学位英语辅导2

1、学位英语辅导学位英语辅导被动语态被动语态名词性从句名词性从句定语从句定语从句完型填空完型填空被动语态被动语态 一、动词的语态一、动词的语态汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被被”“”“遭遭”“”“受受”等词来表示，如等词来表示，如“被捕被捕”、“被杀被杀”、“收到凌辱收到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用式也不复杂，用“助动词助动词be+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词”表表示。其中助动词示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。这正是英语被动语态的难点。在英语中，语态是动词的一

2、种形式，表示主语和谓在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。动语态。例如：例如：More and more people use computer now.（主（主动语态）动语态）Computers are more and more widely used now.（被动语态）（被动语态）English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态被动语态) 二、被动语态的构成二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。英语主动语态有16个时态；被动

3、语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：时态动词形式一般现在时am/is/are given一般过去时was/were given一般将来时shall/will be given现在进行时am/is/are being given过去进行时was/were being given过去将来时should/would be given现在完成时has/have been given过去完成时had been givenThe origin of the universe will probably never be explained.宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。Is the resta

4、urant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗？The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。 三、被动语态的用法三、被动语态的用法说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态。Hes said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：It is that.据说It is rep

5、orted that .据报道It is hoped that希望It is believed that.人们相信it is (well) known that.众所周知It is been decided that已经决定It is suggested that有人建议It must be remembered that务必记住 四、不能用于被动语态的动词四、不能用于被动语态的动词不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如belong to, cost, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。例如： Everybody wan

6、ted Doris to be the manager. 大家都想让多里斯来当经理.We like everybody to say what they think. 我们喜欢让人人都说出他们的看法。Do you wish me to stay？你希望我留下吗？ 五、关于被动语态的几点说明五、关于被动语态的几点说明有些动词形式上是主动，意义上是被动。例如:The cloth washes well. 这料子耐洗。The dictionary sells well. 这词典销路很好。Am I to blame? 我该受责备吗？The house is to let. 房子要出租。Your shi

7、rt needs washing. 你的衬衫该洗了。make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：They made him go. 他们让他去。例如：He was made to go. 他被要求去了。I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我听见他向他的朋友说再见。He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过

8、去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如: I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。You might get killed/hurt. 你会送命/受伤的。4 “have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。例如：Ill have the bike repaired in on time. 我一会就把自行车修好。 I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。在need, w

9、ant, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思。例如：My watch needs cleaning. (=.needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要清洗。Your garden needs watering. (=.to be watered) 你的花园需要浇水。Does your suit require pressing, sir? 先生，您的衣服要烫吗？书上练习书上练习P54名词性从句 一、主语从句一、主语从句1that 引导主语从句时，that 没有意义，但不能省略。For example:It worried her a bit that her hai

10、r was turning gray. 她的头发正在变白，这使她很不安。that引导主语从句，it 作形式主语，that 不能省略。That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 众所周知，她是个富有的女人。这是that 引导2从句作主语时，多数情况下由 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分（包括宾语）较短的情况下。For example:It wasnt very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。It is important that he should come on time. 他按时来是很重要

11、的。二、宾语从句二、宾语从句在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句。某些形容词如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以带有宾语从句。that 引导的宾语从句: that 没有意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略例如：I really feel shes making a mistake. 我的确感到她正犯错误。James said (that) he was feeling better. 詹姆斯说他感到好些了。2. 如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语

12、的动词有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider等。如：George made it clear that he opposed this project. 乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。it 代表that 引导的句子，作宾语，clear 是宾语补足语。 They kept it quiet that he was dead. 对他已经死亡的消息，他们秘而不宣。三、同位语从句三、同位语从句同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion等

13、。同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有是也用when, where 等疑问词。如：The news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the whole world by surprise. 美国受到恐怖主义分子袭击的消息令全世界吃惊。The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。 四、表语从句四、表语从句表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可

14、以省略。如：Thats not what I want. 那不是我要的。Thats why I have come. 那就是我为什么来了。此外，表语从句还可由as if （好像）引导。如：It looked as if it was/were going to rain. （虚拟语气）Now lets do some translation:这就是她昨天请一天假的原因。That is why she had a day off yesterday.我的想法是，个人的权利应该得到充分尊重。My idea is that individual rights should be fully resp

15、ected.五、形容词后的五、形容词后的that 从句从句that 引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, worried, glad, happy, sorry等等。如：I am sure/certain that hes at home now.我肯定他现在在家。He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同样的错误，他生气了。六、六、what 从句的小结从句的小结意思是“所.的事/物”,

16、可以用于以下情况：引导主语从句。如：What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情吓了她一跳。What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾经被认为不可能的事情，现在已经变成了事实。引导表语从句。如：Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。Hes not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。如：He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的

17、感受。Well, Ill do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。如：Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Marys niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻。He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言。书上练习书上练习P74定语从句 所谓从句，就是一个主谓结

18、构相当于整个句子（这样的句子叫复合句）的一个成分，因此，从句不能单独使用。在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。e.g. He is the person who/that wants to go shopping. 先行词 关系代词（）“The dog belongs to the Browns. It ate my fish yesterday.” The dog which/that ate my fish yesterday belongs t

19、o the Browns.（2）“The lady has gone to the police station. Her car has been stolen.” The lady whose car has been stolen has gone to the police station.（3）“Ive seen the film. His girl friend played the leading role in it.”Ive seen the film (which / that) his girl friend played the leading role in.Ive

20、seen the film in which his girl friend played the leading role.His girl friend played the leading role in the film (which/that) Ive seen.定语从句很有规律，总结如下：在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语，因此，除了在非限定性定语从句中，用that一般不会出问题。（4）The hotel is an artistic building. Well stay in it. The hotel where well stay is an art

21、istic building.The hotel (which/that) well stay in is an artistic building.The hotel in which well stay is an artistic building.（5）Perhaps theyve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.Perhaps theyre heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.（6）Theyre redecora

22、ting the room. A conference will be held in the room.Theyre redecorating the room where a conference will be held.Theyre redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.Theyre redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.关系副词的用法比较单一，它们从句中只起状语的作用，表示时间的就用when，表示地点的就用where，

23、而why只修饰一个词，即reason。关系代词：who, which, that作从句的主语whom, which, that 作从句的宾语（可省略）whose从句中作定语以下情况只能用that, 不能用which: 先行词为不定代词all, little, none, any, every, no ,much, anything, nothing 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时（包括the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等）先行词既有人又有物的时候以下情况只能用which, 不能用that:引导非限制性定语从句（包括代表整个主句的意思时

24、）介词关系代词的结构中关系副词：when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，只修饰reason。定语从句又分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内，对先行词起限定的作用、是先行词必不可少的修饰语，没有它，整个句子的意思就会受到影响、就不完整。非限定性定语从句不对先行词起限定的作用，不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，只对先行词起补充说明的作用，没有它，整个句子的意思不会受到影响、仍然完整。非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间要用逗号隔开。例如：The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down. 两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。（限定）The supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed down. 那家超市现在已经倒闭了，那家超市两个月前开的。（非限定）The book(which) youre reading is mine 你正在读的那本书是我的。（限定）The book, which yo