(完整版)文体学课堂总结

1、Brief Summary of StylisticsGeneralStylisticsis the sciencewhich exploreshow readers interact with the languages oftextsinordertoexplainhowweunderstand and are affected by texts whenweread them.Thestylistic mainly通述concerns abouttheexaminationof文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的grammar, lexis, semantics, as well as使用语言

2、的一门学科，主要关注语法，phonological properties and discursive词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。devices. It s developing and not come文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶to maturity now.段。According to different standards,thestylistics mainly divide into two majortypes ： linguistic stylistics and literarystylistics. And there are many school ofstyli

3、stics such as lingvo-stylistics, literarystylistics, applied stylistics, contrastivestylistics, applied stylistics and so on.In the basic notions of stylistics, the根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，related Prague School of the early比较文体学等。twentieth centu

4、ry. In the early twentiethcentury, the famous person of stylistics isCharles Bally and in the late twentiethcentury is Roman Jakobson.在文体学的基本概念中，值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。expressive means and the stylistic devices表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特should be noticed. Expressive means of定的语言方法，手段。文体手段为达the language areunitsofdiff

5、erent成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的特定languagelevels: phonetic, morphological,组合。word-building,syntactic,lexical,phraseological,which serve the purposeof logical and emotional intensification ofthe utterances. Astylisticdevice is ageneralized pattern, whichactivates aconscious and intentional intensificationof a cer

6、tain property of a languageunit,designed to achieve a particular artisticeffect.文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学，Stylistics originsfromtheancient特别是亚里士多德的修辞论 .但现代文classicalrhetoric,especiallythe rhetoric体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和20 世of Aristotle. But the modern stylistics纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。20 世纪rootsinRussian Formalism and the早期的代表人物是

7、法国的巴特利，20at least the Middle Kingdom period .The世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。Egyptians held eloquent speaking in highesteem, and it was a skill that had a veryhigh value in their society.It is clear that the Stylistics has much文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞，contacts with Rhetoric,.Rhetoric is the art是依据题旨情景，运用各种表现手段of discourse,

8、an art that aims to improve方法，对语言材料进行加工，提高语the capability ofwriters or speakersto言表达效果的一种活动，而研究这种inform, persuade,or motivate particular提高语言表达效果规律的科学，就叫audiencesin specific situations. Its best做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上，真known definitioncomes from Aristotle,正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里who considers ita counterpart of both士

9、多德，他将修辞学界定为”在每一logic and politics, and calls it“the faculty件事上发现可用的说服手段的能of observing inany given case the力。”available means of persuasion”.Rhetoric修辞学About the history of Rhetoric, Rhetoric修辞起源于美索不达米亚.在古埃及，has its origins in Mesopotamia. And In修辞学自中王国时期就存在，古埃及ancient Egypt, rhetoric had existed sin

10、ce人关注雄辩，认为修辞学在社会生活中具有重大价值。study manifested in the establishmentofdepartments of rhetoric and speech atacademic institutions, as wellas theformation of national and internationalprofessional organizations.The “Egyptian rules of rhetoric” also埃及的修辞原则明确定义：知道什clearly specified that“knowing when not么时候不说

11、话是必不可少的，而且了to speak is essential,and very respected,解非常受人尊敬和修辞的知识. 古埃rhetorical knowledge”. Their “approach及的修辞手法是雄辩和智慧的沉默的to rhetoric ” was thus a “ balance平衡。他们演讲的原则强调坚持保持between eloquence and wise silence”.现状的社会行为，并且他们认为好的Their rulesof speech alsostrongly演讲应该是受人支持的，有利于社会emphasized“ adherence toso

12、cial的，而不是被人质疑的。在古中国，behaviors that support a conservative修辞回溯到中国的哲学家孔子和他的status quo” and they held that “ skilled追随者。在古希腊，最早涉及的是河speech should support, not question,马的伊利亚特。 20 世纪见证了修辞学society”.In ancient China, rhetoric dates的再次兴起。当代学者继续在数世纪back tothe Chinese philosopher,的修辞传统上添砖加瓦，重新解释修Confucius. I

13、n ancient Greece, the earliest辞学来说明人类交流的重要性mentionof oratorical skill occurs inHomer's Iliad. At the turn of the 20thcentury, there was a revival of rhetoricalpersuasive arguments);memory (the process oflearning andmemorizing the speech and persuasivemessages.)Rhetoric typically provide heuristi

14、cs for修辞学通常提供在特定条件下，关understanding discovering and developing于理解，认知和论据的探索法 .arguments for particular situations.And we should know the Aristotles关于修辞，我们需要知道亚里士多three persuasive audience appeals:德的修辞学三种劝说方式 :logos, pathos, and ethos.逻辑诉求，情感诉求，人格诉求，And the five canons of rhetoric:以及修辞五艺 :invention, ar

15、rangement, style, memory,取材，布局谋篇，朗诵法，表达技巧，and delivery.默记：invention (the process ofdeveloping取材建立论据的过程；arguments);style (determining how topresent the表达技巧如何表述arguments);arrangement (organizing the arguments布局谋略决定如何表达论据；for extreme effect);delivery (the gestures, pronunciation, tone朗诵法手势，发音，语调，表达and

16、pace used whenpresenting the论据的步骤；possessed, possessor)默记学习和记忆演讲信息的过程Existential processes(existent)Grammar语法Thesystem of transitivity is a及物性系统是一个语义系统，他把particulargrammatical facility used for人们的经验表达出来，并指明过程所capturing experience in language is the涉及的参与者和环境成分。system of transitivity.In this system, i

17、t contain six process(the在这个系统中，分为六个过程类型participant ):(括号内为其参与者 )：Material processes物质过程(actor, goal)（动作着，目标），Mental processes心理过程(senser, phenomenon)（感觉者，现象），Behavioural processes行为过程( behaver)（行为者） ,Processes of verbalization言语过程(sayer, verbiage, receiver)（说话者，说话内容，受话者） ，Relational processes关系过程(c

18、arrier, attribute, identified, identifier,（载体，属性，被识别者，识别者，被占有者，占有者）Imperative clauses,Interrogative clauses,存在过程and Declarative clauses.To test for the（存在物）。subject,complementandadjunctelements of clausestructure, we can askvarious questions around the verb.Abasic modelofgrammar should语法的基本模型应该包含：co

19、ntain:sentence (or clause complex),句子，clause,从句，phrase (or group),词组，word,单词，morpheme.语素。Four basic elements of clause structure：句子结构的四个基本要素：the Subject (S),主语，the Predicator (P),谓语，the Complement (C)补语，and the Adjunct (A).修饰语。 an SPCA pattern。We should notice that SPCA is the值得注意的是主谓补修是基本结构，basic p

20、attern ofclause structure. But但是其他类型也存在，例如祈使句，othertypesareexistingsuchas疑问句和陈述句。而且要检验句子的基本要素，我们可以围绕动词询问一Analogy ,系列问题。Paradox,Pun,Parallelism,Hyperbole and so on.Stylistic devices文体手段Stylistic devices contain : Figurative文体手段包括：比喻性语言，声音language，Sound techniques，Structure，技巧，结果，讽刺，语域。Irony，Register。

21、Figurative language uses "figures of比喻性语言使用“修辞格”一speech" - a way of saying something other 种说什么而不是字面意义的方式。than the literal meaning of the words.Simile,Metaphor,Synecdoche,Personification,Apostrophe,Charactonym,Symbol,Imagery,Motif,Metonymy,明喻，暗喻，提喻，拟人，呼语，个性化诨名，象征，意向，主题，转喻，类比，悖论，Irony双关，Ver

22、bal Irony排比，Situational irony夸张 等。Dramatic ironySound techniques:声音技巧It contains:包括：Rhyme,韵脚，Alliteration头韵，Assonance元韵，Consonance尾韵，Rhythm韵律，Onomatopoeia拟声。Structure结构Formal structure (the forms of a text)形式结构，Storyline and Plot故事线Plot structure情节，Flashback倒叙，Frame story框架故事，Foreshadowing伏笔，Allusio

23、n典故 .purposes。 Ithas two mainguises,讽刺foregroundingas deviation from a言语反讽，norm and foregrounding as more of情景反讽，the same .戏剧反讽Register语域Diction措辞，Syntax句法，Voice语态，Tone语气。Literary Stylistics文学文体学Themodernliterarystylisticis现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家established by Charles bally. Spitzer is the 巴利 ,德国文体学家斯皮泽被普遍尊

24、为father of literary stylistic.文学文体学之父 .It shouldbenoticedthatthe值得注意的是突出”一词首先是由foregroundingisproposedfirstby布拉格学提出的，国内也有学者译成Mukarovsky of the Prague group.It refers“前景化”。用特定方法突出以达到某to a form of textual patterning which is种文学审美效果。通常表现为与众不motivated specifically for literary-aesthetic同和老调重弹。to the way

25、 character is developed throughandbythesemantic processes andparticipant roles embodied in narrativediscourse.And the structuralist poetician Roman著名诗学家雅各布森提出了话语的Jakobson proposes a model of language六大功能 :which comprises six key functions：The emotive function表情功能The conative function意动功能The referent

26、ial function指称功能The poetic function组诗功能The phatic function人际功能The metalingual function评释功能Stylistic analysis文体学分析Narratives记述文Principalmodeofnarrative叙事特征的主要模式是行为和事characterisation is the transmission of件的传送。角色是按语义过程和叙事 actions and events . This mode refers话语中的参与者角色发展的。Thestylisticanalysis of poemma

27、inlystudyfromtwo ways: therelevantinformation and the structure style.the relevant information:title, author, writing year, subject matter.Planes of point of view in narrative fiction叙事小说中的层面：Point of view on the ideological plane意识形态层面Point of view on the temporal plane时空层面Point of view on the spatial plane空间层面Point of view on the psychological plane心理感知层面The analytical procedure of narratives:小说文体分析方法：Source, author (style), theme出处、作者（风格）、主题narrative perspective叙述视角languag