北大供应链(物流)时代的采购与物流管理

1、宋栎楠l見勝不過眾人之所知，非善之善者也。l戰勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。l故舉秋毫不為多力，見日月不為明目，聞雷霆不為聰耳。l聲不過五，五聲之變，不可勝聽也。l色不過五，五色之變，不可勝觀也。l味不過五，五味之變，不可勝嘗也。l戰勢不過奇正，奇正之變，不可勝窮之也。l五色令人目盲五色令人目盲 l五音令人耳聋五音令人耳聋 l五味令人口爽五味令人口爽 l驰骋畋猎驰骋畋猎 令人心发狂令人心发狂l难得之货难得之货 令人行妨令人行妨 l是以圣人为腹不为目是以圣人为腹不为目 故去彼取此故去彼取此 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成

2、性格。弗朗西斯培根lGlobalizationlShorter of Product-Market Life cycle lVariable of Demand lProgress of Information TechnologylTimes of ProductionlTimes of ProductslTimes of Marketing (Strategic Management)lTimes of Supply Chain Managementl交易成本l机会成本l风险成本l无限的欲望是价值创造的动力l特点是欲壑难填SupplierPlanCustomerCustomersCusto

3、merSuppliersSupplierMakeDeliverSourceMakeDeliverMakeSourceDeliverSourceDeliverInternal or ExternalInternal or ExternalYour CompanySourceReturnReturnReturnReturnReturnReturnReturnReturnBuilding Block ApproachProcessesMetricsBest PracticeTechnologyCustomerCustomerCustomerCustomerlSupply Chain Manageme

4、nt encompasses the planning & management of all activities involved in sourcing & procurement, conversion & all Logistics Management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination & collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers & c

5、ustomers. In essence, SCM integrates supply & demand management within & across companies.Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (2004)lSupply Chain Management is an integrating function with primary responsibility for linking major business functions and business processes within and acro

6、ss companies into a cohesive and high-performing business model. It includes all of the Logistics Management activities noted above, as well as manufacturing operations, and in addition it drives coordination of processes and activities with and across marketing, sales, product design, finance and i

7、nformation technology.Demand UncertaintyTime SensitivelyFirst Sector of IndustriesDemand UncertaintyTime SensitivelyFashion Hi-tech ProductsFirst Sector of IndustriesDemand UncertaintyTime SensitivelyCustomize Fashion Hi-tech ProductsFirst Sector of IndustriesFast-moving Consumer Goods Demand Uncert

8、aintyTime Sensitively波动波动波动波动波动波动lLogistics Management activities typically include inbound and outbound transportation management, fleet management, warehousing, materials handling, order fulfillment, logistics network design, inventory management, supply/demand planning, and management of third pa

9、rty logistics services providers. To varying degrees, the logistics function also includes sourcing and procurement, production planning and scheduling, packaging and assembly, and customer service. It is involved in all levels of planning and execution strategic, operational and tactical. Logistics

10、 Management is an integrating function, which coordinates and optimizes all logistics activities, as well as integrates logistics activities with other functions including marketing, sales manufacturing, finance and information technology. lSupplier delivery to distribution centre (DC) 18%lDC operat

11、ion and deliver to store 28%lStore replenishment 46%lSupplier replenishment systems 8%l公式中数学符号的含义：Q Q=销售商需要存货的数量；AVDAVD=每日的平均需求量；STDSTD=每日需求的标准方差，即需求数量的波动幅度的大小；LTLT=前置时间，从发出订单直到货物到达的时间，包括信息传递和实体运送两部分；=服务水平，即满足需求概率的百分比。参见表6-1服务水平与的取值表LTSTDLTAVDQ 零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户1980 传统的供应链用户需求零售商需求分销商户需求总装需求拉动

12、推动推动推动几个星期几个星期几个月几个月零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户1990 精细供应链用户需求看板看板看板拉动拉动拉动拉动3-5个星期5-7个星期几个月几个月零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户1995 集成化的敏捷供应链用户需求总体的用户需求全球物料计划系统推动式计划拉动拉动拉动推动一个星期一个星期2个星期几个月库存信息库存信息库存信息零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户2000 用户化的敏捷供应链单个的用户需求Internet信息系统用户需求拉动拉动拉动四天一天几个星期拉动服务水平90%91%92%93%94%95%1.291.341.411.481

13、.561.6596%97%98%99%99.9%1.751.882.052.333.08l风险共担（风险共担（Risk-poolingRisk-pooling）l长鞭效应（长鞭效应（Bullwhip-effectBullwhip-effect）与供应商管理）与供应商管理库存（库存（VMIVMI，vendor managed inventoryvendor managed inventory）l推式（推式（pushpush）与拉式）与拉式(pull)(pull)观点观点l延迟生产（延迟生产（postponementpostponement） l顾客价值（顾客价值（customer valuecu

14、stomer value）l供应链运作参考模型简介（供应链运作参考模型简介（SCOR model, SCOR model, supply chain operational reference modelsupply chain operational reference modelPerformance Attribute Performance Attribute Definition Level 1 Metric Supply Chain Reliability The performance of the supply chain in delivering: the correct

15、product, to the correct place, at the correct time, in the correct condition and packaging, in the correct quantity, with the correct documentation, to the correct customer. Perfect Order Fulfillment Supply Chain Responsiveness The speed at which a supply chain provides products to the customer. Ord

16、er Fulfillment Cycle Time Upside Supply Chain Flexibility Upside Supply Chain Adaptability Supply Chain Flexibility The agility of a supply chain in responding to marketplace changes to gain or maintain competitive advantage. Downside Supply Chain Adaptability Supply Chain Management Cost Supply Cha

17、in Costs The costs associated with operating the supply chain. Cost of Goods Sold Cash -to -Cash Cycle Time Supply Chain Asset Management The effectiveness of an organization in managing assets to support demand satisfaction. This includes the management of all assets: fixed and working capital. Ret

18、urn on Supply Chain Fixed Assets Purchase item: electronic equipmentYearly gross tonnageby sea:by air:68 tonnes 66.3 tonnesVolume of each shipment (sea/air):Average value/kg of the goods:2.5 m3/tonne$ 20Basis for calculationAirSeaDoor-to-door lead-time9 days41 daysAnnual interest rate15%15%No. shipments per year4010Suppliers average yearly stock awaiting shipment0.8 t3.4 tBuyers average yearly stock after shipment2.5 t10.2 tLogistics costs per kgAir ($)Sea ($)Freight rate2.050.40Packing0.03