天津大学公共管理考博大纲英语大纲及样题专业课教材及知识点

1、天津大学博士研究生入学考试非英语专业考试大纲（2013版） 一、考试方式 考试采用笔试方式，时间为180分钟，满分为100分。 二、考试内容与试卷结构 试题共分为五个部分：听力理解、选词填空、阅读理解、英汉翻译、写作。 1、听力理解 该部分测试考生听力理解的技能及对英语口语信息的短期记忆能力，考查考生判断对话场景、人物关系及身份；理解说话者的意图、观点或态度；理解话语要点和含义；获取具体信息；理解中心思想等方面的能力。考生听过一段对话后，回答所提问题，录音只放一遍。该部分共10小题，考生从每题给出的4个选项中，选出最佳答案。每小题1分，共10分。 2、选词填空 该部分考查考生对不同语境中规范的

2、语言要素的掌握程度，包括词汇、短语和句子结构，以及对语段特征的辨识能力，如衔接与连贯等。此题中在一篇文章中留出10个空白，要求考生从所提供的15个词汇中选出最佳答案，使填空后的文章意义通顺、连贯，结构完整。该部分共10小题，每题1分，共10分。 3、阅读理解A. 该部分考查考生对书面英语的理解能力，其中包括理解具体信息，掌握文章大意，以及根据语境推断未知信息。该部分共3篇文章，每篇文章5个问题，考生从4个选项中选出最佳答案。每篇文章约600词左右，每题2分，共30分。B. 该部分为一篇文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有78段文字。考生根据文章内容选择合适的段落填入文章的空白处。该部分共5题，每题2

3、分，共10分。4. 翻译要求考生通过阅读600词左右的英语篇章（内容偏重科技），然后将有下划线的6-8个部分翻译成汉语。主要测试考生是否能从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来，共20分。5、写作 该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。要求考生根据提示信息、所给题目或所提供的图或表格等，写出一篇说明或议论型短文；或根据提供的一篇文章写出其摘要。文章应主题明确，有逻辑性，语言规范，长度不少于200词，共20分。天津大学博士研究生入学考试非英语专业考试大纲样题（2013）天津大学博士研究生入学考试非英语专业考试大纲样题（2013）Part I. Listening Comp

4、rehension (10 %)Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must rea

5、d the four choices marked A), B),C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A) He has proved to be a better reader than the woman. B) He has difficulty understanding the book. C) He cannot get access to

6、the assigned book. D) He cannot finish his assignment before the deadline.2. A) She will drive the man to the supermarket. B) The man should buy a car of his own. C) The man needn't go shopping every week. D) She can pick the man up at the grocery store.Part IV Banked Cloze (10 %)Directions: Fil

7、l in the blanks in the following passage by selecting suitable words from the Word Bank. You may not use any of the words more than once. You have seen a friend succeed. No doubt you feel joy at this.You love your friend,and maybe you even helped him accomplish his goal. _1_, there is another feelin

8、g, a dark feeling, within you. You begin to wish that it was you who was enjoying success, and you begin to even dislike your friend. At first this envious feeling starts off like a tiny seed. But then, like a seed, it grows. It threatens to _2_ you.Of course you feel bad about your feelings, as the

9、y have become a(n) _3_ to your friendship. Still, there doesn't seem to be anything that you can do. Facing your friend invariably leads to more _4_ between you. Avoiding him just seems to _5_ the gulf between you.Instead of feeling _6_ about your envy or hating your friend, you should take a di

10、fferent _7_. Use your friend's success as a challenge. He has succeeded. This means that you can succeed as well. By thinking this way, you are _8_ your feelings and redirecting them into a course of action that won't ruin your friendship.Remember that friendships can _9_ friendly competitio

11、n. You cannot, however, maintain your friendship if you _10_ envy.A) approachB) goalC) tensionD) harborE) remainF) surviveG) harnessingH) widenI) overwhelmJ) overtakeK) establishL) stillM) guiltyN) responsibleO) handicapPart III. Reading Comprehension (40%)Part A. Directions: In this part there are

12、three passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.（1）Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, c

13、ourteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in th

14、e US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one anot

15、her. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlemen

16、t. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didnt take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.

17、Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talki

18、ng with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinneramazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly.The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but a

19、s the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands

20、 social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitors language a

21、nd culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.1、In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _.A. rude tax

22、i drivers are rarely seen in the USB) small-minded officials deserve a serious commentC) Canadians are not so friendly as their neighborsD. most Americans are ready to offer help2、It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _.A) culture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipB) co

23、urteous convention and individual interest are interrelatedC) various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsD) social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions3、Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _.A) to improve their hard lifeB) in vie

24、w of their long-distance travelC) to add some flavor to their own daily lifeD) out of a charitable impulse4、The tradition of hospitality to strangers _.A) tends to be superficial and artificialB) is generally well kept up in the united StatesC) is always understood properlyD) has something to do wit

25、h the busy tourist trails5、Whats the authors attitudes toward the Americans friendliness?A) Favorable.B) Unfavorable.C) Indifferent.D) Neutral.Part BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-H to fit into e

26、ach of the numbered gaps. There are three extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10%)From her vantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in. Those who had been at the head of the line paused momentarily on entry, looked

27、 around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a tall heavyset black man wave

28、 some dollar bills and declare loudly, "I want to put my money in the bank".1.It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all. Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, still holding his dollar bills. His voice cut across th

29、e noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, "I'm in no hurry. There's something I'd like you to explain."Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people formed in front of them. Normally, three members of staff wer

30、e ample to handle new account business, but obviously were inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, "Use more desks for new account and take all the staff you can spare to man them."2. Tottenhoe grumbled in reply

31、, "You realize we can't possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us up completely.""I' ve an idea," Edwina said, "that's what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can." 3.First, an application form called for

32、 details of residence, employment, social security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or

33、 a temporary checkbook issued. Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks presently working might handle a total of ninety in one business day, if they kept going at top speed, which was unlikely. 4.Still the noise within the bank incr

34、eased. It had become an uproar. A further problem was that the growing mass of arrivals in the central public area of the bank was preventing access to tellers' counters by other customers. Edwina could see a few of them outside, regarding the milling scene with consternation. While she watched,

35、 several gave up and walked away. Inside the bank some of the newcomers were engaging tellers in conversation and the tellers, having nothing else to do because of the melee, chatted back. Two assistant managers had gone to the central floor area and were trying to regulate the flood of people so as

36、 to clear some space at counters. They were having small success.5.She decided it was time for her own intervention. Edwina left the platform and a railed-off staff area and, with difficulty, made her way through the milling crowd to the main front door.A. Yet she knew however much they hurried it w

37、ould still take ten to fifteen minutes to open any single new account. It always did. The paperwork required that time. B. But still no hostility was evident. Everyone in the now jam-packed bank who was spoken to by members of the staff answered politely and with a smile. It seemed, Edwina thought,

38、as if all who were here had been briefed to be on best behavior.C. It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.D. Even leaning close to the intercom, it was hard to he

39、ar above the noise.E. Even tripling ate present complement of clerks would permit very few more than two hundred and fifty accounts (o be opened in a day, yet already, in the first few minutes of business, the bank was crammed with at least four hundred people, with still more flooding in, and the l

40、ine outside, which Edwina rose to check, appeared as long as ever.F. Obviously someone had alerted the press in advance, which explained the presence of the TV camera crew outside. Edwina wondered who had done it.G. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather i

41、nformation on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.H. A security guard directed him, "Over there for new accounts." The guard pointed to a desk where a clerk - a young girl - sat waiting. She appeared nervous. The big man walked toward her, smiled reassuringly, and s

42、at down. Immediately a press of others moved into a ragged line behind him, waiting for their turn.Part IV Translation (20%)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on the ANSWER SHEET. In the

43、atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the suns rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather experts prediction, the atmosphere will be 3 warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to

44、 burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphe

45、re, possibly resulting in an alteration of earths chief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West An

46、tarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available sugges

47、ts that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those cause

48、d by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and “cold” spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days,

49、 it presents hotter or “colder” faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earths atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output

50、 goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should b

51、e entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia (惯性) of the earth's climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful cou

52、nter-balance to the suns diminishing heat. Part V. Writing (20%)Directions: People are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of health. And they have different ways to stay healthy. Some exercise everyday; others try to keep a balanced diet; still others try to keep happy all the time. What

53、do you think is the best way to stay healthy? Write an essay of about 200 words about the following topic: The Best Way to Stay HealthyYou are to write in three paragraphs:1. The importance of health2. Different people have different ideas about staying healthy3. What you think is the best way to st

54、ay healthy天津大学博士研究生入学考试大纲课程代码：2235课程名称：运筹学一、考试的总体要求要求考生应能对运筹学的基本内容有比较系统全面的了解，基本概念清楚，基本理论的掌握比较牢固并能融会贯通，基本方法和运算熟练；同时对运筹学的学科性质、思想和在管理中的应用等有一定的了解。二、考试的内容及比例（100分）1线性规划模型、图解法、单纯形法原理、单纯形表计算、对偶理论、灵敏度分析、运输问题、线性目标规划和线性整数规划模型、常用计算软件（如Lindo、Excel）2非线性规划模型、无约束极值问题、约束极值问题3动态规划基本概念与基本方程、离散型与连续型问题的基本解法、主要应用类型4图与网络分析最小部分（支撑）树、最短路、最大流、网络方法在计划中的应用（包括CPM、PERT、资源与费用优化等）5排队论基本概念、M/M/1系统、M/M/c系统6存储论基本概念、确定型与随机型存储模型7决策论基本概念、风险型决策问题：先验分析（期望值准则、效用期望值准则、完全信