考研英语长难句解析

1、长难句：1. The words used by the speaker may stir up 激起； 煽动； 搅拌； 唤起 unfavorable reactions in the listener which interfere vi.干涉； 妨碍； 打扰 vt. 冲突； 介入 withhis comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.结构剖析：本句有分号分为两部分，其中第一部分的主干是The words. may stir upunfavorable reactions., which 弓I

2、导的 定 语从句 which interfere with his comprehension 修饰reactions.（ 这点很重要，注意理解）过去分词 used by the speaker 作 words的后置定语，介词词组in the listener 作reactions 的后置定语参考译文：说话者使用的词可能会引起听话者不愉快的反应，这种反应干扰听话者的理解， 因此，二者之间的传输-接受系统就中断了interfere with 干扰，干涉；妨碍；触动或弄坏；乱动；与抵触长难句：The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood, a

3、s if their immunesystems-the self-protecting mechanism against diseases-had crashed.结构剖析：本句是一个主从复合句，逗号前为主句，后面的 as if引导一个状语从句，使用 虚拟语气，表示与事实相反；破折号之间的部分the self-protecting mechanism againstdiseases 作破折号前的 immune systems的同位语。核心词汇：develop 患（病）（develop还有别的意思，总结下吧 ）mechanism 机制参考译文：老鼠的血液出现了细菌感染（学习这句话的翻译技巧，

4、develop的翻译），好像它们的免疫系统-对抗疾病的自我保护机制-已经垮掉了。长难句： They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.结构剖析：本句是由 and连接的并列句，其中第一部分的主干为They are different, 后面的 in that their elements are arranged differently为状语， 修饰 different

5、. 注意：inthat后面常引导从句，与in that 一起作状语。核心词汇：in that 体现于，因为specific 具体的，特定的element 元素，因素参考译文：它们之前的不同之处在于各自元素的排列不同，而且每种维生素在人体内承担一 种或一种以上的具体功能。长难句： The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive while avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, hea

6、lthcare costs and pension plans.结构剖析：本句的主干是The phenomenon provides a way,后面的 for companies to remainglobally competitive 修饰 a way,作定语。 while 之后的现在分词结构avoiding marketcycles and the growing burdens.作状语，其中 avoiding 的逻辑主语是前面的companies （ 考虑下）avoiding 带两个宾语，一个是 market cycles, 另一个是 the growing burdens., 而过

7、去分词结构 imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans 又作 the growing burdens的定语。核心、词?匚：phenomenon®象impose 强加,征税 globally 在全球，就全球而言 pension 养老金，年金 market cycle 市场周期 学习任务：1. avoding 的逻辑主语是什么?2.请翻译这句长难句参考译文：这一现象给公司提供了一种方式，使它们既能够保才e全球竞争力，又能避免市场周期与就业法规、医疗成本和养老金方案等造成的不断加重的负担。长难句：Speci

8、alists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.结构剖析： 本句的主干是 Specialists in history and economics,

9、 have shown two things, 冒号后面的部分为两个 that分别引导的两个从句，它们是 的同位语，对其进行具 体说明。核心词汇：be marked by 特点是，以.为特点worsen 恶化industrialization 工业化 populace 民众，百姓；全体居民本期任务：1. that引导的两个从句是 的同位语？参考译文：历史和经济方面的专家指出了两点：一是 1650至1750之间的时期确实是非常贫 困，二是工业化肯定并未恶化、而是可能实际改善了大多数人的生活条件。长难句：He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed

10、 for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he mustsell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.结构剖析：本句的主干在冒号前 ：He must use this surplus in three ways,冒号之后的部分包含三个as引导的并列结构，作状语，其中第三个as结

11、构的核心部分是 as a commodity., 后面的 which引导的定语从句 which he must sell. 修饰commodity,其中介词结构in order to.作定语从句的状语.核心词汇：surplus 剩余，过剩；a.过剩的，剩余的replace 替换 sow 播种 implement 工具；v.执行 insurance 保障，保险 fertilizer 肥料， 化肥unpredictable 无法预测的feed 提供（养料等）commodity 商品参考译文：他必须以下列三种方式使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作保障以对付恶劣天气可能造成的无法预测的影响，并留作必须出售的

12、商品以替换就农具和购买化肥给土壤提供养料。长难句：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial beg

13、ins.结构剖析：本句的主干是 ,其中the Lord Chancellor 为主语的同位语，说明主语 的身份，that引导一个定语从句，修饰a draft bill,而这一定语从句的位于部分是由and连接的两个部分构成，其中第二部分 will strictly control the amount of publicity中的宾语 amount of publicity后面带有 that 弓I导的定语从句that can be given to a casebefore a trial begins.核心词汇：tighten 加紧，收紧draft 草案；草稿press新闻界bill 法案；账

14、单introduce 提出，引进；介绍 publicity 公开宣传，曝光本期任务：1.本句的主干是什么？2.翻译本长难句本句的主干是：Lord Irvine. will introduce a draft bill.参考译文：为了大大加紧对新闻界的法律控制，大法官欧文勋爵将提出一项法律草案，其中将建议规定向证人付费属于违法行为，并将严格控制媒体在案件审理之前对案件的曝光程度。长难句： Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said th

15、e interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.结构剖析：本句是一个复合句，开始是主干 Publication of the letter came., two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest.为状语， 修饰主句的谓语 came;后面的when引导一个时间状语从句 when he said.,修饰前面从句中的谓语部分cause

16、d astorm of media protest, 其中 said 后面是一个宾语从句： 主语是 the interpretation of privacy controls,过去分词结构 contained in European legislaion 作 privacy controls的定语，相当于定语从句which were contained in European legislation; 谓语是 would beleft to jugdes rather than to Parliament核心词汇：publication 发表，出版privacy 隐私a storm of m

17、edia protest暴风雨般的媒体抗议legislation 立法 protest 抗议be left to被交给，留给本期任务：翻译本长难句参考译文：欧文勋爵说对于欧洲立法中包含的隐私控制的解释权将交给法官而不是议会时（注意rather than的翻译）引起了媒体的一片抗议。两天后，这封信便发表了。长难句： As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake

18、 of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical.结构剖析：本句开始是as引导的一个状语从句，后面的主句是一个强调句：it was not until the 19th century that.,被强调的部分是 not until the 19th century; 在 that 引导的从句中，主干为 the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium,现在分词结构作状语，修饰从句的主干。本句的难点是三个结构： not until （ 直到.才）in

19、 the wake of （在.之后）in the company of （ 伴随、陪伴） 核心词汇：dominant主要的、占主导地位的in the company of 伴随、陪伴 in the wake of 在. 之后 periodical 期刊 pamphlet 宣传册参考译文：正如前面所讨论的，直到19世纪，报纸才继宣传册和书籍之后，伴随着期刊的出现，成为电子媒体出现之前的主要媒体。长难句：It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transpo

20、rt, the railway and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20 th-century world of the motor car and the airplane.结构剖析：本句是一个强调句It was during the same time that.,被强调的部分是 duringthe same time; that 弓I导的从句中， 主干是 the communications revolution speeded up, 现在分词结

21、构 beginning with. and leading on through. into （从.开始，接着是., 直到.） 作状语，说明通信革命的发展过程。核心词汇：communications 通信lead on 继续发展 speed up 加快，加速2.用 begin with. lead on through. into.造句参考译文：就在这段时期，通信革命加快了步伐，从运输-铁路开始，接着是电报、电话、无线电和电影，直到 20世纪出现汽车和飞机的世界。It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the

22、computer in the 20th century, followed by the invention of integrated circuit during the 1960 s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediatelyapparent.是形式主结构剖析： 本句的主干是It is generally recognized, however, that., it语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语，其中the20th century. radically

23、changed the process 定语， 修饰前面的 introduction of the computer, invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960 s,introduction of the computer in the earlymedia was not immediately apparent,是状语从句,是主句，过去分词 followed by. 作 相当于 which was followed by the而 although its impact on the表不'让步关系。核心词汇：radica

24、lly根本地；激进地impact影响，冲击参考译文：然而，人们一般认识到20世纪初计算机的出现，接着是60年代集成电路的发明，从根本上改变了这个过程，尽管其对传媒的影响还未立即显现出来。长难句： The communications revolution has influenced both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been controversial views about its economic, political, social and

25、cultural implications.结构剖析：本句是一个主从复合句，由 but分为两部分，其中but之前的部分结构复杂：主 语是 The communications revolution, 谓语是 has influenced,宾语包含两部分，一个是名词词组 both work and leisure; 个是从句 how we think and feel both about place and time.核心词汇：leisure 休闲，闲暇implication 影响；暗示 controversial 有争议的 参考译文：通信革命影响了我们的工作和休闲，也影响了我们对时空的思考方

26、式和感觉。但 是对这一革命在经济、政治、社会和文化方面的影响，人们还有争议。长难句：Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of newintellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious andneed the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing accomplishments are admired by others.结构

27、剖析：本句开始是表示原因的从句Because they are adjusting to.,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence.; confidence 后是that引导的定语从句，修饰confidence; that是定语从句的主语，that their后面是主句之achieving success and knowing that.是谓语部分，其中 knowing后面的宾语从句 that their accomplishments are admired by others, 核心词汇：adjust

28、 to 适应self-conscious ( 有)自我意识的作 knowingcomes from that引导一个 的宾语。a (whole) host of 大量，众多 confidence 自信 intellectual智力的，知识的 accomplishment 成绩，成就参考译文：因为这些青少年正在适应他们变化的身体和大量新的智力和情感方面的挑战，他们的自我意识特别强烈，需要自信-这种自信来自取得成功，来自知道自己的成绩受人羡慕.长难句： However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so muchcomp

29、etition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.结构剖析： 本句的主干是 the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with

30、 so much competition that.,核心结构是 so. that.; 在 that 引导的从句中，主干是 it would bewise to plan activities, 后面的 in which there are more winners than losers是个定语从句，修饰先行词activities,而句末的三个并列的动名词结构publishing newsletterswith manystudent-written book reviews, displaying student artwork 和 sponsoring book discussion c

31、lubs 是对前面 activities的具体说明，其中 publishing newsletters 后面的介词结构 with many student-written book reviews 作 newsletters 的定语。核心词汇：newsletter 刊物；内部通讯 artwork 艺术品review 评论；复习 sponsor 发起；赞助参考译文：然而，典型的青少年生活方式中已经充满了如此多竞争，以至于策划一些活动， 在活动中让胜者多败者少是明智的，例如：出版学生刊物时多发表一些学生写的书评，展示 学生创作的艺术品，发起读书讨论俱乐部。1. Many theories conc

32、erning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committedby young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributinginfluence. 2. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage incriminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previ

33、ous misdeedsor that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.3.Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes inresponse to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle - class values.结构剖析：本段话有三个长难句，我分别标识

34、成1, 2, 3.第1个长难句是35期内容。第2个长难句的主干是 Theories. suggest that. or that.,主语是Theories,后面的分词结构centering on the individual作主语的定语； 谓语是suggest,带有两个宾语从句，都由that引导；其中第一个宾语从句是一个复合句，包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。第3个长难句的主语是 Theories ,现在分词结构 focusing on the role of society作主语的定语，谓语是suggest ,带有that引导的宾语从句 that children commit c

35、rimes ., 后面的两个介词结构in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomicstatus 与 as a rejection of middle-class values作前面 commit crimes 的状语， 表示青少年犯罪的原因。as的意思是"作为"。核心词汇:center oncriminalpenalize集中于previous 以前的engage in 从事misdeed错误行为，不端行为犯罪的；n.罪犯interaction相互影响，相互作用；交往惩罚 comnllt crun

36、ein response to 作为对failure 不能；失败 rejection参考译文：许多有关青少年犯罪犯罪rise above 超越的反应status 地位；身份排斥，拒绝（年轻人所犯的罪行）原因的理论或是从个人方面，或是从社会方面去追根溯源。从个人方面寻找原因的理论表明，青少年犯罪是因为对他们以前做错的 事惩罚不够，或是他们与别人相互影响，从而学会了犯罪行为。从社会作用方面寻找原因的 理论表明，青少年犯罪是对他们不能提升自己的社会经济地位所做出的一种反应，或是对中 产阶级价值观念的一种排斥。长难句：1. The American economic system is organiz

37、ed around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determinewhat shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,

38、coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.结构剖析：1.本句是个复合句， 主干为 The American economic system is organized arounda . economy ,其中 economy后面的 w

39、hich 弓I导个定语从句in which consumers largelydetermine , 修饰 economy ; 这个定语从句的主语是consumers , 谓语是 determine , 后面的宾语从句 what shall be produced > determine 的宾语； what shall be produced 后 面的分词结构 by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语，说明消费者决定应该生产什么产品的方式；句

40、末的定语从句that they want most修饰 goods and services。注意：本句的意思围绕主干中的表语economy展开，所以阅读时要先抓主干，再理枝叶，层层分析，直到完全理解。3. 本句是一个强调句，主干是 It is . that .,被强调的部分有三个：the demand ofindividual consumers, the desire of businessmen to maximize profits 和 the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes ,其中 coupled with 和 and

41、起连接作用。在 that 引导的部分中，determine 作谓语，后面的两个从句 what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it者B是 determine 的宾语。核心词汇：organized around 以 为中心；围绕* * . 而组织orient 以 为方向； 为 定位largely 主要地 private-enterprise私人企业的marketplace 市场 market-oriented以市场为导向的coupled with力口上；与 相结合maximize 使 最大化desire 欲望resource

42、 资源；应付办法add to增加，添加，补充 add up to 合计，总计参考译文：1.美国的经济体系是围绕一个以私有企业和市场导向为主体的经济组织的。在这 一体系中，消费者主要通过在市场上花钱购买那些他们最想要的产品和服务来决定厂家应该 生产什么样的东西。2.因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求，加上商人追求利润最大化的欲望和消费 者个人对收入最大化的欲望，一起决定了厂家应该生产什么和如何利用资源来进行生产。长难句： 1. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodityresults in reducingits cost,

43、this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.2. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including th

44、e right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.结构剖析：1.本句是一个复合句，开始是if引导的一个条件从句，主语是动名词短语producing more of a commodity , 谓语是 results in , 宾语是 reducing its cost ; 主 句的主干是 this will tend to increase the supply ., supply 后面的分词结构 offeredby seller-prod

45、ucers 后置作supply的定语，而句末的 which引导一个非限定性定语从句， 其中which指的是它前面的整个主句的内容。2.本句的主干为 The concept embraces not only . but also .,其中 but also certainrights 后面的部分 including the right to deternune the price of a product or to make a free contract with an other private individual修饰 certain rights , 补充说明其范围。核心词汇：com

46、modity 商品lower 降彳氐result in 导致 property 财产；性质ownership 所有（权）,所有制 embrace 包括；接受；拥抱 productive resources 生产资料 ahead of time 提前 all at once 突然，同时，一起参考译文：1.另一方面，如果大量生产某种商品使其成本降低，这就会使销售一生产商提供 的供给增加，从而使价格下降，并使更多的消费者能够购买该产品。2.参考译文：在美国经济中，私有财产这一概念不仅包含生产资料的所有权，还包含某些权 力，比如产品价格的决定权，以及和其他个人自由签订合同的权利。长难句： 1. Tha

47、t concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.2. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to

48、those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.结构剖析：1.本句的主干在破折号之前，破折号之后的部分解释前面的educationalopportunity for all children的具体内容，其中 whether引导的让步状语从句使用了虚拟语气（在虚拟语气中用be是美国英语的用法）。to the limits of的意思是"达到 的极限"。2.本句的主干是schools are modifying their programs, 现在分词结构adapting .to ., to .（ 使 适应

49、 ）作状语，其中又包含两个定语从句：who areexceptional （修饰 children） 和 who cannot profit substantially from regular programs （修饰 those ，指 children）,而第二个定语从句前的 to those 是 adapting instruction tothose的省略。核心词汇：imply 暗示to the limilts of one 's capacity达到自已潜能的极限in response 作为反应 profit from 从.获益 modify 改变 substantially

50、 ,真正地，实质地 adapt. to 使 适应and then而且，其次，于是，然后 and yet 可是，然而anything but 除.以为任何事（物），根本不参考译文：1.这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会-每个儿童，无论自身能力大小，都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。2.作为反应，学校正在改变课程安排，使学校授课能够适应异常儿童的需要，能够适应那些 无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。1. There is one point I feel I ought to touch on.有一点我觉得应该在此提及。2. If its message were confined mere

51、ly to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.结构分析：本句的主干是破折号之外的部分，破折号之间的部分是补充说明，阅读时可以先跳过去。注意：本句使用了虚拟语气，得出的结论是广告

52、会很乏味，这说明条件部分的假设-广告只限于提供信息这一点不能成立。作者的态度一般与虚拟语气中的表达相反，那么由此 可见作者认为广告不能只是提供信息，还应该劝说消费者。参考译文：假如广告只限于提供信息-这一点本身也很难做到， 假如不是完全做不到的话， 因 为即使是一件衬衫的颜色的选择这样一个细节也隐含着劝说的意味-它就会变得之分枯燥，没有人关注了。注意：be confined to 局限于subtly微妙地，巧妙地1. As family move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their exten

53、ded family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.结构分析：这是一个复合句，开始是 as引导的状语从句，后面是主句，包含两个以and链接的分句，第一个分句是informal flow of infomation iscut off,第二个分句是 with it the confiden

54、ce that infomation will be available whenneeded and will be trustworthy and reliable,其中 confidence 后面是 that 弓I导的同位语从句。形式上这第二个分句只是一个名词性词组，但可以看成一个省略句，省略了 cut off（如果完整，应该是 the confidence that infomation will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable is cut off with it）。注意：with it中的i

55、t指的是前一个分句 the informal flow of infomation 整个句子；with it是句子中的状语，应该放在句末，这里之所以要将它提前，是为了避免头重脚轻。参考译文：随着家庭搬离他们原来稳定的社区、多年的朋友和大家庭，非正式的信息流通就 被切断了，随着而去的是认为信息在需要时就能获得并且可信可靠的信心。 核心词汇：extended family 大家庭，扩大的家庭（与祖父母、已婚子女共居的数代同堂家庭）cut off 切断trustworthy值得信赖，值得信任2. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is

56、the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.结构分析：本句是一个倒装句，主语和表语互换了位置，主 语the development oftechnologies, 系动词是 is ,表语是 coupled with the growing quantity of information 。 后面的which引导的定语从

57、句修饰technologies ,其中又有一个比较结构，比较的一方是现在，另方是 has ever been possible before, 比较的内容是 information 、 speed 和 location等方面，表达的意思是“现在信息的数量和信息能够达到的地点比以前要多，而传输的速度比以前要快，这些都是因为科学技术的发展。”参考译文：与信息量的不断增长相伴随的是技术的发展，这些技术使人们可以比过去存储更 多的信息，以更快的速度向更多的地方发送更多的信息。coupled with 加上；与 相结合1. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience,and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares"and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manne