职称英语A级真题及答案解析12

1、2012-2013 年真题及解析（理工类）学派网主讲老师：王霞学派网职称英语网络课程2012 年职称英语等级考试真题（理工类 A 级）第 1 部分：词汇选项（第 115 题，每题 1 分，共 15 分）下面每个句子中均有 1 个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定 1 个意义最为接近的选项。1Her comments about men are utterly ridiculous.Aslightly Bpartly Cfaintly Dcompletely2We almost ran into a Rolls-Royce that pulled out in front of us wit

2、hout signaling.Aovertook Bpassed Cfound Dhit3He has been granted asylum in France.Apower Brelief Cprotection Dlicense4When I heard the noise in the next room, I couldnt resist having a peep.Achance Bvisit Ctry Dlook5The weather was crisp and clear and you could see the mountains fifty miles away.Aho

3、t Bfresh Cheavy Dwindy6He was weary of the constant battle between them.Afond Bproud Cafraid Dtired7Our aim was to update the health service, and we succeeded.Amodernize Boffer Cprovide Dfund8New born babies can discriminate between a mans and a womans voice.Adistinguish Btreat Cexpress Danalyze9Eve

4、ry week the magazine presents the profile of a well-known sports personality.Adescription Bsuccess Cevidence Dplan10Nothing would induce me to vote for him again.Ateach Bhelp Cattract Ddiscourage11He shifted his position a little in order to alleviate the pain in his leg.Acontrol Bease Cexperience D

5、suffer12The photographs evoked strong memories of our holiday in France.Astored Bblocked Crefreshed Derased13She moves from one exotic location to another.Afamiliar Bunusual Csimilar Dproper14The walls are made of hollow concrete blocks.Aempty Bbig Clong Dnew15All the flats in the building had the s

6、ame layout.Acolor Barrangement Csize Dfunction第 2 部分：阅读判断（第 1622 题，每题 1 分，共 7 分）下面的短文后列出了 7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确学派网职称英语网络课程由职称英语“押题皇后”王霞主讲 第 67 页，共 101 页信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。Europas watery underworldEuropa, one of Jupiters 63 known moons, looks bright and icy o

7、n the surface. But appearances can be deceiving: Miles within its cracked, frigid shell, Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where scientists find liquid water, they hope to find life as well.Since we cant go diving into Europas depths just yet, scientists instead have to investigate

8、the moons surface for clues to what lies beneath. In a new study, scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S. Great Lakes.Pictures of Europa, which is slightly smaller t

9、han Earths moon, clearly show a tangled, icy mishmash of lines and cracks known as “chaos terrains.” These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For more than 10 years, scientists have wondered what causes the formations. The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vast underg

10、round stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface, the news about the new lake is exciting.“It would be great if these lakes harbored life,” Britney Schmidt, a planetary scientist who worked on the s

11、tudy, told Science News. “But even if they didnt, they say that Europa is doing something interesting and active right now.”Schmidt, a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin, and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos terrains form. Since they couldnt rocket to Europa to see for themselves,

12、 they searched for similar formations here on Earth. They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland. Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice. The scientists now suspect something similar might be happening on Europa: that as water and ic

13、e of different temperatures mingle and shift, the surface fractures. This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.“Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on Earth,” Schmidt told Science News. She and her team found that the process could

14、be causing chaos terrains to form quickly on Europa.The new study suggests that on this moon, elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.16The liquid water of an underground pool of Europa is estimated as mu

15、ch as of the US Great lakes.ARight BWrong CNot mention17The strange ice patterns on Europa are formed as a result of an underground water pool.ARight BWrong CNot mention18Europa is the most recently discovered one among Jupiters moons.ARight BWrong CNot mention19The size of Europa is a bit larger th

16、an that of Earths moon.ARight BWrong CNot mention20Schmidt and her colleagues are the first group of scientists studying Europa.ARight BWrong CNot mention 学派网职称英语网络课程由职称英语“押题皇后”王霞主讲 第 68 页，共 101 页21The formations on Europas surface are rather unique in the universe.ARight BWrong CNot mention22The ex

17、istence of liquid water is a necessity for a life-support environment.ARight BWrong CNot mention第 3 部分：概括大意和完成句子（第 2330 题，每题 1 分，共 8 分）下面的短文后有 2 项测试任务：（1）第 23 26 题要求从所给的 6 个选项中为指定段落每段选择 1个小标题；（2）第 27 30 题要求从所给的 6 个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。Learn about Noble Gases（惰性气体）1 Have you ever ridden on a balloon? Man

18、y tourist spots offer balloon rides in order for people to seethe beauty of a place from above. A balloon contains a noble gas called helium. Formerly, balloons containedhydrogen but hydrogen is very flammable and dangerous when uncontrolled. Therefore, people shifted tohelium, which is safer. Heliu

19、m is safe because it has the properties of the noble gases.2 People once believed that noble gases couldnt chemically react at all. For this reason, they werecalled inert gases. They were also clustered under Group 0 in the old periodic table because scientists believedthat the gases have zero valen

20、ce electrons in their outer shell. This was later proven to be untrue when somenoble gas compounds were discovered.3 The gases are elements, which share similar properties. These properties include being monoatomic,colorless, odorless, being able to conduct electricity, and having low chemical react

21、ivity. Noble gases includeHelium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon. These are all found in Group 18, in the rightmost columnof the periodic table. If you look at the periodic table, you will notice that these elements are the only ones,which do not have a charge. Helium has the lowest molecular

22、（分子的）weight while Radon is the heaviest.4 Remember that chemical reactions occur because atoms have “valence” electrons, which areelectrons in their outer shell. When the outer shell is “unfilled” or the required number of electrons is not yetcomplete, the atom is more reactive. Noble gases have a f

23、ull outer shell, meaning that they have completeelectrons in their outer shell. This complete number varies. For instance, the outer shell of Helium has 2valence electrons while the outer shell of Xenon has 8 electrons. Nowadays, there remains to be a few noblegases because of the inherent low chemi

24、cal reactivity of these said gases.5 Because of their properties, noble gases have many important applications. They are widely used inrecreation, medicine and industries. For instance, Liquid Helium is used for superconducting magnets （磁体） .These magnets are very important in physics and medicine.

25、When a doctor suspects that a persons brain hasbeen damaged, he might request for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI allows the doctor to “see” thebrain, without operating on the patient.23paragraph 2 _24paragraph 3 _25paragraph 4 _26paragraph 5 _27Noble gases are not very chemically _Awhat is th

26、e periodic table?BWhat are noble gases？CWhat causes the low chemical reactivity of noble gases?DHow were noble gases discovered?EHow were noble gases understood in the past?Fwhat are the applications of noble gases? 学派网职称英语网络课程由职称英语“押题皇后”王霞主讲 第 69 页，共 101 页28Among the elements of noble gases Helium

27、is the _29The required number of electrons in noble gases outer shell is _30MRI may make operating on the patient _第 4 部分：阅读理解（第 3145 题，每题 3 分，共 45 分）下面有 3 篇短文，每篇短文后有 5 道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定 1 个最佳选项。第一篇 Gross National HappinessIn the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many

28、countries. However, onecountry resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remainedseparate. Its people and Buddhist（佛教）culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan,however, was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of its pe

29、ople could not read, and they did notknow much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuckdecided to help Bhutan to become modern, but without losing its traditions.King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their

30、 progressby their Gross Natonal Product（GNP）. The GNP measures products and money. When the number ofproducts sold increases people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea forBhutan. He wanted to measure his countrys progress by peoples happiness. If the peoples happi

31、nessincreased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created ameasure called Gross National Happiness（GNH）.GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care,education, and jobs. They are happier wh

32、en they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happierwhen they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good,stable government.Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer.More peopl

33、e are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and thecountry has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow theirancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his pow

34、er tohis son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan hadpolitical parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of theworld through television and internet.Bhutan is a symbol for social progress

35、. Many countries are now interested in Bhutans GNH. Thesecountries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that takecare of their people, cultures, and land.Brazil may be the nest country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principl

36、es of GNHAreactiveBlightestCimportantDcompleteEflammableFunnecessary 学派网职称英语网络课程由职称英语“押题皇后”王霞主讲 第 70 页，共 101 页as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measureof progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.31Who was Jig

37、me Singye Wangchuck?AA president.BA Buddhist priest.CA general.DA king.32Apart from modernizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan?ATo make its population grow.BTo keep it separate from the world.CTo encourage its people to get rich.DTo keep its tradition and customs.33A country s

38、hows its progress with GNP by_.Aselling more products.Bspending more money.Cspending less money.Dproviding more jobs.34According to GNH, people are happier if they_.Ahave new technology.Bcan change their religion.Chave a good, stable government.Dhave more money.45Today, many countries are_.Ausing th

39、e principles of GNH to measure their progress.Bworking together to develop a common scale to measure GNH.Ctaking both Bhutan and Brazil as symbols for social progress.Dtrying to find their own ways to measure happiness.第二篇 Download Knowledge Directly to Your BrainFor the first time, researchers have

40、 been able to hack into the process of learning in the brain, using induced brain patterns to create a learned behavior. Its not quite as advanced as an instant kung -fu download, and its not as sleek as cognitive inception, but its still an important finding that could lead to new teaching and reha

41、bilitation techniques.Future therapies could decode the brain activity patterns of an athlete or a musician, and use them as a benchmark for teaching another person a new activity, according to the researchers.Scientists from Boston University and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto

42、 used functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, to study the learning process. They were examining the adult brains aptitude for visual perceptual learning, or VPL, in which repetitive training improves a perso ns performance on a particular task. Whether adults can do this as well as young pe

43、ople has been an ongoing debate in neuroscience. 学派网职称英语网络课程由职称英语“押题皇后”王霞主讲 第 71 页，共 101 页Led by BU neuroscientist Takeo Watanabe, researchers used a method called decoded fMRI neurofeedback to stimulate the visual cortex. First they showed participants circles at different orientations. Then they u

44、sed fMRI to watch the participants brain activity. The researchers were then able to train the participants to recreate this visual cortex activity.The volunteers were again placed in MRI machines and asked to visualize shapes of certain colors. The participants were asked to “somehow regulate activ

45、ity in the posterior part of the brain” to make a solid green disc as large as they could. They were told they would get a paid bonus proportional to the size of this disc, but they werent told anything about what the disc meant. The researchers watched the participants brain activity and monitored

46、the activation patterns in their visual cortices.“Participants can be trained to control the overall mean activation of an entire brain region,” the study authors write, “or the activation in one region relative to that in another region.”This worked even when test subjects were not aware of what th

47、ey were learning, the researchers said.“The most surprising thing in this study is that mere inductions of neural activation patterns corresponding to a specific visual feature led to visual performance improvement on the visual feature, without presenting the feature or subjects awareness of what w

48、as to be learned,” Watanabe said in a statement.Watanabe and colleagues said this method can be a powerful tool.“It can incept a person to acquire new learning, skills, or memory, or possibly to restore skills or knowledge that has been damaged through accident, disease, or aging, without a persons

49、awareness of what is learned or memorized,” they write.36What have researchers been able to do with the help of the study?ADiscover a persons learning process in the brain. BMake a person know how to do something without learning.CSet up different learning patterns for different people.DEnable peopl

50、e to learn kung fu instantly.37What helps a person to do a particular task better in visual perceptual learning?ATestingBEncouragementCSelf-assessmentDRepetition38Which of the following statements is true of the experiment participants?AThey learned how to control MRL machines in the experimentBThey

51、 were not told what to be learned in the experimentCThey were paid to take part in the experimentDThey were not cooperative in the experiment39The finding of the study is most significant in that learningAis full of funBis visualizedChappens unconsciouslyDbecomes unnecessary40Who are most likely to

52、benefit from the study?ATeenagers 学派网职称英语网络课程由职称英语“押题皇后”王霞主讲 第 72 页，共 101 页BMusiciansCSenior peopleDAthletes第三篇 Small But WiseOn December 14, NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Dont let its small size fool yo

53、u: WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects in the known universe, including asteroids, faint stars, blazing galaxies and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.“Im very excited because were going to be seeing parts of the universe

54、 that we havent seen before,” said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space, the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth, held by gravity in a polar orbit( this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap). Its camera is pointed outward, away from the Earth, and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pic