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1、初中英语知识点复习系列一系动词和助动词1系动词 连接主语和表语。它不表示动作,与表语一起描述主语的性质、特征、状态、身份等。它也不能单独作谓语,但它有自己的汉语意思,和其后面的形容词等一起构成句子的谓语。英语系动词分为两类。例如:1)表示情况的。如:be, look, keep,等。 He is a student.(表示身份) The coat is nice and cheap.(表示性质) The cat looks like a hat.(表示特征)2) 表示变化的。如get, grow, become, turn等。 Winter is coming, the weather get

2、s colder and colder. The rice grows fine. Our country becomes stronger and stronger.Spring comes, the tree turn green again.常见的连系动词有: be + adj. / n. 是,在 become + n. /adj. 变成 turn + adj. 变得 get + adj. 变得 grow + adj. 长得 keep + adj. 保持着 feel + adj. 感到 look + adj. 看上去 seem + adj./n. 看起来好象 smell + adj. 闻

3、起来 fall asleep 入睡 2助动词 本身无词义,不能单独作句子的谓语动词。在句中,它主要帮助句子中的谓语动词构成各种时态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如果句子是否定结构,not必须放在助动词后面。英语助动词有shall, will, should, would, be, have, do等。例如:The students are playing football now. (构成现在进行时) He does not like playing football. (构成否定句) Do you like playing football? (构成一般疑问句) Do come here tom

4、orrow! (构成强调句 )典型错句解析1. You must look after yourself and keep health.解析 healthhealthy. keep作系动词用时,后接形容词。2. He will become a pianist.解析will becomebecame become作系动词用时,一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。此句又可改为 He has become a pianist.3. You will twenty-five years old next month.解析 willwill be。助动词will本身没有词义,可用在各种人称的将来时态中。

5、Will在将来时态中后接动词原形。 will + be才能构成完整的谓语。4.He works even harder than you work.解析 workdo。助动词do代替主要动词,以避免重复。二代词 代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的词,因此代词在句子中的功能和名词一样,可作主语、宾语和表语,有些代词还可修饰名词。 英语代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词、相互代词等九种。现把学过的六种代词介绍如下:代 词单 数复 数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey宾格mey

6、ouhim, her, itusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs反 身 代 词myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itselfourselvesyourselves themselves指 示 代 词this, thatthese, those不定代词可数 each, one, many, (a)few, both, another, either, neither不可数 much, (a) little可数、不可数 all,

7、 some, none, such, any, other复合不定代词 anybody(one, thing), somebody(one, thing), nobody(thing), everybody(one, thing)疑 问 代 词 who, whom, whose, which, what 1人称代词 表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”“它”“我们”、“你们”、“他们”等的词,叫做人称代词。人称代词的排列有以下几种; 我、你、他 第二人称第三人称第一人称 即:you,he and I 她和老师 名词人称代词 即:the teacher and she 我、他和一些别的人 人称代词

8、其他代词 即: he,I and some others 第三人称两性(性别)并用时,如:他和她;即:he and she 人称代词的主格作主语,宾格作及物动词宾语或介词宾语。作表语时,书面语用主格,口语中则用宾格。例如:You must speak English as often as possible He told me the bad news He didn't listen to me Who's going to go? (以上代词在句中分别作什么成份?)2物主代词 物主代词表示所有关系,分为形容词性和名词性两种,形容词性物主代词作定语,名词性物主代词作主语、宾

9、语和表语。形容词性物主代词后要跟名词。名词性物主代词可以单独使用,其作用相当于一个形容词加上一个名词。物主代词有人称和数的区别。例:This is my dictionaryYours (=Your dictionary)is on the desk 一Is this your classroom? NoIt's theirs(=their classroom)3反身代词 表示动词所表达的动作反回到施动者本身,一般是由第一、二人称的形容词性物主代词或第三人称代词的宾格加上self (复数selves) 构成,起强调作用,反身代词可作动词宾语、介词宾语、同位语等。例如:Please he

10、lp yourself to some fish(作动词宾语) He thinks more of himself than“others(作介词宾语) I myself did it(作同位语) I spoke to the manager himself(作同位语)注:反身代词常接在动词enjoy, hurt, help等词后。4指示代词 指示代词是将所指事物与同类中的其他事物区分开来的一种代词。表示:“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念。指示代词在句中相当于名词、形容词的作用,可作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。例如:This(That) is what I want to say

11、(作主语) We should always keep this(these) in mind(作宾语) For these(those) reasons,I was late(作定语) The reason is this(作表语)5不定代词 不定代词用来代替或修饰任何不定数量和不定范围的人和事物。不定代词可代替名词或形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。下面举例说明: some和any some(一些)、any(一些、任何)修饰可数名词和不可数名词。some用在肯定句中,any多用于疑问句和否定句中。例如:There are some books in the desk There ar

12、e not any books in the desk Have you any money?注意:some可用于表示邀请、请求的疑问句或用于说话者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中,any有时也用于肯定句,表示“任何的”“任何一个”“任何一些”等。例如:Would you like some tea? (希望对方肯定回答) Yes, thank you. Could I ask you some questions? (希望对方肯定回答) Of course, you can. You can ask me any questions.(任何问题) little、a little、few、a few

13、 little、a little修饰不可数名词,few、a few修旆可数名词;a little、a few表示肯定的概念,即:尽管少但“有”;few、little表示否定的概念,表示“没有”。例如:There is a little water in the river. You can walk across it. There is little water in the river. You have to swim across it. He has few friends, so he often feels lonely. I have a few friends in Amer

14、icaI often write to them. each、every、everybody、everyone、everything。 each相当于名词和形容词,用作定语或单独使用作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。every不可单独使用,它必须放在名词等前,只能作定语。each与every的区别: 1)each侧重于单个,every侧重于全体 、整体。 2)each用于二者或二者以上,every用于三者或三者以上。everybody与everyone相同,意思是“每人、人人”。everything意思是“一切”“每件事”。例如:Two boys came into the classroomEa

15、ch wore a red coat. Every student has a new book Everybody knows this thing(dont they?) Everything goes well(doesnt it?) (把上面两个句子改为反意疑问句,注意用什么代词代替everybody, everything) both、either、neither both、either、neither都与“两个”有关。 both “(两者)都-”"全”,指两个人或事物,可作主语、宾语、定语。 例如:Both books are good There are a lot o

16、f trees on both sides of the road. either (两个中间的)任何一个,这个或那个”,可作主、宾、定语。 例如:There are two books. You may take either of them Would you like a cup of tea or coffee? Either is OK. neither “(两者之间) 一个也不-”,neither是either的否定形式,可作主语、宾语、定语。 例如:Neither of them knows Japanese Either Li or Wang knows English non

17、e、no、nobody、no one、nothing none、no、nobody、no one、nothing都与“无”有关。 none用于指人或物,可与of短语连用,用作单数或复数,而且常用于习语中。 nothing“没有东西;没有什么 (=not anything)”,若作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Is there nothing in the box? No. It's empty 一How many elephants did you see there? None What did you see in the zoo yesterday? Nothing.注意:以上

18、两句中的答句None, Nothing不可相互替代。 no表示“没有(任何的)-”,等于not any- 或 not a(an)-。例如: He has no money(= He has not any money.) We have no lessons on Sundays. (= We have not any lessons on Sundays.) She has no brother. (= She has not a brother.) nobody或no one后不可接of短语来表示“某些人当中”;a11 a11作形容词且与名词连用时,名词前需加the或one's,即

19、:all the(ones) + 名词。例如:I will teach English all my life All the people are here 当all代替可数名词作句子主语时,谓语动词用复数;当all代替不可数名词作句子主语时,谓语动词用单数。例:All are hereLets begin our meeting. (all代替所有参加会议的人) All is well that ends well.(all代替所有事情) other、the other、others 、the others、another the other指两者中的另外一个。 例:He has two

20、pens,one is blue,the other is yellow other + 复数名词 = others相同,泛指其他的人或物。 例:Some students are carrying water,others(other students) are watering the trees the other + 复数名词 = the others ,特指一定范围内的其他人或物。 例:There are fifty students in Miss Gaos class, twenty students are boys, the others are girls the othe

21、r + 数词,指剩余的数目。 例:He bought three pencils,one is for me,the other two are for him another + 单数名词或another + 数词+复数名词。表示在原来基础上再来一个或一些。例:I don't like the color of this bag. May I have a look at another one May I have another three books?6疑问代词 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,which,what等。who和what who问姓名,what问职业。例:

22、Who is he? He is Smith What's your father? He is a workerwhat和which which表示在一定数目(或范围)之内的选择,某某范围内的“哪一个”“哪一些”;what则没有这种限制。例:What do you usually have for lunch? 你通常午餐吃什么? Which do you prefer,apple or pear? 苹果和梨,你喜欢哪一个? Which of you comes from Beijing? 你们当中哪一个来自北京?whom和whose whom作宾语,whose作定语。例:With

23、whom is she talking now? Whose book is on the desk?典型错句分析1. Is there any one in the classroom? None.解析 None No one 。none是对 all, 即三个以上的否暄,后面常接带 of的短语。而 no one代表单数名词,意为“没有一个人”,不能与 of连用。2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.解析its its。 its是 it is或 it has的省略形式,而its则是物主代词“它的”,意义不同,不能混淆。 3. I like none o

24、f the two novels.none neither。对两者both否定应为neither。4. Do you think the TV sets made in Shanghai are better than ones made in Beijing are?解析ones those 。one, ones和 that, those 皆可代替前面的名词,避免重复但one, ones要求有代词或形容词之类的前置定语;that , those则要求有介词短语、分词短语或从句一类的后置定语。例:What kind of ice-cream would you like? A big pink

25、 one. The days in summer are longer than those in winter.典型错句解析1. Is there any one in the classroom? None.解析None No one。None是对all,即三个以上的否定,后面通常接带of的短语。而no one代表单数名词,意为“没有一个人”,不能与of连用。2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.解析 its its是it is或it has的省略形式,而its则是物主代词“它的”,意义不同,不能混淆。3. I like none of the t

26、wo novels.解析 none neither.对两者both否定应为neither。三名词 名词是表示人、事物、地点的名称的词或抽象概念的名称的词。名词分类见下表: 个体名词 可数 集体名词 普通名词 物质名词 名词 不可数 抽象名词专有名词1专有名词的用法。1) 表示一个人、物或地点的专有名词,须以大写字母开头。 例如:Ann,Lucy,Lily,Tom,Mike,John Beijng,Shanghai,Nanjing,Washington DC Christmas,New Year's Day,May Day March,April,June,July,October2)

27、专有名词前不加冠词,也无复数。例如:English spoken in England John lives on Lincoln Street Tuesday comes after Monday3) 海洋、河流、山脉、岛屿等专有名词前要加the。例如:the Pacific(Ocean),the Yellow River,the Tienshan Mountains等。4) the + 姓 + s 表示:某某一家人或某某夫妇二人。例:The Zhangs are having supper at home now The Browns are going to England next m

28、onth2普通名词的用法。1)普通名词有单、复数变化。单数名词前加a,an,the等冠词,复数名词加s或es,而变化过的复数名词前不加冠词。例:This is the book you lent me yesterday Books are our friends2)普通名词前如有this,that, every,whose,which,John's等修饰,它们的作用已与冠词修饰名词的作用相同,名词前则不能再加冠词。例:What does this word mean,Dad? This is my capWhere is yours?3)复数普通名词用many,a lot of等修饰

29、。例:There are too many people in that roomThere is no room to stand in now. There are a lot of eggs in the basketWould you like some of them?3集体名词的用法。 1)常用的集体名词有:family,population, people, class, police等。 2)强调指整个集体,则视为单数,谓语动词用单数形式。如果该名词强调组成集体的各个分子, 则视为复数。例:His family is going to move into a new house

30、 His family are good at swimming Class 5 is a good class. Class 5 all like playing basketball. 3)police只用复数名词。例:The police are looking for that lost girl these days4不可数名词 不可数名词主要以下同类:表示物质类和抽象类。1)表示物质类的名词 食品:food,fish,rice,coffee,wine 材料:wood,stone,brick,iron,steel 气(液)体:air,gas,oil,rain,snow 物质名词是不可

31、数名词,无复数形式,前面不可加冠词aan,the修饰,但前可用much,little,some,no等修饰。例:We had little rain last year There isnt much water left 表示物质名词的数量时,须在物质名词前,另加计量的名词。如:a piece of; a cup of等。 a cup of tea,a piece of paper two cups of tea,two pieces of paper2)表示抽象类的名词如:health, knowledge, success等。 抽象名词为不可数名词,所以无复数,前不可用不定冠词。例:He

32、alth is more important than wealth Failure is the mother of success 抽象名词可以用单位名词来表示数的概念。 例:a piece of paper(music, news, advice etc.)抽象名词一般为不可数,常用much,little,no来修饰。注意:of + 抽象名词 = 形容词 即:of后接抽象名词等于该抽象名词形容词形式的用法。 He is a man of virtue(美德)= He is a virtuous man It is of great value(价值)It is very valuable

33、 a man of ability(能力)an able man a man of wealth(财富)a wealthy man5可数名词复数形式的构成 规则复数形式的拼写。 名词的复数一般只加“s”,但以下几点注意:1) 以s, sh,ss,ch或x结尾的词其复数通常加“es”。 glasses,brushes,boxes,watches2) 以元音字母+ o结尾的词其复数加“s”。 radios,zoos 注:凡缩略词后均只加“s”。3)辅音字母+o结尾的词其复数加“es”。 heroes,tomatoes,potato但pianos,photos, kilo例外。4)以辅音字母+y的词

34、,应也把y换成i,然后再加“es”。 babies,cities,countries,parties5)以f,fe结尾的词,变f为v再加“es”。 leafleaves,knifeknives,thiefthieves,halfhalves,但要注意:gulf(海湾),chief(首领),roof(屋顶),belief(信仰),self(本质),proof(证据)例外。不规则变化。1)元音字母发生变化。 footfeet,toothteeth,manmen womanwomen,mousemice2)单、复数同形。 deerdeer,sheepsheep, fish fish,ChineseC

35、hinese,JapaneseJapanese3)词尾变化。 childchildren 4)只有复数形式。 thanks,clothes, people, police.5)常用复数。 trousers,glasses,shoes6)复合名词的复数形式。“主体名词+s”。例如:a flower shoptwo flower shops; an apple tree some apple trees 由man、woman、boy、girl等表示性别的名词与其它名词构成复合名词,该名词变成复数时,将man、woman 、boy、girl以及它们后面的名词一起变为复数。例如:a man docto

36、r two men doctors a woman driver some women drivers,6名词复数形式应该注意的事项单复数意义不同。 glassglasses clothclothes goodgoods名词作形容词表示单位时用单数形式。 a five-year-old boy an eight-meter-long ruler7名词的所有格 名词所有格在句中表示所有关系、所属类别、动作执行者或承受者。 表示有生命物体的所有格,常用s。 1)在名词后加s。 Mary's books Li Leis bag Womens Day Childrens Day 2)以“s”结

37、尾的名词后只加 。 Teachers Day, parents books James eyes3)如所有物归各名词分别所有,则在各名词后分别加-s;如所有物归各名词共同所有,则在最后一名词后加s。 Kates and Jims bags (分别所有) Kate and Jims parents(共同所有)4)复合名词或字群的所有格在最后一个名词的词尾加-s。 somebody else's book,each others names, brother-in-law's car5)下列无生命名词的所有格也可用s表示。 例如: 时间名词 tomorrow's meeti

38、ng,todays newspaper 距离名词 twenty minutes walk 长度名词:three meters ruler 价格名词 a dollar's worth 国家、团体、城市、机构等名词 China's capital无生命名词的所有格,常用-of-来表示。 例如:a map of China a photo of my family the gate of the school。 a photo of my father 我父亲的照片(照片上是我父亲) a photo of my fathers 我父亲的一张照片 (照片归我父亲所有)双重所有格。在英语

39、中,如of短语和名词所有格结合起来使用时,便叫双重所有格。 例如: a friend of my father's。典型错句分析1. How many shipps can you see in the picture?解析 shipps ships。ship的复数形式是ships,不能双写p。这要与动词加-ing的情况区分开来。2. He lives at 124 room.解析 124 room Room 124。表示房间编号时,名词置前,数词置后。3. Youd better go home on feet.解析 feet foot。on foot 是惯用表达用法。4. Wher

40、es Lucys trousers/shirt?解析 此误句可改作:Wheres Where are, 其后不变;又可改作:shirt blouse, 其前不变。也就是说,Lucy是女性名,因她一般穿shirt(男衬衫);trousers作主语时,谓语动词用复数,但a pair of trousers(一条裤子)作主语时,谓语动词则用单数。5. Tom is a seven-year-old boy. 复合形容词中的名词不用复数。解析 seven-years-old seven-year-old。复合形容词中的名词不用复数。6. Give him two piece of paper.解析 p

41、iece of papers pieces of paper。不可数名词能在词尾变复数,要计算时,应将数词后的名词变为复数。四、冠 词 冠词,就是放在名词之前,修饰名词的词,为虚词。 1冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种 a,an为不定冠词,用于单数可数名词前,表示泛指,说明其名称和种类,具有“一个(本、块-)”的意思。 the为定冠词,用于各类名词前,表示特指,具有“这”、“那”的意思。 2使用冠词的注意事项 a用于以辅音音素(包括w j )开始的词前。 a student a book a useful book 注意:字母u读作ju:时,由于第一音是 j 是辅音,所以前面用a,而不用an。 an

42、用于元音音素开始的词前。 an old man an hour an eight-year-old boy an one-meter-long ruler【说明】几个干扰均有可能误选。【分析】最佳答案填C。第一空填 a,因为 one-act 的读音是以辅音开头,即第一个音是辅音不是元音;第二空填an,是因为 11的英文是eleven,它的第一个音是元音不是辅音。类似以下各题的答案是 C 不是其他:(1) Before he was arrested, he had taken _ one-month holiday, and stayed in the country with _ 18-ye

43、ar-old girl, one of his students.A. a, a B. an, an C. a, an D. an, a (2) We hired _ one-eyed man to play in our film, and we gave him _ 100-pound check for just one minute.A. a, an B. an, a C. a, a D. an, an the既可用于单数或复数名词前,也可用于不可数名词前。其用法如下:1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。 例如:The book on the desk is mine.2)指说话双方都知

44、道或彼此熟悉的人或事物。 例如:Open the window, please.3)指上文提到过的人或事。 例如:There is a pen on the desk. The pen is my fathers.4)指世界上独一无二的事物。 例如:the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the world.5)表示弹奏某种乐器时,该乐器前要加the. 例如:She plays the piano, and her husband plays the violin.6)用在某些专有名词前。例如:the Great Wall, the Summer Pala

45、ce, the Changjiang River7)用在序数词和形容词最高级前。例如:Mr. Smith taught the first class. Kate is the tallest in her class.8)用在固定搭配的短语中。例如:in the morning(afternoon, evening), by the way注意:下列情况不用定冠词。 1)在球类运动名称前不用。 例如:play football(basketball, volleyball) 2)在三餐前不用。 例如:have(has) breakfast(lunch, supper) 3)在某些固定搭配的词

46、组中不用。 例如:at night(noon), go to school(bed), on foot, by bus(car, bike, air, plane, train, ship), at home(work)注意:在汉语节日中,由Day构成的节日前常不用冠词,而专有名词所表示的节日前常用冠词。如:Mid-autumn Day, Childrens Day, Teachers Day, Womens Day, May Day, National Day, New Years Day等前常不用冠词。而由Festival构成的节日前常用冠词,如:the Spring Festival,

47、the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival,the Lantern Festival等。五、疑问词和疑问句 疑问句:用来提出疑问的句子叫做疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句有4类,即:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。下面,我们分项论述。1一般疑问句。用yes或no来回答的疑问句,叫做一般疑问句。 一般疑问句的构成有三种情况:1)当谓语动词为be、have(作“有”解)时,将其放在主语之前。例如: Are you a student? Have you any pen?2)谓语动词含有系动词(is, am are)、情态动词(can

48、, must, may)或助动词(is, am, are, have, has, will, shall等)时,要将其放在主语之前。例如:Was the house built two years ago? Must I finish the work before supper?3)谓语是单一实义动词时,要在主语前加do、does或did。 例如:Does he live on the third floor? Did you have a good lunch?4)有时为了表达一种特殊的感情或观点,可用否定形式的一般疑问句(此时要注意回答)。例:Didn't I tell(或Did

49、 I not tell) you to come earlier? Arent these pictures lovely (或Are these pictures not lovely)? 在回答这种否定问句时要注意,如果事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的用no,这与汉语有很大差异。例:Doesn't he like playing football? Yes,he doesHe often play it after school. Arent your mother a doctor? No, she isnt. She works in a school.2特殊疑问句。就句中某一部分提问的疑问句,叫做特殊疑问句。句首要用特殊疑问代词或特殊疑问副词引导,答句不能用yes或no回答。1)特殊疑问词 特殊疑问代词:who,whom,whose,which,what 特殊疑问副词:when,where,why,how2)特殊疑问句的语序 当特殊疑问词或由其所修饰的词不作主语时,用一般疑问句语序。 当疑问词或由其所修饰的词作主语时,用陈述句语序。例如:Who(或Which student ) is the tallest in your class? (作主语) When did you begin to learn English? (不作主语)3选择疑问句。提供两

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