英语写作中常见错误与分析及技巧

1、英语写作中常见错误与分析及技巧一.不一致(Disagreements) 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等.例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么.)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)二.修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers) 英语与汉语不同，同一个修

2、饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末.三.句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.例1. There are many way

3、s to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句.改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.四.悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如：At th

4、e age of ten, my grandfather died.这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时，但没有说明”谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了.改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语“to do well in college”的逻辑主语不清楚.改为：To do well in college, a student needs

5、 good grades.五.词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等.例1. None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.六.指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) 指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sist

6、er because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人称代词we和反身

7、代词yourself指代不一致。改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.七.不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.”以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for u

8、s to learn about the outside world.或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world八.措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacl

9、es in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)”应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.九.累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能

10、用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如： In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例1. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Dilige

11、nt, caring people use money only to buy what they need.十.不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water与逗号后的it不连贯。It与things在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.十一.综合性语言错误(Comprehensi

12、ve Misusage) 所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例1.Today, Money to everybody is very importance, ours eat, cloth, live, go etc.(magaworld)写作句式35一、 the + est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/

13、heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重

14、要的事。 三、 cannot emphasize the importance of too much. （再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。） 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V .（不可否认的.） 例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我

15、们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 （全世界都知道.） 例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子 （毫无疑问的.） 例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An

16、advantage of is that + 句子 （.的优点是.） 例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 （.的原因是.） 例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. The reason why we have to g

17、row trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此.以致于.） 例句：So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V （虽然.） 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no

18、means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + er + S + V, the + er + S + V The + more + Adj + S + V, the + more + Adj + S + V （愈.愈.） 例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become

19、. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, can （借着.，.能够.） 例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、 enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （.使.能够.） 例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V （我们绝对不能.） 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of

20、knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是.的时候了） 例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who （.的人.） 例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but （没有人不.

21、） 例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不.） 例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent

22、that + 句子 （显然的） 例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why （那就是.的原因） 例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式.（过去.年来，.一直.） 例句：For the past two years,

23、 I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。 例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V （.是值得的。） 例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on （以.为基础） 例句：The progress of thee society is

24、 based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让.明白.事） 例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。 二十七、be closely related to （与.息息相关） 例句：Takin

25、g exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。 二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V （养成.的习惯） We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。 二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, （因为.） 例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他的鼓励，

26、我终于实现我的梦想。 三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么.！） 例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事！ 三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意） 例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。 三十二、

27、Have a great influence on （对.有很大的影响） 例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。 三十三、do good to （对.有益），do harm to （对.有害） 例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。 三十四、Pose a great threat to （对.造成一大威胁） 例句：Pollution poses a great threat to ou

28、r existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。 三十五、do ones utmost to + V = do ones best （尽全力去.） 例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。英语写作常用词汇及词组· 表层进· 表举例· 表解释· 表总结· 表强调· 表让步· 表比较· 表转折· 表时间 表层进first, firstly to begin withsecond, secondly

29、 to start withthird, thirdly what's morealso and thenand equally importantbesides in additionfurther in the first placestill furthermorelast last but not the leastnext besidestoo moreoverfinally 表举例for example for instanceto illustrate as an illustrationafter all 表解释as a matter of fact frankly s

30、peakingin this case namelyin other words 表总结in summary in a wordin brief in conclusionto conclude in factindeed in shortin other words of courseit is true speciallynamely in allthat is to summarizethus as has been saidaltogether in other wordsfinally in simpler termsin particular that ison the whole

31、 to put it differentlytherefore 表强调of course indeedabove all most importantemphasis certainly in fact表让步still neverthelessin spite of all the sameeven so after allconcession granted naturallyof course 表比较in comparison likewisesimilarly equallyhowever likewisein the same way 表转折by contrast althoughat

32、 the same time butin contrast neverthelessnotwithstanding on the contraryon the other hand otherwiseregardless stillthough yetdespite the fact that even soeven though for all thathowever in spite ofinstead 表时间after a while afterwardagain alsoand then as long asat last at lengthat that time beforebes

33、ides earliereventually finallyformerly furtherfurthermore in additionin the first place in the pastlast latelymeanwhile moreovernext nowpresently secondshortly simultaneouslysince so farsoon stillsubsequently thenthereafter toountil until nowwhen 常用句型 （一）段首句 1. 关于人们有不同的观点。一些人认为There are different op

34、inions among people as to _ .Some people suggest that _.2. 俗话说（常言道），它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying_. Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，；其次，。更为糟糕的是。Today, _, which have brought a lot of harms in our

35、daily life. First, _ Second,_. What makes things worse is that_.4. 现在，很普遍，许多人喜欢，因为，另外（而且）。Nowadays，it is common to _. Many people like _ because _. Besides，_. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and _ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于人们的观点各不

36、相同，一些人认为（说），在他们看来， Peoples opinions about _ vary from person to person. Some people say that _.To them,_. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题，这个问题变得越来越严重。Man is now facing a big problem _ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. 已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。_ has become a hot topic among people，especially among

37、the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. 在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 _ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出。很显

38、然，但是为什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that_ while. Obviously，_，but why? 二）中间段落句 1. 相反，有一些人赞成，他们相信，而且，他们认为。 On the contrary，there are some people in favor of _.At the same time，they say_.2. 但是，我认为这不是解决的好方法，比如。最糟糕的是。But I dont

39、 think it is a very good way to solve _.For example，_.Worst ofall，_.3. 对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，。而且，最重要的是 _is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction.First，_.Whats more, _.Most important of all,_.4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以。 There are several measures for us to adopt.

40、First, we can_5. 面临，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来。一方面，另一方面，Confronted with_，we should take a series of effective measures to_. For one thing，_For another，_6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说，另外。所有这些方法肯定会。 It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _.In addition._.All these measures will certainly_.7. 为什么？第一个原因

41、是；第二个原因是；第三个原因是。总的来说，的主要原因是由于 Why_? The first reason is that _.The second reason is _.The third is_.For all this, the main cause of _due to _.8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，也有它的不利的一面，象。 However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, _also has its owndisadvantages, such as _.9. 尽管如此，我相信更有利。No

42、netheless, I believe that _is more advantageous.10. 完全同意这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：I fully agree with the statement that _ because_.英汉表达差异英语写作中的拦路虎有位专家曾做过这样一个实验：他找了两位二十岁左右的西班牙小伙子和中国小伙子，让他们在同一时间内用英语写同一篇作文，结果，西班牙小伙子潇潇洒洒地写了五百多字，意思表达基本明了，但拼写语法错误不胜枚举，改动处不多；而中国小伙子只拘谨地写了不到三百字，拼写错误不多，但语法改动不下二十余处，使人难以流畅地阅读。显然，前者只注意思想的表

43、达，后者则有很强的语法意识生怕犯语法错误，这种意识在相当程度上影响了思想的表达。由此可见，不同社会文化背景的人，会有不同的思维方式和思维习惯，在学习新的语言时，人们会很自然地把这种习惯带到新的语言里去，产生这样或那样的不良结果。 值得一提的是，中国人与西方人看问题的方法的确在许多方面存在着差异，而且这种差异的的确确在束缚着中国学生，成为他们英文写作中的拦路虎，使他们不能畅所欲言，不能准确而简洁地表达思想。因此，本文就大学英语写作中常出现的问题谈谈英汉表达的几种差异。 一、首先，让我们关注一下英美人与中国人思维方式的不同。英美人的思维方式是直线式的，他们在遣词造句谋篇上遵循着从一般（genera

44、l）到具体（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例（exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体（respective）的原则。请看短文： Soccer is a difficult sport（1）A player must be able to run steadily without rest（2）Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others（4） They mus

45、t put up with aching feet and sore muscles 上面的这则短文中，主题句（main idea sentence）也就是文章的中心是第一句，（1）（2）（3）（4）句是用来说明主题句的。 而在汉语中，我们习惯于先分后总，先说原因后说结果，即所谓的“前因后果”，如果要表达相同的意思，我们通常这样说： 足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞别人或被别人撞，必须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所以说，足球运动是一项难度大的运动。 再比如写下面一则便条，因你母亲突然生病，周末你不能和汤姆去跳舞了，你找了舞跳得很好的时黛来代替你，并表示抱歉。 此英语便条为： July

46、6，2002 Dear Tom， I am sorry to inform you that I won't be able to go to dance with you this weekend My mother is suddenly takenillIn order not to disappoint you，I have asked Shi Dai to take my placeShe is a better dancer，I thinkMy regrets Joe 从便条中可以看出，英语表达先“果”I won't be able to go to dance w

47、ith you this weekend后“因”my mother is suddenly taken ill，即所谓的“先果后因”。 一般来说，在单个句子中，英语句子也是先中心，也就是将主要思想、结果放在句首，放在主句里表达；而汉语正相反，一般为后中心，主要的观点、信息往往放在句末。如： He had to stay at hom e yesterday because he was ill因为他病了，昨天他不得不呆在家里。 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品就可

48、以写悲剧。 所以说，大学生用英文写作时，就要按照英美人的思维模式进行思考，也就是说要学会用英语进行思维，避免写出中国式的英语。 二、接下来，让我们看一下英汉句子结构的特点。英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系，两种语言相距甚远，英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由断不可缺的各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连的竹子；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。所以说，英语重形和，汉语重意和。英语句子中如果少了连接词如or，but，if，so，because，when，although ， in order that，so tha

49、t，所要表达的意思就支离破碎了，而汉语如没连接词，只从句子本身的意思就可以把概念或关系表达清楚。如： Conquer the desires，or they will conquer you你如不能战胜欲念，欲念将要战胜你。 An Englishm an who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。 三、就是因为英语中各种连接词与替代词的广泛使用，使得英语中出现“多枝共干”式的长句，复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。请看下面一个英语长句以及其汉意。 It was on a Sunday

50、 evening，when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem，that he heard thegate swing to，and saw the girl coming running among the trees，with the redcheeked， stolid Joe in swift pursuit一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面在听画眉鸟的啁啾，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔出来，后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。

51、 这是个英语强调句，其重心是：he heard the gate swing to and saw the girl com ing running am ong the trees，而when he was ly- ing in the orchard listening to a blackbird and com posing a love poem是一个时间状语从句，这两个句子通过itwasthat这个强调句型巧妙地合为一个复合长句，整个句子简单明了，结构紧凑，若用汉语表达则须分成好几个短句。再如： The president said at a conference dominate

52、d by questions on yesterday's election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat，which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能理解为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院长期享有的

53、优势。 这个英语长句是由一个带有分词短语的主句，两个宾语从句和一个非限制性定语从句组成，整个句子的主干简单明了：The pres-identsaidthat，若用汉语来表达，须把此长句拆开分成三个单句来分别叙述。 四、英语的另一个显著特点是被动句多。英语重物称，常常选择不能施行动作或无生命的词语作主语，由于这些“无灵”物称充当主语，使得被动句大兴其道。在英语被动句里，不必强调动作的施行者，就将其置于句尾由by连接；不必、不愿或不便言明动作的施行者，就干脆将其省略。相对而言，汉语习惯于人称化的表达，主语常常是能施行动作或 有生命的物体，所以汉语中主动句多。请看例句： It has been kn

54、own for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver长期以来，大家知道心脏与肝脏的关系是最主要的。 The fam ous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire大火几乎使这家有名的旅馆全部毁灭。 They were given a hearty welcome他们受到热烈欢迎。 五、英语的又一显著特点是其丰富的时态。不同的语言具有不同的时态，有的语言甚至很少或没有时态，汉语基本上就是借助词汇来表示各种时间和动

55、作的，汉语动词除了只有“着”、“了”、“过”的若干说法与英语的进行时、完成时或过去时相对外，别无其他与英语相对应的时体形式；而英语不仅有时态，而且种类繁多（共有16种时态），区分细微，习惯性强。英语就是通过这些固定的语法手段将动作的进行过程与状况描绘得更准确更精细，有时甚至能表达说话人的感情色彩。如： You're always asking me such questions！你老是问我这样的问题！（用现在进行时表示厌烦） I am now living in a very pleasant flat我现在住在一间非常舒适的公寓里。（用现在进行时表示满意） 所以，传递同样的意思，英语

56、只要选用合适的时态就可以了，汉语则必须使用词汇手段。又如： It has been noted that those who live，or have lived，in the shadow of death bring a m ellow sweetness to everything theydo人们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们所干的任何事总是兴趣盎然。 六、从词汇方面讲，英汉两种语言也有很大差异。就词组而言，英语中的词组或短语可谓林林总总，丰富多彩，有名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语与独立结构等，它们的语法功能不一而足，可作主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语与表语等。如： Marriage