当代研究生英语读写教程(下)课件 U2_Text A

1、Reading and Writing外语教学与研究出版社Book OneUnit 2外语教学与研究出版社Book One AIDS IN THE THIRD WORLDAIDS IN THE THIRD WORLDA GLOBAL DISASTER A GLOBAL DISASTER Harare Pietermaritzburg 外语教学与研究出版社The Third WorldnThe term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either N

2、ATO, or the Communist Bloc. The United States, Western European nations and their allies represented the First World, while the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and their allies represented the Second World. Book One外语教学与研究出版社nThis terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Eart

3、h into three groups based on social, political, cultural and economic divisions. nThe Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts in Africa, Latin America, Oceania and Asia. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement.nIn the d

4、ependency theory of thinkers like Raul Prebisch, Walter Rodney, Theotonio dos Santos, and Andre Gunder Frank, the Third World has also been connected to the world economic division as periphery (边缘) countries in the world system that is dominated by the core countries.Book One外语教学与研究出版社nOver the las

5、t few decades since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the term Third World has been used interchangeably with the least developed countries, the Global South, and developing countries to describe poorer countries that have struggled to attain steady economic development, a te

6、rm that often includes Second World countries like Laos. This usage, however, has become less preferred in recent years. (source: /wiki/Third_World)Book One外语教学与研究出版社Book One外语教学与研究出版社Book OneThis article mainly deals with the spread of AIDS virus in the third world countries,

7、 the sufferings people there are afflicted with, the obstacles they meet in their fighting against AIDS, and the possibilities for them to win in the fighting.外语教学与研究出版社Book One Para. 10-11 Para. 1-9 Para. 13-20Main idea: Main idea: Main idea:The situation that developing countries face in AIDS prob

8、lem:approximate numbers of victims, worst infected areas, and the disaster it causes. The cost of AIDS:for a country as the whole and for a family. How to fight the virus:3 successful stories with the call that the third world should take this task as priority. Para. 12Main idea: Obstacle to prevent

9、ion:due to peoples concept, or the unfavorable economic and political situation.外语教学与研究出版社Book OneText StudyText Study外语教学与研究出版社Book OneSentence AnalysisSentence Analysis外语教学与研究出版社Practice:Translate the following sentences.1.1.声势浩大的群众运动使得美国、日本及西欧国家，艾滋声势浩大的群众运动使得美国、日本及西欧国家，艾滋病感染人数维持在相对较低的水平。病感染人数维持在相

10、对较低的水平。 2.2.每年死于每年死于HIVHIV病毒的人数超过威胁性日益增长的疟疾，病毒的人数超过威胁性日益增长的疟疾，并且无法估计何时会达到顶峰。并且无法估计何时会达到顶峰。 3.3.现在还无法预测这种传染病的发展趋势。现在还无法预测这种传染病的发展趋势。 4.4.在生活条件较好的发展中国家，人们可以依赖较多的存在生活条件较好的发展中国家，人们可以依赖较多的存款来支付医疗费。款来支付医疗费。 5.5.泰国政府认为没有必有像肯尼亚那样由于害怕吓走旅行泰国政府认为没有必有像肯尼亚那样由于害怕吓走旅行者而淡化者而淡化HIVHIV传播的严重性。传播的严重性。 6.6.因此他给予许多非政府组织自主

11、权。因此他给予许多非政府组织自主权。 Book One外语教学与研究出版社Book One1. (Para. 1, Line 2-3) Loud public-awareness campaigns keep the number of infected Americans, Japanese and West Europeans to relatively low levels. campaign: an operation or series of operations energetically pursued to accomplish a purpose 运动; 计划loud pub

12、lic-awareness campaigns: large-scale operations that aim at arousing peoples full awareness of AIDS disease 声势浩大的艾滋病宣传运动relatively: in a relative manner; in comparison with something else 相对地；相对地 译文：译文：声势浩大的群众运动使得美国、日本及西欧国家，艾滋病感染人数维声势浩大的群众运动使得美国、日本及西欧国家，艾滋病感染人数维持在相对较低的水平。持在相对较低的水平。 外语教学与研究出版社Book On

13、e2. (Para. 3, Line 4-5) It now claims many more lives each year than malaria, a growing menace, and is still nowhere near its peak. claim: to take in a violent manner as if by right 索取，夺走malaria: 疟疾menace: a possible danger; a threat 威胁peak: the point of greatest development 顶峰 译文：译文：每年死于每年死于HIVHIV病

14、毒的人数超过威胁性日益增长的疟疾，并且无法估计何病毒的人数超过威胁性日益增长的疟疾，并且无法估计何时会达到顶峰。时会达到顶峰。 外语教学与研究出版社Book One3. (Para. 8, Line 1-2) .for nowhere has the epidemic run its course. epidemic: an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely 流行；传染病run/take its course: develop in the usual way; proceed to the usu

15、al end 顺其自然地发展译文：译文：现在还无法预测这种传染病的发展趋势。现在还无法预测这种传染病的发展趋势。 外语教学与研究出版社Book One4. (Para. 10, Line 3-4) In better-off developing countries, people have more savings to fall back on when they need to pay medical bills . better-off：having more moneyfall back on sb./sth.: go to sb.for support or have sth.to

16、 use when in difficulty 依赖于，求助于 译文：译文：在生活条件较好的发展中国家，人们可以依赖较多的存款来支付医疗费。在生活条件较好的发展中国家，人们可以依赖较多的存款来支付医疗费。 外语教学与研究出版社Book One5. (Para. 16, Line 2-3) There was no attempt to play down the spread of HIV to avoid scaring off tourists, as happened in Kenya. play sth. down: try to make sth. appear less impor

17、tant than it isscare off: cause sb. to go away by frightening him 把吓跑 译文：译文： 泰国政府认为没有必有像肯尼亚那样由于害怕吓走旅行者而淡化泰国政府认为没有必有像肯尼亚那样由于害怕吓走旅行者而淡化HIVHIV传传播的严重性。播的严重性。 外语教学与研究出版社Book One6. (Para. 18, Line 4-5) .so he gave free rein to scores of non-governmental organizations (NGOS). give free/full rein to sb./sth

18、.: give complete freedom of action or expression to sb./sth. 不加约束；不加限制 scores of: many 译文：译文： 因此他给予许多非政府组织自主权。因此他给予许多非政府组织自主权。 外语教学与研究出版社Book OneLanguage PointsLanguage Points外语教学与研究出版社Practice1. The frost has _ my potatoes. 我的马铃薯被霜冻枯萎了。2. The strike _ the factory.罢工使工厂陷于瘫痪。3. He was _by the rude re

19、mark. 他被粗鲁的言论搅昏了头。4.We are in _ need of help. 我们迫切需要帮助。5. we are not _ to the influences around us. 我们不能不受周围环境的影响。 6. Her family was _ by a fire. 她的家庭因一场火一贫如洗。 7. One cannot _ oneself altogether to such malicious criticism. 谁也不能总是忍受这种恶意批评。8.Computer viruses often _. 计算机病毒经常发生变异。Book Oneblightedcripp

20、leddevastateddireimmuneimpoverishedinuremutate外语教学与研究出版社Book Oneblight v. spoil or ruin 毁坏e.g. Her life was blighted by an unhappy marriage. 她的一生被不幸的婚姻所毁。 v. to cause (a plant, for example) to undergo sudden conspicuous wilting and dying of affected parts, especially young, growing tissues 使枯萎e.g. T

21、he dry spell blighted the crops. 干旱导致农作物枯萎。外语教学与研究出版社Book One v. make unable to walk or move properly; weaken, or damage 致残；削弱e.g. The traffic was entirely crippled for the day. 这一天交通完全瘫痪。 v. to cause to lose the use of a limb or limbs 使成跛子;使残废e.g. The accident crippled him for life. 这一事故使他终身残废。 n.

22、one that is partially disabled or unable to use a limb or limbs 跛子 cripple 外语教学与研究出版社Book One v. destroy completely 毁灭；破坏e.g. The earthquake devastated a large part of the city. 地震毁坏了大半个城市。 to overwhelm; confound 使垮掉；压倒e.g. The teachers criticism devastated him. 老师的批评弄得他一蹶不振。devastate 外语教学与研究出版社Book

23、 Onedire dar adj. Warning of or having dreadful or terrible consequences 可悲的, 可怕的e.g. dire warnings 可怕的预兆 dire threats 严重威胁 a dire economic forecast 紧急经济预报urgent; desperate 极度的；紧迫的e.g. dire poverty 极端贫困 外语教学与研究出版社Book One adj. that can not be harmed by a disease or an illness 免疫的e.g. be immune to fl

24、u 对流感有免疫力adj. not subject to an obligation imposed on other 豁免的，免除的e.g. Nobody is immune from criticism. 谁都难免受批评。adj. not affected by a given influence; unresponsive 不受影响的；没有反应的：e.g. immune to persuasion 不能被说服的 immune 外语教学与研究出版社Book One vt. make sb./sth. poor 使贫穷e.g. They are impoverished by heavy t

25、axes. 苛捐杂税使他们一贫如洗。 vt. to deprive of natural richness or strength 使贫瘠；耗尽的力气：e.g. Bad farming impoverished good soil. 耕作不善会使沃土贫瘠。 He musical experience is impoverished. 他的音乐活动已呈枯竭。 impoverish 外语教学与研究出版社Book Oneinure njr v. make sb. able to tolerate sth. unpleasant so that one is hardly affected by it

26、 any more 锻炼；使习惯（特指经过较长时间的适应而习惯于曾经厌烦的东西） e.g. to inure oneself to hardships 使自己习惯于艰苦生活 They are inured to cold and hunger. 他们习惯于挨饿受冻。常用结构常用结构 be inured to do sth.外语教学与研究出版社Book One mutate mju:tet v. change or make sth. change in form or structure 使改变；使变异e.g. Some viruses mutate very fast. 有些病毒突变十分快速

27、。 organisms that mutate into new forms 变成新种的生物 外语教学与研究出版社Book OneUseful ExpressionsUseful Expressions外语教学与研究出版社Book OnePractice 1.Formal negotiations _. 正式谈判正在进行。2.At least we can _ candles if the electricity fails. 停电时我们至少可以使用蜡烛. 3. The whole nation _. 举国上下一致行动。4. The company is trying to _ their i

28、nvolvement in the affair. 该公司极力淡化与该事的瓜葛。5.At first he decided to let the mild illness _. 刚开始他任这个小病听其自然。are under wayfall back on acted in concertplay down run its course外语教学与研究出版社Book Onebe under way (of a ship) starting on a voyage 航海在航行中e.g. The ship was under way. 船正在航行。 (of any project or acting

29、) in progress 项目或活动在进行中e.g. Preparation for a big celebration were under way. 盛大庆典正在准备中。 The movement is fully under way. 运动已经全面展开。外语教学与研究出版社Book Onefall back on Move backwards, falling onto sth 仰倒在上e.g. The tired traveler fell back on the bed and at once fell asleep. 疲倦的旅客仰倒在床上，很快就睡着了。 Use (sth) wh

30、en nothing better is available, have recourse to （在没有更好办法时）求助于，转而依靠e.g. At least we can fall back on candles if the electricity fails. 停电时我们至少可以使用蜡烛. At least you have your mother to fall back on. 至少你可以依靠你的母亲。 go back to 回过来再谈,重提e.g. Lets fall back on the topic again. 让我们再谈一谈这个问题。 外语教学与研究出版社Book One

31、in concert withWorking together; in agreement 一齐；一致e.g. I am in concert with his view. 我和他意见一致。 They did not act in concert with one another. 他们的行动不协调。外语教学与研究出版社Book Oneplay downtry to make sth appear less serious or less important than it actually is 设法对某事轻描淡写，降低其重要性e.g. He tried to play down my pa

32、rt in the work and play up his own. 他极力贬低我在这工作中的作用,而拼命抬高他自己的份量。 They tried to play down their defeat. 他们设法把他们的失败说得轻微一些。 外语教学与研究出版社Book Oneterminate its normal period 正常的时间终了 e.g. The year ran its course. 到了年底了。 This flowering had run its course. 这种好时光到了头。develop naturally, start in its normal proces

33、s 顺其自然地发展，按照正常程序进行e.g. Things must run their course. 事物必定按照其自然规律发展。 Let nature take its course. 顺其自然。 run/take its course外语教学与研究出版社Book One1 In rich countries AIDS is no longer a death sentence. Expensive drugs keep HIV-positive patients alive and healthy, perhaps indefinitely. Loud public-awareness

34、 campaigns keep the number of infected Americans, Japanese and West Europeans to relatively low levels. The sense of crisis is past.2 In developing countries, by contrast, the disease is spreading like nerve gas in a gentle breeze. The poor cannot afford to spend $10,000 a year on wonder pills. Mill

35、ions of Africans are dying. In the longer term, even greater numbers of Asians are at risk. For many poor countries, there is no greater or more immediate threat to public health and economic growth. Yet few political leaders treat it as a priority.3 Since HIV was first identified in the 1970s, over

36、 47 million people have been infected, of whom 14 million have died. Last year saw the biggest annual death toll yet: 2.5 million. The disease Para. 1-3Audio外语教学与研究出版社Book OnePara. 3-4 now ranks fourth among the worlds big killers, after respiratory infections, diarrhea disorders and tuberculosis. I

37、t now claims many more lives each year than malaria, a growing menace, and is still nowhere near its peak. If India and other Asian countries do not take it seriously, the number of infections could reach “a new order of magnitude”, says Peter Piot, head of the UNs AIDS programme.4 The human immunod

38、eficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is thought to have crossed from chimpanzees to humans in the late 1940s or early 1950s in Congo. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congos dense and sparsely populated jungles but, once it did, it marche

39、d with rebel armies through the continents numerous war zones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next, and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s. As American homosexuals and drug infectors started to wake up to the dan

40、gers of bath-houses and needle-sharing, AIDS was already devastating Africa. 外语教学与研究出版社Book OnePara. 5-75 So far, the worst-hit areas are east and southern Africa. In Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, between a fifth and a quarter of people aged 15-49 are afflicted with HIV or AIDS. In Bots

41、wana, children born early in the next decade will have a life expectancy of 40; without AIDS it would have been near 70. Of the 25 monitoring sites in Zimbabwe where pregnant women are tested for HIV, only two in 1997 showed prevalence below 10%. At the remaining 23 sites, 20-50% of women were infec

42、ted. About a third of these women will pass the virus on to their babies.6 The regions giant, South Africa, was largely protected by its isolation from the rest of the world during the apartheid years. Now it is host to one in ten of the worlds new infectionsmore than any other country. In the count

43、rys most populous province, KwaZulu-Natal, perhaps a third of sexually active adults are HIV-positive.7 Asia is the next disaster-in-waiting. Already, 7 million Asians are infected. Indias 930 million people look increasingly vulnerable. The Indian countryside, which most people imagined relatively

44、AIDS-free, 外语教学与研究出版社Book OnePara. 7-8 turns out not to be. A recent study in Tamil Nadu found over 2% of rural people to be HIV-positive: 500,000 people in one of Indias smallest states. Since 10% had other sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), the avenue for further infections is clearly open. A s

45、urvey of female STD patients in Poona, in Maharashtra, found that over 90% had never had sex with anyone but their husband; and yet 13.6% had HIV.8 No one knows what AIDS will do to poor countries economies, for nowhere has the epidemic . An optimistic assessment, by Alan Whiteside of the University

46、 of Natal, suggests that the effect of AIDS on measurable GDP will be slight. Even at high prevalence, Mr. Whiteside thinks it will slow growth by no more than 0.6% a year. This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, whe

47、re there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced. 外语教学与研究出版社Book OnePara. 9-10 9 Other researchers are more pessimistic. AIDS takes longer to kill than did the plague, so the cost of caring for the sick will be more crippling. Modern governments, unlike medieval one

48、s, tax the healthy to help look after the ailing, so the burden will fall on everyone. And AIDS, because it is sexually transmitted, tends to hit the most energetic and productive members of society. A recent study in Namibia estimated that AIDS cost the country almost 8% of GNP in 1996. Another ana

49、lysis predicts that Kenyas GDP will be 14.5% smaller in 2005 than it would have been without AIDS, and that income per person will be 10% lower. The cost of the disease10 In general, the more advanced the economy, the worse it will be affected by a large number of AIDS deaths. South Africa, with its

50、 advanced industries, already suffers a shortage of skilled manpower, and cannot afford to lose more. In better-off developing countries, people have more savings to when they need to pay medical bills. Where people have health and life外语教学与研究出版社Book One insurance, those industries will be hit by bi

51、gger claims. Insurers protect themselves by charging more or refusing policies to HIV-positive customers. In Zimbabwe, life-insurance premiums quadrupled in two years because of AIDS. Higher premiums force more people to seek treatment in public hospitals: in South Africa, HIV and AIDS could account

52、 for between 35% and 84% of public-health expenditure by 2005, according to one projection.11 At a macro level, the impact of AIDS is felt gradually. But at a household level, the blow is sudden and catastrophic. When a breadwinner develops AIDS, his (or her) family is impoverished twice over: his i

53、ncome vanishes, and his relations must devote time and money to nursing him. Daughters are often forced to drop out of school to help. Worse, HIV tends not to strike just one member of a family. Husbands give it to wives, mothers to babies.Para. 10-11外语教学与研究出版社Book One Obstacles to prevention12 The

54、best hope for halting the epidemic is a cheap vaccine. Efforts are under way, but a vaccine for a virus that mutates as rapidly as HIV will be hugely difficult and expensive to invent. For poor countries, the only practical course is to concentrate on prevention. But this, too, will be hard, for a p

55、lethora of reasons. Sex is fun. Many feel that condoms make it less so. Zimbabweans ask: “Would you eat a sweet with its wrapper on?”. and discussion of it is often taboo. In Kenya, Christian and Islamic groups have publicly burned anti-AIDS leaflets and condoms, as a protest against what they see a

56、s the encouragement of promiscuity.Poverty. Those who cannot afford television find other ways of passing the evening. People cannot afford antibiotics, so the untreated sores from STDS provide easy openings for HIV. Para. 12外语教学与研究出版社Book One Migrant labour. Since wages are much higher in South Afr

57、ica than in the surrounding region, outsiders flock in to find work. Migrant miners (including South Africans forced to live far from their homes) spend most of the year in single-sex dormitories surrounded by prostitutes. Living with a one-in-40 chance of being killed by a rockfall, they are inured

58、 to risk. When they go home, they often infect their wives.War. Refugees, whether from genocide in Rwanda or state persecution in Myanmar, spread HIV as they flee. Soldiers, with their regular pay and disdain for risk, are more likely than civilians to contract HIV from prostitutes. When they go to

59、war, they infect others. In Africa the problem is dire. In Congo, where no fewer than seven armies are embroiled, the government has accused Ugandan troops (which are helping the Congolese rebels) of deliberately spreading AIDS. Unlikely, but with estimated HIV prevalence in the seven armies ranging

60、 from 50% for the Angolans to an incredible 80% for the Zimbabweans, the effect is much the same. Para. 12外语教学与研究出版社Book OneSexism. In most poor countries, it is hard for a woman to ask her partner to use a condom. Wives who insist risk being beaten up. Rape is common, especially where wars rage. Fo