英语词汇学 Chapter1

1、English Lexicology:A New Coursebook2Some Interesting FactsnThere is no egg in eggplant, nor ham in hamburger, Neither apple nor pine in pineapple - （exocentric compound离心复合词）nAnd while no one knows what is a hotdog, you can be pretty sure it isnt canine（犬类）nEnglish muffins(=hot muffins热松饼，美式早餐/英式午茶糕

2、点) were not invented in England，Nor French-fries in France (炸薯条); 再如：nFrench window - (idioms)n落地窗，ntake French leave French greyn不辞而别， 浅灰色nGo Duntch Dutch wife Midwife nAA制 竹枕 助产士；促成因素 n名词性向心复合词和形容词性向心复合词的中心成分是从动词派生出来的，因此也叫做动词性复合词或综合复合词、第一个成员通常是动词过程的参与者。请看下面的例子： 名词 形容词 selfcontrol（自制） eyeentertaini

3、ng（非常悦目的） painkiller（镇痛剂） bulletresistant（防弹的） coremeaning（核心意义） virussensitive （对病毒敏感的） footwarmer（脚炉） machine washable（能机洗的） suntanned（被太阳晒黑的） disease inhibitory（抑制病毒的） n离心复合词主要是用来修饰人的一个特性。举更多的例子来看看nn离心的名词性复合词由VN、VA和VP构成，而离心的形容词性复合词由VN和VA构成。 名词 形容词 scarecrow（稻草人） takehome（实得的，可以带回家的） playboy（花花公子）

4、 lackluster（无光泽的） cutthroat（凶手） breakneck（非常危险的） gettogether（联欢会） comehither（吸引人的） sitdown（静坐抗议） beatup（破旧的） breakthrough（突破） runaway（逃亡的） runup（抬高） walkin（未经预约而来的）5nSweetmeats(糖果)； sweetbreads(甜面包）？小牛或小羊的内脏小牛或小羊的内脏nIn English we find that quicksand can work slowly, Boxing rings(拳击赛台)are squarenAnd

5、why is that writers write, but fingers dont fing，grocers dont groce, and hammers dont ham?nIf the plural of tooth is teeth, why isnt the plural of booth，beeth? One goose，two geese, So, one moose(驼鹿驼鹿), two meese?(复数形式仍然是moose)；One mouse, two mice; One louse(虱子), two lice; One house? two hice?nIf tea

6、chers taught, why didnt preacher praught?(preached)6nIf a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat?nWhy do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：-（polysemy)一词多义nHave noses that run流鼻涕 and feet t

7、hat smell -（polysemy）?nPark on drivewaysand drive on parkways? （美国的房子周围有driveway(入户的车道)：私人车道；parkway大路，干道)nHow can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same（机会渺茫）, while a wise man聪明人 and a wise guy自作聪明的人 are opposites?7nWhen a house burns up, it bums down.-(metaphor)nYou fill in(填写) a form by fill

8、ing it out (填写). 。-(collocation)nAnd an alarm clock goes off（闹钟响）by going on （闹钟走） nYou get in and out of a car, yet you get on and off a bus.nIf there is a phrase of “gold bar”, then what does “gold brick” mean?nAnd why, when I wind up my watch, I start it, But when I wind up this essay, I end it?-

9、（polysemy）8n English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.What is language?nLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.“Langua

10、ge is mans way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals” What is linguistics?nGenerally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which lan

11、guages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.语言学（linguistics）是以人类语言为研究对象的学科，探索范围包括语言的性质、功能、结构、运用和历史发展，以及其他与语言有关的问题。语言学被普遍定义为对语言的一种科学化、系统化的理论研究。并且语言是人类最重要的交际工具 ，是思想的直接体现。What is lexicology?nLexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a g

12、iven language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.In other words, a study of English lexicology is actually a study of the English vocabulary, or the English words.Aims of the course:nOffer an insight into the origin and development of the English

13、 vocabulary.nDiscuss the problems of word-structure and word-formationnStudy the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.nGive a systematic description of the English vocabulary. The significance of the course:nDevelop your personal vocabulary and consciou

14、sly increase your word power (active vocabulary).nUnderstand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively.nRaise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.nDevelop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomen

15、a in your learning experiences.nUltimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.Recommended Readings:v汪榕培、卢晓娟，1997，英语词汇学教程。上海：上海外语教育出版社。v林承璋, 2005, 英语语言学引论。武汉：武汉大学出版社。v林福美，1985，现代英语词汇学。合肥：安徽教育出版社。v张维友，1999英语词汇学。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。v张韵斐、周锡卿，1986

16、，现代英语词汇学概论（An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology）。北京：北京师范大学出版社。vNation, I. S. P. 1990. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.vNation, I. S. P. 2001. Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: CUP.Chapter 1 Introducing Lexicologyn1.1 The Scope of Lexicologyn th

17、e formation of words n the application of wordsn词汇学研究范围十分广泛，包括词的界定、词的形态和构成、词的意义、词与词之间的意义关系、词义与语境的关系、成语的构成和使用、词典的类型和使用、词汇的发展史、词汇与文化的关系、词汇频率统计、词汇教学等诸多领域。n传统的词汇学有词源学、成语学、词典学、专名学、方言学等分支学科。n1.2 The Significance of Studying VocabularynOn the basic level of a lexical study,you will be able to see the amazi

18、ng transformations of words, and which correlate and interact with each other.nOn an advanced level of a lexical study, you will be able to discern the overwhelming strengths of words that can purify, enliven, and glamorize common expressions.n1.3 Lexicology and Linguistic Studies n1.3.1 Lexicology,

19、 Phonetics, and Phonology 词汇学与语音学、音韵学nPhonetics-研究语言的自然属性,人是如何发出声音的,音与音之间如何组合,如何分类等等.the study of the characteristics of human sounds used in speechnPhonology-从功能角度出发,对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are us

20、ed to convey meaning in lingustic communicationnPhonetics and phonology are useful for etymologists(词源（语源）学家) in the study of words origins and their changes in forms and meanings.n1.3.2 Lexicology and Morphology 词汇学与形态学nMorphology is the study of the meaning-bearing unit of word (morphemes)and the

21、governing rules.nMorpheme 词素nWhat is morpheme?nSun, book, fine, eat, welln-Each is a morphemenInternationalizationnInter + nation + al + ize + ationnEach is a morphemenA morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.nMorpholgy is word grammar with meaning, while lexicology is word semantics

22、 with form. nMorphology是语法学的一个分支，研究单词的内部结构和构词规则。形态学有两个分支：曲折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。曲折形态学研究语法曲折和语法意义的形态学；派生形态学研究单词的构成和词义的表达。 n1.3.3 Lexicology and Semantics 词汇学与语义学nSemantics -it can be simply defined as the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words an

23、d sentences in particular.nLexical semantics deals with the meaning of words and the meaning relations that are internal to the vocabulary of a language.n1.3.4 Lexicology and Grammar 词汇学与语法（lexico-grammar）（grammar-lexicalogy）nBoth of them focus on “word”: in grammar, all words belong to certain part

24、s of speech and follow certain grammar rules; in lexicology, words have grammatical meanings, and any word can perform a grammatical function or occur in certain grammatical patterns.nThe ensential difference between grammar and lexicology is that the former deals with the forms and structures of wo

25、rds and the latter with meanings of words. Grammar deals with rules and regularities that apply to classes of words as a whole, whereas lexicology is concerned with the way individual words operate and affect other words in the same context.n1.3.5 Lexicology and Stylistics 词汇学与文体学nStylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties position that language in context. For example, the language of advertising, politics, religion, individual authors, etc., or the language of a period in time, all belong in a particular