新航道---20年考研英语真题超纲词汇大集合

1、新航道-20年考研英语真题超纲词汇大集合abreast ad并肩地，并排地Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast (ad.) of jobs in a particular database；when you get e-mail，consider it a reminder to check the database again2004年阅读译文相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息；当你收到电子邮件时，你就把官当作一种

2、提醒再去查一查资料库。advisory a顾问的，咨询的，劝告的That group?the National Bioethics Advisory(a.) Commission(NBAC)?has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper，and at a meeting on 17 May，members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations1999年阅读译文这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极的工作，并将其意见写成报告；在5月

3、17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。affinity n密切关系，吸引力While history once revered its affinity (n.) to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. 1999年翻译译文当历史学曾经重视

4、其与文学和哲学的密切关系时，新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多探求新问题的机会，并且为了解过去提供了有价值的研究方法。allegation n主张，断言，辩解Hearing allegations (n.) of cruelty to animals in research settings，many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm all animal2003年阅读译文当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。apprehensive a有理解力的；忧虑的，担心的What is many capt

5、ive shippersattitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?DApprehensive (n)2003年阅读译文许多受控制的托运人对铁路部门的合并是什么态度?D担心。arbiter n仲裁者，主宰者“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters (n.) of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici. a Washington lawyer who frequently repre

6、sents shipper2003年阅读译文“我们是否真地想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢?”马丁贝科维奇问道，他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。authorize v批准We can learn from the first paragraph that_CNBAC was authorized(v)to control the misuse of cloning technique1999年阅读译文从第一段我们可以了解到_。CNBAC被授权控制克隆技术的滥用backbone n脊椎，骨干，毅力In other words，there is a conventional s

7、tory line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone(n)and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news2001年阅读译文换言之，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主=F框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。bellyful n满腹，满肚子，过量Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling a

8、nd rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful (n) of words and do not know a thing”2004年阅读译文拉尔夫瓦尔多爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性，“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，

9、却啥都不懂。”beneficence n慈善，捐赠物Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence (n) of technological advance1996年阅读译文美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机械，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。bidding n命令；出价，投标Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought

10、 that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding (n)so fascinating1998年阅读译文可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得让水听从人的调遣如此令人痴迷。bombard vt炮轰，攻击At the same time，the American Law Institute?a group of judges，lawyers，and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight?issued new guidelines for tor

11、t law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard (vt.) them with a lengthy list of possible ones1999年阅读译文与此同时，美国法学会一该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成一签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。breakthrough n突破Through his research，Pearson is ahle to put dates to mo

12、st of the breakthroughs(n.) that can be predicted2001年翻译译文通过研究，皮尔森能够指出大多数可预言的突破的时日。broker n经纪人Instead of 20 to 30 offersnow maybe you only get two or three，says John Deadly，a Bay Area real-estate broker(n)2004年阅读译文海湾地区房地产经纪人约翰梯尔迪说：“已经卖出二十到三十套，剩下的可能只有两三套了。”byproduct n副产品By the late 1970s，neurologists

13、 had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random byproducts (n.) of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep2005年阅读译文到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作“精神上的杂音”一睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。capuchin n. (猴子的一种)僧帽猴However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins (n.) and

14、humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 2005年阅读译文但是，这种愤愤不平之心是人类和猴子独立地进化出来的，还是他们三千五百万年前从老祖先那遗传来的，这一问题尚没有定论。carefree a无忧无虑的，轻松愉快的How do the public feel about tile current economic situation?CCarefree (a)2004年阅读

15、译文公众觉得目前经济形势如何?C无忧无虑。cataract n大瀑布；白内障Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression controlled，cataracts (n) removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure2003年阅读译文髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。centerpiece n中心The centerpiece (n.) of the argument of a technology-yes，genius-no advocate was an a

16、nalysis of Gialileos role at the start of the scientific revolution1994年翻译译文这场拥护“肯定技术否定天才”的争论的中心是对伽利略在科技革命初期的作用的分析。charitable a仁慈的，(为)慈善事业的，宽恕的Today there are many charitable(a.) organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler1997年阅读译文如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲劳的旅行者。chunk n大块Russians have a deep

17、 love for their own language and carry chunks (n.) of memorized poetry in their heads，while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers.2005年阅读译文俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言，并在他们的脑海中存储了大量诗歌，而意大利的政客们却更倾向于精心准备的演讲，这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。citizenry n公民或市民(集合称)If good

18、people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry(n.) will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress2003年阅读译文如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真地有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。collectivism n集体主义It was moreover a step away from individual initiative，towards collectivism (n.) and municipal and state

19、-owned business1996年阅读译文而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和向市营、国营迈出的一步。commitment n承诺，责任(38：On the contrary)they can help students acquire a sense of commitment (n.) by (39：planning)for roles that are within their (40：capability) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules2003年完形译文正相反，成年人可以通过计划青少年

20、能所参与的活动以及清晰表述规则来帮助他们树立责任感。compassionate a有同情心的Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate (a)，understandable way-in human termsnot in the language of molecular biology2003年阅读译文科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用富有感情和通俗易懂的语言，即用通俗的语言，而不是使用分子生物学的语言。compulsion n强迫，强制That compulsion (n.

21、) has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines2002年阅读译文这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生?一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。connotation n含蓄，内涵Nevertheless，the word“amateur”does carry a connotation (n.) that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and，in

22、 particular，may not fully share its values2001年阅读译文但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。conclusive a确实的；最后的，决定性的The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，and so is not conclusive(a.) evide

23、nce of a revival in the underlying trend1998年阅读译文问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的,因此，还不能作为一次确凿的证据来证实在这一潜在的趋势背后会出现经济复苏的迹象。conformity n一致，符合Nor, if regularity and conformity(n.) to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to refleet，is m

24、anagement to be blamed for discriminating against the“odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who“work well with the team”1999年阅读译文如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“擅长团队协作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指责的。cosmos n宇宙The existence of the giant clouds was

25、 virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos(n.)1998年翻译译文巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以处于其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。corporate a共同的，全体的Everywhere you go in America，you hear tales of corporate(a)revival1998年阅读译文在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到

26、企业复苏的故事。cortex n(植物的)皮层，树皮，(脑或肾的)皮层，皮质But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex (n.) (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet2005年阅读译文但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平

27、静。courteous a有礼貌的，谦恭的It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteons(a)convention and individual interest1997年阅读译文要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的邂逅是不够的。counterbalance vt使平均，使平衡，弥补；n平衡，势均力敌Razitchs latest book，Left Back：A Century of Failed School Reforms，traces the roo

28、ts of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance (n.) to the American distaste for intellectual pursuitsBut they could and should be2004年阅读译文莱维西最新著作回顾：一百年来学校改革的失败探索学校里反学识倾向的根源，书中的结论是：学校根本未能制衡美国人对学识追求的厌恶，但学校是能够并应该做到这一点的。counteract v抵抗；抵制；消除，抵消“If we can unde

29、rstand how cancer works，we can counteract (v) its action”1994年阅读译文“如果我们能弄清癌症的活动规律，我们就能采取相应的措施。”coverage n新闻报导(范围)；保险项目They are brought sport，comedy，drama，music，news and current affairs，education，religion，parliamentary coverage(n)，childrens programmes and films for an annual licence fee of 83 per hou

30、sehold1996年阅读译文每户每年交83英镑的使用费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。credibility n可信性Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility(n)project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers2001年阅读译文然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们恼火了，为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻。criteria n标准Narrowi

31、ng your criteria (n.)，for example，may work against you：“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility”says one expert2004年阅读译文比如缩小你的要求条件就有可能对你不利，一位专家说：“你每回答一次问题你就丧失一次机会。”cuff n袖口，没有预料到的事情Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff (n.) remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed a

32、nd unforced manner2002年阅读译文(练习幽默)包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。cult n宗派；崇拜；时尚But the cult (n) of the authentic and the personal，“doing our own thing，”has spelt the death of formal speech，writing，poetry and music2005年阅读译文然而，“做我们自己的事”?这一对事物真实性和个性的崇拜信条，已经给正式的演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐画上了句号。customize v定制Subsc

33、ribers can customize (v) the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site1999年阅读译文用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。cute a可爱的，聪明的，伶俐的They look cute (a.)They are good-natured，co-operative creatures，and they share their food readily2005年阅读译文它们(猴子)看起来很可爱，温顺合作，总是能分享食物。decepti

34、on n欺骗，诡计He describes their programmes and tactics，and，for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists，the extent of their deception (n.) and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise1996年阅读译文他揭露了这些人的伎俩和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。defendant n被告; a辩护的As personal injury claims

35、 continue as before，some courts are beginning to side with defendants (n.)，especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything1999年阅读译文尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。degradation n降级，退化In his latest book，Doing Our Own Thing：The Degradation (n.) o

36、f Language and Music and Why We Should，Like，Care，John McWhorter，a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views， see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English2005年阅读译文语言学家约翰麦克沃特(John McWhorter)喜好争论，他的观点混杂着保守派与自由派的看法，在他的近作做我们自己的事：语言和

37、音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意一书中，这位学者认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。delinquency n行为不良，犯法，犯罪Most theories of juvenile delinquency (n.) have focused on children from disadvantaged families，(26：ignoring)the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes2004年完形译文大部分将少年犯罪主要归咎于贫困家庭的理论忽略了一个事实，即，那些来自富裕家庭的孩子

38、也会犯罪。demographer n人口统计学家Moreover，demographers (n.) see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon：More and more，Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people，too1998年阅读译文而且，人口统计学家发现，向南部和向西部的不断迁移还伴随着一种与之相关却又较新的现像：越来越多的美国

39、人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方，也在寻找人口稀少的地方。depressant a有镇静作用的；n镇静剂Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system，whereas depressants(n.) slow it down1997年阅读译文兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。depression n沮丧，消沉，低气压，低压Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression (n.) controlled，catar

40、acts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure2003年阅读译文髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。depletion n.损耗The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies，are those who question the evidence supporting global warming，the depletion (n.) of th

41、e ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth1998年阅读译文环境研究的先驱者、斯坦福大学的保罗埃利希反驳说，科学真正的敌人是那些对工业发展导致全球变暖、臭氧层逐渐损耗以及其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。determinism n决定论Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages，Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism(n.)

42、2004年翻译译文虽然Sapir和Whorf都强调语言的差异性，但是，Sapir本人从未明确支持语言决定论的观点。detrimental a有害的All these are beneficial，not detrimental (a.)，to consumers2001年阅读译文所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。digit n从0到9的任一数字Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit (n.) inflation and global economic decline2002年阅读译文前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀率和全球性的经济衰

43、退。disparage vt蔑视With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging (vt.) remarks about their canteen or their chairman2002年阅读译文而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。dispassionate a冷静的，平心静气的Social science is that branch of intell

44、ectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassionate (a.) manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena2003年翻译译文社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。disproportionate a不成比例的By far the wo

45、rst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate (a.) emphasis on examinations1995年阅读译文学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当地强调考试。downshift v. （汽车等）调低速档；（引申义）降低生活节奏For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting (v. ) in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the m

46、ythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.2001年阅读译文对我们这一代女性来说，整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活?自己种有机蔬菜并试图与之合一?倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。dosage n.剂量，配，用量Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify u

47、sing high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages(n.) will eventually kill the patient.2002年阅读译文近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。domino n骨牌，多米诺骨牌In the US and Canada，where the right-to-die movement is gathering stre

48、ngth，observers are waiting for the dominoes (n.) to start failing1997年阅读译文在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生效应。doormat n(放于门前的)擦鞋垫Luckily, if the doormat (n.) or stove failed to warn of coming disaster，a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles1999年阅读译文但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么

49、你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。dormant a不活跃的，静止的，隐匿的Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant (a.) oncogene，but how remains unknown1994年阅读译文从宇宙射线、辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都可能激活一个处于静止状态下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不为人知。downsize vt较小尺寸While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic declin

50、e?after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing (vt.) in the late80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives2001年阅读译文在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济

51、规模导致大规模裁员?在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。downscale v缩减的规模So Spero is downscaling (v.)，shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home，instead of Neiman Marcus2004年阅读译文因此斯派罗相应地缩减规模，在克利夫兰郊区的她家附近的中档迪拉德百货公司买东西，而不再去内曼玛科斯。downshifter n

52、过俭朴生活的人，放慢生活节奏的人While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters (n.) of my acquaintance，we have different rea

53、sons for seeking to simplify our lives2001年阅读译文在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模导致大规模裁员?在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联, 虽然如此,然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。drummer n鼓手Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer(n.)1994年阅读译文极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同的鼓手前进的。dynamics n动力学；动态A variety

54、 of small clubs can provide (30：multiple) opportunities for leadership，as well as for practice in successful (31：individual) dynamics (n)2003年完形译文丰富多彩的俱乐部活动能提供多种机会来锻炼他们的领导能力也为参与成功组织的动态关系提了练习。elitism n杰出人物统治论From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driv

55、en us to reject anything that smells of elitism (n.)2004年阅读译文霍夫斯塔特说：自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。embryo n胚胎，胎儿，胚芽；a胚胎的，初期的NBAC will leave the issue of embryo(a.) research undiscussed because_embryo research is just a current development of cloning1999年阅读译文NBAC将不讨论胚胎研究问题，因为胚胎研究不过是克隆的新发

56、展。emulation n竞争，效法When all these shaping forces?schools，open attitudes，the premium system，a genius for spatial thinking?interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic，emulation(n.)1996年阅读译文当所有这些成因一学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互结合时，便造就了美国人的特点?竞争。ember n灰烬，余烬If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citize