt, were they？Everybody knows what I said don' t they Every one knows his job does n'

28、 t he3. 如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that时，疑问句的主语用it，谓语单数；如果陈述部分的主 语是指示代词these, those，则疑问句的主语用they，谓语用复数，如：This is very important, isn ' ？ it Those are cups aren ' t they4. 如果陈述部分以不定代词one作主语，附加疑问部分的主语在正式场合用 one,在非正式场合用you, 如：One can' t be too careful, can e(you)?最认真不过如此了，是吗？5. 陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式或动名词时

29、，疑问部分的主语用it，谓语用单数，如：What you said is wrong, isn ' ？ it To learn English well isn, i's it easyPracticing speaking English every morning will do you good won' t i？6. 陈述句中的谓语动词是there be,后边的疑问部分也用there be形式，如：There is an apple on the table isn ' t there There ' re some trees on the i

30、slajncbren ' t there7. 陈述句谓语动词是 wish，表示征求意见时，反意问句用 may，如：I wish to have another piece of cake may I? I wish to go home now , may I?8. 陈述句句中有 hardly, seldom, rarely, no, no thi ng , n ever, little , few, n obody, no where, barely,neither, tootc等表示否定意义的词时，反意问句用肯定式，如：You will never forget it , will

31、 you ? There is nothing on the table, is there?She has few friends does she?9. 如果陈述句中的否定式仅带有否定词缀(前缀或后缀)，则将其看成肯定句，反意冋句一般仍用否定式，女口 : He is unfit for his job, isn ' t he That' s unfairisn ' t?it10. 前句谓语动词为have/has/had to时其疑问部分的谓语动词应用 don' t /doesn ' t/d，如：'tHe has to get up at fo

32、ur tomorrow, doesn' t he They had to leave early didn ' t they11. 陈述句中的谓语动词为used to时，其疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式，如：He used to live in Lon dor, used n' t he/did n ? t heThere used to be a cinema here before the wa, usedn' t there/didn ' ?there12. 陈述句中的谓语动词是ought to，则疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn 代

33、替，如：Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? He ought to be punished, oughtn ' t he或 We ought to go , ought we not ? 或 we ought to go , should we not ?13. 当陈述部分有dare或need时，若dare和need为实义动词，疑问部分的谓语动词用do的适当形式；若dare和need为情态动词，疑问部分用dare或need构成，如：We need to do it, don' t we You daren '

34、 t go therelare you?'t+14. 含有情态动词must的句子：1）若陈述句中强调对现在的情况的推测，疑问部分用aren ' t/isn主语，如： You must be tired aren ' t yc？2）前句谓语动词是must have+过去分词时，若陈述句中强调过去情况的推测（一般有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用 didn '主语，如：He must have met her yesterday didn ' t h？3） 若陈述句中强调动作的完成，疑问部分的谓语动词用haven' t/hasn主语+女口：You

35、 must have seen the film haven' t yO？4） 若陈述部分的must表示 有必要”时，附加疑问句的部分则用needn',t如：You must go home right now needn' t you 你有必要马上回家，是吗？5） 当mustn'表示禁止时，附加疑问部分一般用may，如：You mustn ' t walk on grasmay you?15. 祈使句的反意疑问句，一般在句尾加will you，如：Give me a hand will you ? Stop that noise, will you ?

36、 Don' t forget it, will you?Don' t talk any mor，will you ?注意：在陈述部分是肯定的句子中，也可用won' t you16. let '开头的祈使句的反意疑问句用shall we； let us开头的祈使句的反意疑问句用 will you，如：Let ' s go there, shall we Let us go there, will you ?在口语中，也可用下面形式：Let' s gohi ng. All right （or OK）?17. 主从复合句的附加问句1）复合句的反意疑问句

37、一般是根据主句的主语和谓语形式构成反意疑问部分的，如：He said that we were happy, didn ' t he2）复合句的主句是 I think （expect，suppose, believe，suspect, imagine）时，附加问句要根据主句而定，主语是第一人称时，要根据从句而定，主语为第二、三人称时，与主句保持一致，并且 要注意否定的转移，如：I suppose he is serious isn ' t heYou think she is a good teacher don' t yo?I believe he can find

38、her mother no where, can he?（注意，用 no where 为否定句）I expect they will win the match, won' t theyYour brother thinks you can do the job well, doesn' t h?I don ' t think he is the suitable man for the jobs he?18. 并列复句的反意疑问句这种反意疑问句，其疑问部分一般与最接近的分句的主、谓语保持一致，如：We must start at once or we can '

39、; t get thereonartinwe?He is a teacher but his wife isn' tsasteacher四.感叹句exclamatory sentenee感叹句一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感的。英语感叹 句常用"what"和"how"引导，"what"和"how"与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分 用陈述句语序。1、由"what"引导的感叹句："what"意为哆么"用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词 前要加不定

40、冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。结构形式是：what+(a/a n)+adj. +n .+S+V.What good childre n they are!What beautiful flowers they are!Eg： What a clever girl she is!What an interesting story it is!12欢迎下载What delicious food it is!What heavy snow it is!2、由"how"引导的感叹句："how"意为"多么"，用作状语，修饰形

41、容词或副词(被强调部分)。如果 修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果 how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词，结 构形式是： How+ adj . (adv.) +S+V.Eg： How cold it is today! How n ice the pictures are!How happy they look! How well she sin gs!How hard they are worki ng now!3、在表示同一意义时，英语感叹既可用"what"引导，也可用"how"引导。如：How hot the day is !How

42、tall the build ings are!How bad the weather is!Eg： What a hot day it is!What tall buildi ngs they are!What bad weather it is!What bright sunshine it is!How bright the sunshine is!4、感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时，口语中常常采用省略句，其后面的主语和谓语往往略去Eg： What a fine day!What an honest boy! What red apples!How cool! How won derful

43、!So cute !感叹句专项练习：what a/an +adj /adv +n +S+V How adj/ adv +S +V一、填入适当的词完成下列感叹句。1).( )difficult homework we had yesterday! 2).( )cute dog it is!3) . ( ) interesting the story is!4). ( )bad the weather in England is!5). ( )honest boy Tom is！6). ( ) tasty smell the cake gave off!7). ( ) good time we h

44、ad on the beach yesterday! 8). ( ) exciting news you've brought us!9). ( ) cool your new car is! 10). ( ) scary these tigers are!二、选择填空。A. How B. How an C. What D. What an1. ( ) fast the boy ran! 2. ( ) well you sing but( ) badly he dances!3. ( ) delicious the soup is! I' d like some more.4.

45、 ( ) fools they were! They believed what the man said.5. ( ) foolish they were! They believed what the man said.6. ( ) difficult questions they are! I can' t answer them.7. I miss my friend very much. ( ) I want to see her!8. ( ) lovely weather we are having these days!9. ( ) beautiful your new

46、dress is! 10. ( ) interesting work it is to teach children!三、所给句子填空，使填空句变为相应的感叹句：1. The boy swam very fast. / ( )the boy swam!2. The school trip is very exciting./ ( ) the school trip is!3. Hei Lon gjia ng looks very beautiful in win ter. ( ) Hei Lon gJia ng looks in win ter!4. It is a very useful d

47、ictio nary. ( )dictio nary it is! ( )dictio nary is!5. The students are listening very carefully./ ( )the students are listening!Answers一: What, What a, How, How, What an. What, What a, What, How, How二、BAACA CACAC5. How carefully三、1. How fast 2. How exciting 3. How beautiful 4. What a useful, How us

48、eful the五，祈使句Imperative Sentenee用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使 句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。祈使句因对象(即主语) 是第二人称，所以通常都省略；祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，句末则使用句号来表示结束。例： Go and wash your han ds.命令)/Be quiet, please. ( Please be quiet.)请求)Be kind to our sister.(对姊妹要和善。/Watch your steps.警告)Look out ！ Danger!(小心！危险！强烈警告，已如 感叹句

49、)Keep off the grass.禁止)/ No parking.禁止)祈使句也常把主语“You表达出来，使对方听起来觉得柔和些，例如：You go and tell him, Chris.1. 相关口令：祈使句无主语，主语you常省去；动词原形谓语当，句首加do n't否定变;朗读应当 用降调，句末常标感叹号。2. 结构形式：肯定/否定结构11.肯定形式：do/ be / letA. Do型:V原形+0+其它成分。如:Please have a seat here.请这边坐。有的祈使句在意思明确时，动词可省略 ：This way, please. = Go this way,

50、please. 请这边走。B. Be型:Be + P (n或adj)+其它成分。如:Be a good boy!要做一个好孩子！C. Let型:Let + 0 + V原形+其它成分。如：Let me help you.让我来帮你。22.否定形式：do/ be /let / notA. Do/Be 型的否定在句首加don't,如:Don't forget me!Do n't be late for school!B. Let型的否定式有两种：Don't + let + 0 + V原形+其它成分”和“Let O + not + V原形+其 它成分 ” ：Don

51、9;t let him go. / Let him not go.C. 有些可用 no开头，用来表示禁止性的 ，如:No smoking!No fishing!翻译：1.请照看好您的包。2.让我们去学校吧！ 3.亲爱的，高兴点儿！4.不要把书放这儿。5.不要让猫进来。Key:1.Please look after your bag. 2. Let's go to school.3. Be glad, dear4.D on't put the book here . 5.D on't let the cat come in/Let the cat not come in3

52、3.经典例句练习：(1) Let me try. (2) Let's do it. (3) Let me go and look for it.(4) a. Don't disturb him. b. Let's not disturb him.(5) Let Robert take charge of the market ing departme nt.(6) Let her join our choir.(7) Let him try and he will expose his in ability to work on his own.(8) Let the

53、in vaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time.第三人称用"Don't let."第一人称，则用 "Letnot"(9) Don't let this type of thi ngs happe n aga in.(10) It's raining now. Let's not go out un til after the rain."Let"只适用于现在时态，可以有 被动语态 (the passive voice):(11) Let the recalcitra nt crim in als be sent to pris on.(12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted."Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词 (The infinitive without "to") 之外，还可以是某些适当的 畐寸词，女口 out,