英语现在完成时态的用法及终止性动词与延缓性动词的用法区别

1、英语现在完成时态的用法及终止性动词与延缓性动词的用法区别基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他(1现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.Jane has laid the table.

2、(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地(2现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示或状态(be动词表示常与for(+时间段,since(+时间点或过去时的句子连用. Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.注(超重要:瞬间动词(buy,die,join,lose不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词come-be go out-be

3、 out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead 1.have代替buyMy brother has had(不能用has bought this bike for almost four years.2、用keep或have代替borrowI have kept(不能用have borrowed the book for quite a few days.3、用be替代becomeHow long has your sister been a teacher?4、用have a cold代替catch a coldTom has had a cold

4、since the day before yesterday.5、用wear代替put onb用“be+形容词”代终止性动词1、be+married代marry2、be+ill代fall (get ill3、be+dead代die4、be+asleep代fall (get asleep5、be+awake代wake/wake up6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut9、be+missing(gone,lost代losec用“be+副词”代终止性动词1“be+on”代start,begin2“be+u

5、p”代get up3“be+back(to”代return to,come back to,go back to4“be here (there”代come(arrive,reach,get here或go (arrive,reach,getthere等等d用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to2.用be in the army 代替join the army3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表:1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/g

6、one/moved to sw.have been in sw./at相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up;7. have died have been dead;8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen

7、asleep/got to sleep have been asleep;10. have finished/ended/completed have been over;11. havemarried have been married;12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ;13. have begun have been on14. have borrowe d/bought have kept/had15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn17. have caught

8、 /get a cold have had a cold;18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier注意:1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语如yesterday(mornin

9、g、afternoon,last(morning、afternoon等,除非与for,since 连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already(肯定, yet(否定,疑问, just, before, recently,still, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately.We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在

10、完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now,

11、up to these few days/weeks/months/years, thismorning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.The friendly relations and cooperat

12、ion between our two countries have beenenhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.6.现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如:He has turned

13、 off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning /month /year.,today等连用。例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"现在完成时的"未完成用法"

14、指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导,或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far等。例如:I have heard nothing from him

15、 up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。注意:(1现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。8.一段时间+has passed+since从句9. 现在完成时常和短语"up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。I've bee

16、n to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。10 has gone (to,has been (to, has been (in 的区别gone:去了没回been to :去过been in:呆了很久11.不能与when连用终止性动词与延缓性动词的用法区别英语中的动词,是学习中的重点,又是难点。英语中的动词有多种分类法。根据其有无含义,动词可分为实义动词和助动词;根据动词所表示的是动作还是状态,可以分为行为动词和状态动词;根据动词所表示的动作能否延缓,分为延续性动词和终止性动词。可以表示持续的行为或状态的动词,叫做“延续性动词”,也叫“持续性动词

17、”,如:be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.有的表示短暂、瞬间性的动词,叫做“终止性动词”,也可叫“短暂性动词”,或“瞬间性动词”,如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc.终止性动词构成的现在完成时,不可以用表示一段时间的状语(如:since 和for引导的短语来修饰,终止性动词构成的现在完成时,只表示动作发生的因果关系,不能表示动作的延续,因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰。如可以说:The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stric

18、ken area.但不可说:The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days. 因为start是终止性动词, 它所表示的动作短促, 当红十字会出发时,start这个动作便结束了, 不可能延续两天。在十多年的教学生涯中,发现学生对于如何解决这对矛盾不知所措,下面我来归纳一下解决这对矛盾的四种方法。1. 用ago时间状语短语来代替since或for引导的时间状语:eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wron

19、gMr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong应改为: He returned from America two years ago.2.用It is since复合句代替简单句eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America.注意:以上两种办法适用于所有终止性动词。3.用相应的形容词和副词代替终止性动词。eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years.4.

20、用延缓性动词代替终止性动词。eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong应改为:He has been on the Internet for six hours.但须注意:终止性动词的否定式可以和since 或for 引导的时间状语连用。因为终止性动词的否定表示的是一种可以延续的状态。eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrongI havent heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (right此外,终止性动词与延缓性动词在翻译上也不同,很易混淆。下面我再就终止性动词与延缓性动词的含义问题做一归纳:1. 在连词since引导的时间状语从句中,用终止性动词的过去时或用延缓性动词过去时,其含义是大不相同的。A. since所引导的时间状语从句中,如果句子谓语是终止性动词的过去时,则从句表示的时间是从“那一时刻开始”。eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来校以来,一贯努力学习。B. 在since所引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语是延缓性动词的过去时,那么从句所表示的时间是从延缓性动词