英语基本语法点扫描

1、英语基本语法点扫描英语学习思路:语义理解(阅读;语法研习(语境中的语法;运用(翻译,写作,听力,口语.语义理解:通过机械的翻译使学生能看懂基本句子,为后期语境中的语法学习作准备。.语法研习:在语境中培养学生的语法意义认识;语法运用。词层面:独立成分+定语类+主语+谓语+(宾语+状语类句层面:连词;句类别;从句逻辑层面:文化差异。.运用:通过比较修改加强学生的知识运用能力。主语类1.名词1.1分类(可数不可数问题及判定标准;冠词问题;单数The;a/an名词专有名词复数s;the普通名词可数不可数量词+of1.2单复变化规则(6种。可数不可数;-s,-es;-sh,-ch,-x,-s;-c-辅音

2、;-f/-fe;-o;特殊词(不规则变化;单复同形*注意单形集体名词的单复数判定(意义*一般单数*复数情况:sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales,accountsMan/woman+n.:a man teacherten men teachers1.3格问题:-s,of结构;双重所有格;多人问题;1.4名词定语作用(city photograph。2.冠词a/an:一个;某个;one more.the涉及具体的物:this,that;these,those。zero article零冠词:泛指;时间,游戏运动,三餐;系动词(turn writer;倒装。3.动名词

3、:名词,但更高于名词因为能带动很多词整体作为一个名词使用。The news of his giving up the chance to fight back(n.4.名词性从句4.1定义:整个从句作为名词使用。4.2分类:主语从句;宾语从句;表语从句;同位语从句。4.3注意点:1.it作形式主语,形式宾语及虚拟;2.引导词(that,if,whether;what,that,who,which;where,when,how;as,as if,because, there be使用后意思通即可;3.语序一律使用陈述语序。Do you know what it is?What you will

4、get(n.depends on what you have paid(n.5.代词5.1人称代词(主格宾格;5.2指示代词(that,those作为先行词的使用;5.3物主代词(形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词;5.4反身代词He visited his son himself.COMPARE:His son himself was visited by his father;5.5不定代词(所指代的词的可数不可数性;定语后置问题5.6关系代词:代词类,副词类。6.数词6.1基数词;6.2序数词;6.3倍数:twice the speed,time;6.4分数问题。基数词/序数词(-s

5、谓语类(动词1.谓语类词由动词担当,谓语类词的讨论主要研究的是动词(内容及结果定义:动词:表示动作内容或状态的词。动词作谓语时是谓语动词;动词可转化为形容词即非谓语动词和可转化为名词即动名词。2.分类:A.看功能:实义动词,系动词,助动词(do,be,have,will,shall,情态动词。注意:实义动词可以理解为助动词(可能省略和实义动词的综合体,因此助动词出现了就自然承担了实义动词的语法功能。B.带宾语是否:及物动词,不及物动词(包括词组动词和动词词组。无宾语,所以无被动语态。C.人称和数的限制问题:非限定词(不定式,动名词,分词,限定词。D.动作的持续时间:持续性动词,短暂性动词。3.

6、五种形态:3.1原形:非限定类词3.2第三人称单数形式a.he,she,it;“一”等单数意义名词(单个专有名词,数字字母等;-thing不定代词;不可数名词;b.变法:一般-s;s,sh,ch,xes;c-y即辅音字母加y变y为i加-es;3.3过去式(4种did变法:一般-ed;以不发音字母e结尾加-d;c-y即辅音字母加y变y为i加-ed;-c-v-c即以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母双写辅音字母加-ed;不规则变化3.4过去分词done:have done/be done不要混淆了done(adj.3.5现在分词doing:be doing区别于动名词。变法:一般加ing;以不

7、发音字母e结尾去e加ing;cvc即以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母双写辅音字母加ing;少数以-ie结尾变ie为y,加ing;以-ce,-ee,-ye结尾直接加ing4.谓语动词(verbal phrases or phrase verbs谓语动词概况点时态:did(那时,曾经;do(现在,在;will do(将,等会儿“已经,了”:动作产生的影响及结果。时态:段时态:have done:“一直”:动作持续进行。谓语动词进行时:be doing:“正在”+语体色彩强烈。语态:be done(by:“被”,动作的发出者接受者关系。一致问题:主谓一致;逻辑一致。4.1时态点(强调动作内容

8、,过去(did,现在(do,将来(will do段(强调结果,影响;动作持续进行,“一直”,“已经”(have done进行时(正在进行;有较强烈感情色彩,be doing,“正在.”(1点与段:A.时间点时间段I loved you.I love you.I will love you.=I loved,love and will love you=I have loved you.(我一直爱着你B.内容结果,影响She went to school and found nobody in school.(她去学校,发现学校没人点时态表示GO,MAY BE动作内容。She has gone

9、to school.(她已经去学校了,动作GO产生的结果是“在不在这里”这个“影响,结果”,而不是强调“GO”这个动作的内容。I will kill him.强调kill的内容,I对him要做什么。I have killed him.强调kill这个动作产生的影响,结果是他死了没死。(2段与进行时A.感情强弱的区别English has changed.英语一直在变化。从过去到现在,可能将来都在变化。English has been changing.英语一直都在时时刻刻的变化着。语气较为强烈。B.点,段时态的区别。be doing,have doneEnglish was changing.

10、英语那时正在变化。English is changing.英语现在在变化。=English was and is changing.=English has been changing.English has changed.(3点和进行时(情感语气强弱:He steals the items.他在偷东西。He is stealing the items.(看,他正在偷东西。(1一个认识:段时态和进行时态本质上仍属于点时态的范围,但是段时态和进行时态在点的概念的基础上具有各自独特的意义表达特色。故,平时对于时态的运用上,点的问题一定要考虑,在点的基础上分别再考虑动作的内容影响和感情语气。因此,

11、根据点时态的变化,时态可分为:A.Did,do,will doB.Had done,have done,will have done.C.Was doing,be doing,will be doing.再加上动作结果影响和感情语气这两个因素,进一步有:D.Had been doing,have been doing,will have been doing.故,理论上应有12种时态。(2时态替代问题:a.现在时表将来(习惯性动作;表进行(there,here;表过去(报纸,生动叙述往事;表完成时(it issinceb.现在进行时表将来(表马上;表现在(表情绪,状语从句(条件;c.过去时表完

12、成时(不强调两个动作的先后关系;(3混合时态中要注意动作的先后关系。It rained heavily in the south,causing/having caused serious flooding in several provinces.4.2语态You are seated.Seat oneself.You are dressed up with attention to any details.Dress sb.Sadly,I can only see through the curtain hung to the dirty windows.Never dreamed tha

13、t he would be gone from me.(He was forced to leave us.Someone had told me thatIt had been told me that(1“感到;起来”feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,look,appear,seem,go,turn,stay,become,fall,get, grow,keep等(2主动表被动的词need(want,require,worth(形容词,deserve+doing=to be done.(3不及物动词没有被动语态:happen,cost,spread,last,tak

14、e place,belong to,break out,give out,run out等4.3一致问题。A.主谓一致1语法一致:介词,复合代词,单数概念词,2就近原则,neithernor;eithernor;not onlybut also;a kind ofa number of,eitherof;each,every;3指代一致,and,集体名词,the+adj.B.逻辑一致。(时态混合问题.4.4动词的转化1动词转变为形容词:非谓语动词(adjto do:表将来;表目的;(一些词主动表被动非谓语动词doing:表进行(be doing;表主动;表“令人”形容词done:表完成(hav

15、e done;表被动(be done;表“感到”2动名词:名词(动词转变而来的名词,但更高于名词(能带引一组词整体作名词使用。The news of his giving up the chance to fight back(n.定语类5.1定语定义:定语类词用于选定,限定主语,宾语。5.2种类:1.形容词:be adj;-thing adj;the adj;比较级2.Of结构:表所属关系:The color of the cup定语作用:a18-year-old boy=a boy of18years old.a man of soft hair and big eyes同位语作用:The

16、 news of his winning(ofthe competition travels around the city.The city of Tangshan3.非谓语结构:A.不定式to do:表将来,表目的,主动表被动;B.分词doing:表进行,表主动,“令人感到.”done:表完成,表被动,“感到.”注意:分词的互相结合性。如to be done表将来,表被动。to do.A trip to travel around worlddoing.A trip travelling around the worldDone.Raised trim The gone days4.定语从

17、句:先行词+关系词(关系代词,关系副词5.名词(一般单数:men championship,men shoes,pc softwares,city photographs.状语类6.1定义:描述动词,形容词,副词及从句的程度。6.2种类:1.副词:very beautiful;very much.2.词组:I hate him to the degree that I would even tear him up.(To-structure3.状语从句(了解:从情状、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。(时间;地点;原因;目的;结果;条件;方式;让步独立成分He crying out for help,he knew his time was in sight.With the help from him,I manage to go through the trouble.Sadly,I can only see through the curtain hung to the dirty windows.What do you think should I do?It,I think,is just a chance.句层面连词句句,词组词组,单词单