英语考试GMATAWA模板

1、Argument时序性因果攻击Firstly,theauthorisengagedin'afterthis,therefore,becauseofthisreasoning.ThelineofreasoningisthatbecauseAhappenedbeforeB,theformercausedthelatter.However,thisreasoningisfallaciousunlessotherpossiblecausalfactorshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsC.Asaresult,anydecision

2、aimedataddressingtheproblemofBmustbebasedonamorethoroughinvestigationtogatherdatainordertonarrowdownandlocatetheactualcauseofB.同时性因果攻击Secondly,theauthor'ssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAisthecauseofBjustbecauseAcoincidedwithB.However,amerepositionalcorrelationdoesnotnecessarilyproveacausalrelat

3、ionship.Inaddition,allotherprospectivecausesofB,suchasCandD,mustberuledout.WithoutdetailedanalysisoftherealsourceofB,itwouldbegroundlesstoattributeBtoA.错误类比攻击Additionally,itishighlydoubtfulthatstrategiesdrawnfromAareapplicabletoB.However,differencesbetweenthesetwoclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,there

4、foremakingtheanalogymuchlessvalid.Forexample,CandDallaffectAbutvirtuallyabsentinB.Accordingly,wecanseethatAandBaresodissimilarthatBisunlikelytoexperiencethesameconsequenceifitadoptsAsstrategies.4.止匕即彼攻击Lastbutnotleast,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatareadermustmakeaeither-orchoice.However,theargumentfai

5、lstoruleoutpossibilitythatadjustingAandBmightproducebetterresults.Moreover,iftheauthoriswrongintheassumptionthatAandBaretheonlycausesoftheproblem,thusthemosteffectivesolutionmightincludeacomplexofotherfactorssuchasCandD.Inanyevent,theauthorprovidesnojustificationforthemutuallyexclusivechoiceimposedo

6、nthereader.必要性攻击Inthefirstplace,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatBwasdeterminedsolelybyA.WhileAisaseeminglyimportantelementindeterminingB,itishardlytheonlyorevennecessarilyrequiredelement.ThisassumptionoverlooksothercrucialcriteriaindeterminingBsuchasC,D.Withoutaccountingforthesepotentialfactors,theautho

7、rconcludestoohastilythatisthebestwaytoachievegoals.充分性攻击Inthesecondplace,_theauthor'ssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAissufficienttogivebirthtothedesiredgoals.However,ifitturnsoutthatBisduetoacombinationoffactors,someofwhichwillremainunchangedinthefuture,suchasCandD,onlyAmighthavenoimpactonB.选择性

8、样本攻击Athresholdproblemisthattheauthorprovidesnoevidencetoclaimthatthegeneralgroupasawholeisofthesamecharacteristic.Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveofthistrend,isinsufficienttowarrantthatthesampleisrepresentativeofthewholegroup.Forexample,Iquestionthat-Therefore,suchevidencewouldbeobviouslyunrepresenta

9、tive.Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,itisfallaciousfortheauthortodrawanyconclusionatall.（与选择性样本攻击”较类似）样本代表性攻击Moreover,apossiblemethodologyproblemintheargumentisthatitisofbias.Theterm'somany'istoovaguetobestatisticallymeaningful.Itisverypossiblethatworkerswhoweremoreinterestedinthesurveymi

10、ghtbelikelytorespondtothequestionnaire.Lackingintheinformationaboutthenumberofworkerssurveyedandthenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoassessthevalidityofthesurvey.Forinstance,if1000workersweresurveyedbutonly10responded,theresultshouldbehighlysuspect.Becausetheauthorfailstoaccountforotherinterpretat

11、ions,thesurveywouldbeuselessinconcludingthat.其他理由忽略他因攻击Thirdly,theauthorhasfocusedonlyonA.Amoredetailedanalysiswouldrevealthatotherfactorsfaroutweighthefactoronwhichtheauthorfocuses.Forexample,C.Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthecauses,itispresumptuousfortheauthortoclaimthatAsolelydeterminedB.因果

12、倒置攻击Atlast,itispossiblethattheauthorhasconfusedcausewitheffect.PerhapsAwasaresponsetoB.Sincetheauthorfailstoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthatiscompletelyunwarranted样本数量攻击Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthisargumentisthatthesurveycitedisbasedontoosmallasampletobereliable.Offeredinsup

13、portoftheargument,theonlyevidenceisthatUnlessitcanbeshownthatthesampleistypicalofallgeneralgroup,thefactthatisgroundlesstoclaimthatLoadedquestion和诚实性攻击What'smore,themethodologyofthesurveyisproblematicfortworeasons.Foronething,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyprovidedonly3alternatives.Ifitdid,ther

14、espondents,whomightverywellpreferanotherchoicenotprovidedinthesurvey,mightbeforcedtogiveuptheirpreferences.Foranotherthing,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyresponseswereanonymousorconfidential.Therespondentsmightsupplyresponsesfavoredbytheirsuperiorswhomightconductthesurvey.Botheventswouldleadthissur

15、veyunreliable,letalonedrawtheconclusionthat样本时效性攻击Lastbutnotleast,anotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentisthattheauthorneglectstoindicatehowrecentlythesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whenusedtogenerallyclaimaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughtosupportthegeneralization,inordertoprev

16、enthistoricalchangesfrominvalidatingthegeneralization.Allweknowisthatthesurveyisrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstodemonstratethat差异概念攻击Tobeginwith,wemustestablishthemeaningofthevagueconceptA.IfthetermweresynonymouswithB,theevidencecitedwouldstronglysupportthea

17、rgument.However,AmaybedefinedinothertermssuchasCandD.Accordingly,theauthorhasdrawntheconclusiontoohastilyduetotheignoranceofotherdefinitionsofA.范围内推攻击What'smore,themostegregiousreasoningerrorinthisargumentisthattheauthorusesevidencepertainingtoageneralgrouponthebasisofaparticularB.Evenifthereaso

18、ningmaybesoundingeneralsense,theparticularsituationinwhichBisinvolvedmaynotberepresentativeoftheentiregeneralgroup.Itispossiblethat.Ifthisisthecase,theclaimthatisillfounded.不随时变攻击Moreover,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatAwillremainunchangedoverthenextdecades.However,amererecentone-yearAisinsufficienttoc

19、laimthat.Statisticsfromsuchlimitedanecdotalevidenceisnotagoodindicatorforthistrend.Inaddition,itispossiblethatinthefuture,thistrendwouldgreatlyfluctuateorevenreverse,thentheadoptionoftheauthor'sproposalmightgivebirthtoB,however,itmightalsohaveanegativeimpactonC1and,inturns,C2.Admittedly,thisargu

20、mentwouldbeevenweakerandweakereachdayastimegoesby.Issue把题目复述一下?Tosomeextent,Iagreewiththeauthor'sgeneralassertionthatif*（即在作者的观点上，加上一些条件，有保留地赞同）.However,theauthorunnecessarilyextendsthisbroadassertiontoanirreversibleextremewhileoverlooksothercompellingfactorsthatmayaffectthisissue.Onbalance,mypo

21、intsofagreementandcontentionwiththeauthorinvolvethefundamentalanddeepanalysisasdiscussedbelow.Ontheonehand,Iwouldliketoadmitthatthisstatement,althoughsuffersfromsomeobviousdrawbacks,hassomemeritsprimarilyinsomespecialcasesinwhichtheimplicitrationalebehinditaccordswithcommonsenseandourexperienceindai

22、lylife.Hence,itispartiallyindisputable.Afterall,.Evenif,Inotherwords.Furthermore,.Alltheseevidencedemonstratesbeyondanydoubtthat.（以上两段要找两个理由，来说明作者观点如何对）Ontheotherhand,recognizingthatamoreapplicablechoicemustincorporatedifferentaspectsoftheissueassufficientaspossible,Ihavetopointoutthattheauthorovers

23、tates'scomparativesignificance,andfailtotakeintoaccountotheressentialfactors.Inshort,thisassertionisproblematicintwoaspects.ThefirstargumenttheonethatIthinkthemostcompellingisthattheauthoroverlooked,thatistosay,.Thesecondargumentitmighthavebeennoticedbyothers-isthatinsomeoccasion,itisquitediffic

24、ultto.Accordingly,Itendtoconcedethatwhenitcomestosomecertaincircumstancesitispartiallyappropriate（这里找两个理由说明在一些场合下，作者观点还是不成立的，因为不管什么论点，成立还是会有条件的。此段模版字数已经很多，你只要列出不成立的观点即可，言简意赅,因为一般到这个时候，时间也不多了，容不得你写例子了。）Inconclusion,issueofisacomplexone,requiringsubjectivejudgment,consequently,therearenoeasyorcertaina

25、nswers.Sodifferentarethepersonalexperiencesandemotionalconcernsamongpeoplewithdiverseculturethatthousandindividualsmightholdthousandopinions.Accordingtome,把你开头的观copy/paste上去.GMATReading1.4种文章类型一、新老观点对比（重点在后）先是老观点:many,most,common,frequently,usually,traditionally,once,old,recently,untilrecently再是新观点：

26、强转折（1段中/2段首）主题句：明确的新观点。二、现象解释型（重点在后）-为什么？先是现象：自然科学：自然现象社会科学：史实再是解释：解释原因+提出多个理论+强调主体+评价主题句：正确的解释三、问题解决型：（重点在后）-该怎么去做？问题：疑问question,puzzle任务difficulty,task,problem,challenge解决/回答：多个理论+提出主题+作者评价。主题句：正确的解决方案/答案四、结论解释型（开门见山）-有哪些内容特点：判断句-主题句恰恰是判断句；解释：内容的详细展开2.主题题型一、对文章的中心思想、写作目的等提问的题目1 .明确主题句TS2 .无TS-关键词、

27、细节、新内容A.关键词：主体动词Presentation：present,describe,explain,illustrate,pointout,etc.Argumentation:evaluate,criticize,refute,challenge,counter,correct,etc.（非常实用）3 .含作者态度（少数服从多数）二、结构套路1. organization:既问文章/段落的结构、套路，注意顺序！2. 特别套路：专门评述某人理论、著作，多属于结构解释型，少属于现象解释（为什么）。3. 注意：A. 先入为主型（从前不从后）：前面部分结构已经很完整，但后面部分说了一大段和前面

28、无关的离题内容，不能受后面影响B. 少数服从多数（从大不从小）：TS提出正态度，却在末尾作出转折说一些缺点、毛病，只是为了避免极端而作出的暖和语气。3. 态度题就作者对某事件、某理论的态度评价提问的题目。一边倒评价：正评价、负评价混合评价：大正小负、大负小正文中判断评价的依据：判断句系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词（adj，adv）1 、引号：负评价2、表示评价的实义动词：主要用于研究类文章（1）负评价：fail（to）,ignore,overlook,neglect,忽略，忽视，前一个为主观，后两个为客观overestimate,underestimate,高估，低估exaggerate,夸张，

29、夸大misrepresent,misinterpret错误表达，错误表述，错误解释（2）正评价：show,prove,demonstrate证明find,discover,发现determine,confirm，确信，确认3、让步语气让步语气的三种写法：前半句（1）itistrue/itiscorrect/ofcourse（2）nodoubt/withoutdoubt/undoubtedly（3）do/may/seem/appear后半句：强转折以后半句为主要评价。4、从大不从小文章开头或主题句中的评价是大评价，其他是小评价。让步和转折除外。4. 细节题1、 四种主要类型1. 罗马数字题2.i

30、norderto题型3.强对比取非题4.其他2、 几种常见的错误方式3、 细节定位（1）有定位的信息题：of,about,concerning,regarding-"关于"同义变换（2）无定位的信息题：只能根据对全文的整体把握来逐个判断选项。5. 类比题典型问法：whichofthefollowingismostsimilartothesituationinthesentence?Similarto,analogousto,parallel做法：抓住本质特征客观题做题要求：题型、定位、同义变换做题注意事项1、 4种错误选项：混、偏、反、无混：张冠李戴：A说成B；偏：以偏盖全

31、；反：与原文相反；无：原文没说/无法判断2、 慎重对待含有最高级、唯一性和比较句的选项3、 不要用非出题段落的内容来解答这个题例外：问某段结尾，可用下段开头；问某段开头，可用上段结尾。4、 长选项竖读法纵向比较所有选项，尤其是开头，找到其中相同的语言部分，如果某几个选项中相同的语言部分对这个题有用，那么先看这几个选项或者这几个选项的差异部分。5、文字定位基本操作：读文章的时候找出主题词和评价；文：主题题干：主题特殊情况：（1）如果题干主题在文中多处出现，一般定位在其首次出现之处。（2）如果题干主题与文章主题有关，定位在主题句。6. 逻辑题：（反对+支持题）（1）反对题：weaken,under

32、mine,callintoquestion,castdoubton4种作法：A 、反对原因B 、反证法C、直接反对结论D 、存在其他原因反对A-B时可说A不成立。假设结论成立，推出矛盾、谬误，与现实不符的情况。欲反对A-B，直接说B不成立。欲反对A-B，可说C-B。2）支持题：support,strengthen3种作法：A、补充所缺的条件。欲支持A-B,补上C,得C-A-B。B、把B再强调一遍。C、具体事例法：举文中没有讲过的例子作为正面论据。（ 3） IFTRUE原则：不要怀疑5个选项的成立性，一切以他们的成立为前提。7. 出题点一、总结1. 主题：几乎必考；2.混合评价；3.强对比；4.强因果；5.比较句；6