全新版大学英语第四册综合教程单词详解

1、Unit 1Fighting with the Forces of Nature一、课文A重点词汇1. launch v. 发射；使（船）下水，发动，开展 n. 发射，下水【例句】 The 100,000 tanner was recently launched. 十万吨轮最近下水了。 【例句】 Taking up the pen as a weapon, he launched a relentless attack on the capitalist system. 他以笔做武器，对资本主义制度进行了无情的抨击。 They launched a new attack at dawn. 黎明

2、时他们发起了一次新的进政。 【例句】China successfully launched its first man made earth satellite on 24th April 1970. 一九七年四月二十四日，中国成功地发射了第一颗人造地球卫星。 【扩展】launch vehicle 运载火箭 launch pad （火箭等的）发射台 2. Conquest n.攻取，征服；克服 词根： quest找，要求，需要to seek, ask, require 【例句】1) The French conquest was in 1066. 法兰西征服（英格兰）发生在1066年。 2)

3、One of the great achievements of the modern science and technology is the conquest of space. 现代科学技术的一项伟大成就是对空间的征服。【考点】a foreign conquest 外国人的征服 physical (mental) conquest of disease 身体（精神）对疾病的征服 the conquest of difficulties (one's passion) 战胜困难（感情） the conquest of liberty 争得自由 man's conquest

4、s over nature 人类征服自然 3. bog n. (排水不良而使重物陷入的)泥塘,沼泽; <英俚> (屋外) 厕所 v.陷入泥沼(使)停顿,进展困难,被缠住<down>,使进展困难<down> 动词进行时： bogging 过去式： bogged 过去分词： bogged 【例句】 be get bogged down in detail 在细节上被缠得无法进展 【扩展】沼泽；泥沼 marsh morass swamp4. engage vt. 1.使从事于，使忙于 2.占用 3.雇用 4.订婚 vi. 从事，参加【例句】He is engage

5、d in teaching. 他从事于教学工作。 He was busily engaged in painting the furniture.他忙于油漆家具。【例句】I couldn't telephone my uncle because his telephone line was engaged. 我不能给叔叔打电话，因为他的电话占线了。Housework engages much of her time.家事占用她很多时间。【例句】They engaged a cook for the summer.那个夏天他们雇了一个厨子。【例句】David is engaged to

6、Ann.戴维与安妮订了婚。【考点】be engaged in(doing sth.)忙于，从事 engage for sth./to do sth. 保证，允诺engage sb. as 聘请作5. crucial 词根： cruc十字交叉；难题cross a.决定性的,紧要关头的;严酷的 极困难的; (极) 重要的 【例句】Salt is a crucial ingredient in cooking. 盐是烹调的一种重要材料。 The next step is crucial to for our success. 下一个步骤对我们的成功非常重要的。 【扩展】a crucial momen

7、t 关键时刻,重要关头 a crucial experience 艰苦的经验 a crucial test (有关事情真伪、未来的) 决定性的考验 【辨析】详见易混词辨析6. occupation名词 n. 工作；职业; 居住；占据 C 使你忙碌的事情；消遣 【例句】 'What's your occupation?' 'I am a policeman.' 你的职业是什么？我是一个警察。 He has no fixed occupation. 他没有固定的职业。【例句】The new house is ready for occupation. 新屋可

8、以居住了。 【例句】Swimming and rowing are my favorite occupations. 游泳和划船是我所喜爱的活动。 【扩展】occupy占，占用；占据，占领；使忙碌，使从事7. exile n. 1.流放，放逐，充军 2.被流放者 vt. 流放，放逐from，把充军【例句】go into exile 被放逐,流亡 in exile 被放逐的,流亡的 after an exile of ten years 十年的放逐 流亡 之后 【例句】He was exiled from his own country. 他被逐出自己的国家。 【考点】 oneself 亡命,流

9、亡,离乡背井8. instruct vt.指示；通知give orders or directions to sb. (used in the patterns: instruct sb. to do sth.; instruct sb. that); 教teach sb. (used in the pattern: instruct sb. in / on sth.)【例句】 My boss instructed me to type the letters quickly. 我的老板指示我赶快打好这些信件。 【例句】The professor instructed us that we h

10、ad one month to conduct the project.教授通知我们用一个月时间来完成项目。【例句】The teacher instructed us in geography. 这老师教我们的地理课。9. render vt. 致使；使成; 给予；报答；归还; 表演；扮演; 翻译【例句】I was rendered unconscious by the blow. 猛烈一击使我失去了知觉。 An accident has rendered him helpless. 一件意外使他束手无策。 【例句】 I can render you any assistance in the

11、 matter. 这件事情上我能给予你帮助。 【例句】 His part in the drama was admirably rendered. 在这一戏剧里他的角色扮演得令人赞美。 There are many English idioms that can not be rendered into other languages. 有很多英语习语很难译为别种语言。 10. casualty pl. casualtiesn. C伤亡人员, (意外事故造成的) 死伤 (者), 受害人，损失的东西; 意外的灾难; 横祸; 意外的伤害The enemy suffered heavy casual

12、ties. 敌人伤亡惨重。Casualty lists were published the day after the train accident.伤亡名单在火车意外事件发生后的第二天就公布了。【考点】casualty insurance 意外保险 heavy slight casualties 惨重 轻微 的伤亡11. siege n. (城堡、都市等的) 围攻; 围城 围困 期间; (疾病、不幸等的) 长期 (困扰) 【例句】 siege warfare 围攻战 stand a long siege 抵住长期的围困 Troy was under siege for ten years.

13、 特洛伊城被围困了十年。 【例句】 have a siege of flu 受流行性感冒的长期折磨 【考点】lay siege to. 围攻12. reckon (词根： reck算帐；计算account ) v. 认为,估计; 指望,想要; 测算 vi. <口语>依赖,仗恃,指望,寄望on【例句】1) I reckon him the best swimmer in my class. 我认为他是我班上最善于游泳的人。 Most of the population there are reckoned as reckoned to be uneducated. 那里的大多数居民被

14、认为是没有受教育的【例句】1) I am not reckoning on her help. 我并不指望她的帮助。 We did not reckon on finding you here. 我们没想到会在这里看到你。 【扩展】vt. I 与主要从句并列,或作插句使用 以为She will come soon, I reckon. 我想她马上就来。 【考点】13. toll vt. 缓慢而有规律地敲响 <晚钟、丧钟等> ,鸣; .征收 n.钟声 ；费用（尤指道路、桥梁之通行费）;伤亡人数【例句】 toll a bell at a person's death 为某人之死

15、而鸣钟 【例句】The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise.交通事故的伤亡人数还在上涨。The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of the roads.当地政府同意征收过路费。【考点】the toll of the roads交通事故的伤亡人数 toll call 长途电话toll-bar/-gate (征收过路费的)关卡二、课文A重点短语1. in the case of: as far as is concerned 至于，就来说【例句】In th

16、e case of a highly intelligent animal, elementary training is easy. 就高度灵敏的动物而言,初级训练并不难。【辨析】In case of fire, open this safety door.一旦发生火灾时,打开这扇安全门。【考点】in case （of ）如果发生,万一；in any case 无论如何 in no case决不 in this/that case 若是这样（那样）的话 a case in point一个恰当的例子2. stand / get / be in the way: prevent from doi

17、ng sth.挡道；妨碍【例句】He is bad-tempered and won't listen to anybody, so you'd better not stand in his way.她脾气暴躁,不听人劝告,你最好不要去阻碍他。【例句】I dont think kids have as much fun as we used to. Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of their development. 我认为孩子们没有我们过去那么多的乐趣。激烈的竞争妨碍了他们的发展。【考点】pave the way

18、 for 为做准备工作，使准备接受（改革）等；go ones way 动身；出发 go out of ones way( to do sth.) 特意（花心血，时间等）做某事；故意做某事 make ones way in life发迹，成功make ones way (to/towards) （向）走去 lead the way 带路，带头，示范 by way of 由，经过；作为，当作，代替 by the way 顺路，顺便说 on the/ones way 在路上，在途中 out of the way 奇特的，不同寻常的out- of the- way遥远的，荒僻的 in the fami

19、ly way （俗）怀孕 in a big/small way 在（小）规模地 to my way of thinking我认为3. be / get bogged down: be unable to make progress（使）陷入泥潭；不能前进【例句】 The truck got bogged down in the mud.卡车陷进泥浆中。【例句】The talks with the union leaders bogged(vi.) down on the questions of wages.和工会领导人的谈判在工资问题上陷入了僵局【例句】The local governmen

20、t got bogged down in problems of how to handle the air pollution.地方政府在如何处理空气污染的问题上陷入了僵局。4. take a gamble: take a risk 冒险【例句】 I think shes taking a gamble investing all her money in stocks.我认为她把钱都买了股票，是在冒险。【例句】The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off.公司降低产品价格，

21、冒了很大的风险，但取得了成功。5. press on / ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way (used in the pattern: press on / ahead with sth.)（不顾困难）继续前进【例句】 Despite fierce opposition, the government is pressing on with its campaign to eliminate corruption.尽管遇到激烈的反对，政府继续开展清除腐败的活动。6. bide ones time: wait patiently for

22、 a chance等待时机【例句】Jack was hurt deeply, and he bided his time for revenge.杰克受了很深的伤害,他等待着报仇的时机。7. drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously缓慢费力地走；拖延【例句】How much longer is the meeting going to drag on?会议还要拖多久呢？8. at the cost of: with the loss of以为代价【例句】 He saved the girl fr

23、om drowning at the cost of his own life.他舍身把溺水的姑娘救出来。The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment.地方政府以破坏环境为代价来发展地方经济。【考点】at all costs /at any cost 不惜任何代价；无论如何 count the cost事前详细盘算得失等 to ones cost 使某人遭受损失或不便9. catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise趁某人不备【例句】The reporte

24、rs question caught the foreign minister off guard.The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.【考点】catch at 抓住；伸手拿 catch sb. at it /catch sb. In the act (of doing sth.)当场抓住，撞见某人做某事catch hold of 抓住；握住；捉住catch on (1) 了解(2) 风行；流行catch sight of 突然看到；发现catch sb. out 撞破；识破catch up(with sb.) 赶上，追catch

25、 ones breath（因吃惊等）屏息10.bring to a halt: stop completely使停止【例句】Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials. 许多工厂的生产都因原材料迟迟未到而停止。11. turn the tide (against): change what looks like defeat into victory彻底改变形势（造成对不得），扭转潮流【例句】Soviet victory in Stalingrad

26、 turned the tide of the war in Europe.斯大林格勒的（苏维埃革命）胜利扭转了欧洲的革命局势。【扩展】Time and tide wait for no man.(prov.) Tide passes quickly,so do not delay taking action.（谚）岁月不饶人 Christmas tide 圣诞季 high tide 高潮 the high tide of fortune 福星高照 low tide 低潮 【考点】flow like the tide人如潮涌go/carry with the tide 随波逐流12. than

27、ks to: because of由于，因为【例句】Thanks to her financial support, the two children in the remote village could go to school.由于她的经济援助，边远乡村的两个小孩能够上学了。Thanks to your help we were successful. 由于你的帮助我们成功了。【考点】thanks to my foresight 幸亏我有先见之明 三、课文A易混词辨析1. ground, earth, soil和land用法辨析：(1) ground主要指大地表面。如：They are

28、all lying on the ground. 他们都躺在地上。(2) earth着重指与天空相对的大地，也指区别于岩石的泥土。如：The plane fell to the earth.飞机降落在地面上。This worm eats earth. 这类虫子吃泥土。(3) soil主要指富有有机物，宜于耕种的土壤。如：This soil is good for growing rice. 这种土壤宜于种水稻。(4) land 还可作“陆地”解 (相对于大海sea 而言)。如：The balloon burst and fell to land. 气球爆了，落在地上。A strong wind

29、 is blowing from the sea toward the land. 一阵大风从海上吹到陆地。Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths. 单单大气污染就几乎造成三百万人死亡。2. war, campaign, battle, fight, struggle<辨析>war 解作“战争状态”或“战争”，前者用作不可数名词，后者用作可数名词，往往指的是包括一系列战役的整个战争。campaign 意为“战役”，指在某一地区进行的一连串有固定目的的军事行动。battle 也作“战役”解，其规模比 campaig

30、n 小，还可作“战斗”解，指的是一场战争或一次战役中的具体战斗，只能只持续几小时，也可能持续若干天。fight 意为“战斗”，往往指战场上的搏斗，还可作“打架”解。struggle 意为“斗争”，常侧重于精神上或政治上的斗争。His work was stopped, however, by the First World War.然而，由于第一次世界大战，他的（研究）工作停顿了。Did you serve in either of my last two campaigns?我的上两次战役你参加过一次没有？ No one was killed in that battle.那次战斗中无一人阵

31、亡。It is a fight between life and death.这是一场生死搏斗。Many of these songs called on the workers to take up the struggle.这些歌曲中有许多是号召工人们起来斗争的。3. acute, critical, crucial, urgent这一组形容词都有"严重的，重要的"意思。1) acute a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿

32、。2) critical a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指"批判性的，分析性的"。It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.为了考好你必须用功学习，否则你会不及格的。3) crucial a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。Improved consumer confidence is c

33、rucial to an economic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。附加辨析decisive和decideddecisive “果断的，断然的”； decisive measures 断然的措施。decided “明确的，无疑的”；a decided success 明显的成功。4) urgent a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助

34、，我们的水就快要用光了。4. attack, assail, assault, charge, beset, descend on, overtake, storm攻打，进攻1) 一切具有进攻性的行为，特别是指无缘无故地用武力偷袭敌人attack<plan to attack the town at dawn>2) 用武力或其他手段突然打击敌人，特别是猛烈的连续袭击 assail3) 用武力相互攻击对方，特别指肉搏战assault <a military attack to take control of a place controlled by the enemy; an

35、 attempt to achieve sth difficult, especially using physical force.>4) 冲击或骑兵的突然攻击charge<The cavalry charged to the front.>5) 从各个方向攻击beset6) 指捕食的鹰俯冲下来捕捉牺牲品，但它常常用于形象的比喻descend on7) 暴风雨、麻烦等突然降临某人、某个地方 overtake8) 用炮弹、烟火弹或导弹进行攻击 bombard<bombarded the city nightly>9) 试图去破坏有防守的，筑有工事的地方storm&

36、lt;preparing to storm the fortress>例句：歹徒时常在黑暗的街道上攻击被害者。Muggers often assault their victims on dark streets.5. retire, retreat, withdraw, flee, fly 这些动词均含“退下、退却”之意。1) Retire,指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。2) Retreat, 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。3) Withdraw, 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退4) flee, 书面用词

37、，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。5) fly含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。四、课文A语篇与难点课文语篇I课文主题Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conquerors. Chengis Khan spent his entire life conquering neighboring peoples and expanding the Mongolian Empire. Many Roman Emperors did the same for the Rome empire so much so that

38、 at one time they ruled modern-day Great Britain.Both the Mongolian and Roman Empires had their rise and fall in the distant past. Yet if we want to examine conquerors, there is no need to go back that far. This text will focus on Napoleon and Hitler.Man changes nature in order to live. However, man

39、 must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. In this text, Napoleon and Hitler launched military campaigns against Russia (the Soviet Union), but they both ignored the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter the Icy Defender. As a result, they both failed. Warm-up 1) Discussion: Man or natur

40、e, which is more powerful?2) Ss form groups to analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions. When they finish, some Ss groups report to class.3) A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions (参见教师用书P3II) Cultural Notes (参见教师用书P4-7)II课文结构Text organizationPart one (Para

41、s 1-2) IntroductionBoth Napoleons and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.Part two (Paras 3-11) Napoleons military campaign against RussiaPart three (Paras 12-20) Hitlers military campaign against the Soviet UnionPart four (Paras 21) ConclusionThe elements

42、 of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.课文重点、难点1. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter. 但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。But表转折。定语从句that met him in Moscow修饰the devastating enemy。The raw, bitter, bleak Russian wint

43、er 作 enemy 的同位语。2. In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side.到了八月，法俄两军在斯摩棱斯克交战，这一战役中，双方各有上万人阵亡。本句中，定语从名that left over ten thousand dead on each side 修饰 a battle.3. The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields an

44、d forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French法军的撤离成为一场噩梦。俄国人出没于田野与森林，采用打了就跑的战术，向法国人发起攻击。此句中,from fields and forests作地点状语。合成短语Hit-and-run 作定语，修饰attack.4. To the east of Hitlers German empire was the Soviet Union.希特勒的德意志亮帝国的东部与苏联毗邻。此句为倒装结构。The Soviet Union 为主语。正常语序为The Soviet Unio

45、n was to the east of Hitlers German empire.注意介词to与at, in, on 在表地点方面的区别。5. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer

46、than three months. 1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而战，入侵苏联，发动了历史上规模最大的一场陆地战役。希特勒自信能速战速决，预计这一战役不会超过3个月。此句中,定语从句that was the largest military land campaign in history修饰an invasion。Confident of a quick victory 为定语从句短语作原因状语。no longer than ，为比较级短语，表前者不如后者更长，（时间上）不会超过。6. Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Jo

47、seph Stalin instructed the Russian people to “scorch the earth” in front of the German invaders.苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。过去分词短语caught off guard by the invasion, 表示原因状语。Instruct sb. to do sth. 指示某人做某事。7. As Hitlers armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter

48、 settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years.正当希特勒的军队逼近莫斯科时，寒冷的冬季早早地降临苏联，那是多年不遇的严寒。此句是一个含有as引导的时间状语从句的复合句。Closer and closer为比较级连用，表示“愈来愈（近）”。The harshest 后面省略了winter, 最高级短语the harshest 为主语an early, severe winter 的同位语。8. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad

49、, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege. 德国军队在斯大林格勒城内外几乎没有挡风避寒的地方，食品和补给的匮乏更使其元气大伤。直到1943年1月德国人才放弃围城。 介词短语with little or no shelter from 作主句的原因状语。Not until 表“直到，才”，放于句首，引起句子倒装。常表强调时间之用。正常语序为the Germans did not gi

50、ve up their siege until January 1943.句型结构1. 地点介词at、on、in、to 1）at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在的平面上。如at the door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。 2）on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如： Japan lies to the east of Ch

51、ina.(范围之外) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外） Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离) 3）地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,

52、in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。2. by surprise, in surprise与to ones surprise：by surprise用于take by surprise 出乎意料；对突然袭击。例如：He took me by surprise when he suddenly appeared at the door.他突然出现在门口，这使我感到意外。in su

53、rprise 惊讶地例如：He looked at me in surprise. 他惊讶地看着我。to ones surprise 使某人惊讶的是。例如：To my surprise he got full marks in the physics test.使我惊讶的是他物理得了满分。to one's n.令某人感到的是, 类似结构短语有：to one's delight 令某人高兴的是，其中delight是名词，用在以下结构中： to one's joy令某人高兴的是 to one's sorrow令某人伤心的是 to one's exciteme

54、nt令某人激动的是 to one's encouragement令某人感到鼓舞的是 to one's disappointment令某人失望的是3. 不定式不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、状语、补语和定语。作主语和宾语时，常用it做形式主语（或宾语），而将不定式移到后面，有时还需用for/of+代词/名词引出不定式的逻辑主语。for与of用法不一样，of之前的形容词常表示某人的性格品质，如honest，kind，nice，rude等。例如:It is wise of you to have made preparations in advance.（英明是人的性格特征。）一些形容

55、词如able，apt，certain，eager，lucky等常由不定式来修饰。如He was lucky to find his lost wallet.不带to的不定式使用场合极多:1）情态动词之后2）had better，would/had rather，would sooner，had best，would just as soon，might as well，cannot but等搭配之后 3）make，let，leave等使役动词之后4）see，watch等感官动词之后5）主语从句中带有do的某种形式，主语补语的不定式to可以省去。如What I want to do at pre

56、sent is（to）have a rest.6）except，but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后的不定式不带to。如At present we can do nothing but wait.7）rather than，sooner than放句首时，其后的不定式不带to。如Rather than risk breaking his marriage he told his wife everything.8）Why（not）.?结构中用不带to的不定式9）help之后可以用或不用to五、课文B重点、难点1. It took more than a year for military pl

57、aners to orchestrate every movement of troops, artillery, ships and aircraft and to set everything in place for the move that was to open up a second front in Europe. （line 5-7）军事家运筹帷幄，用了一年多的时间部署军队、大炮、船只和飞机，为这一行动作了周密安排，以便在欧洲开辟第二战线。在句中，it是全句的形式主语，不定式短语to orchestrate and to set.是全句的真实主语。more than为比较级短语，“比更多，多于，不仅”；not more than 不超过；no more than “不过；仅仅”。例如：Winter sleep is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡觉