阅读理解之“主旨大意”题解题指导

1、阅读理解之“主旨大意”题解题指导主旨大意题是中考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。该题也是中考阅读中的重点和难点，这类题往往针对段落或短文的subject（主题）、mainidea（中心思想）、title（题目）或purpose（目的）来命题。因为词汇、句式、文化背景等原因，有相当一部分同学对文章的理解会出现一定偏差，从而不能很好地解答这类题目。这类题的解题关键是采用快速阅读法浏览全文，寻找文章的关键词或中心句。关键词即在文中频繁出现的词；中心句通常出现在文章的开头、结尾部分和各个段落的首尾。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨，解答此类题时，不妨

2、把它作为最后一道来做。主旨大意题常见的提问方式有下列几种：1. Whatsthetopicofthearticle2. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout3. Whatsthemainideaofthepassage4. Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage5. Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthispassage6. Thewriterspurposeinwritingthisstoryis.7. Inthepassagetheauthorwantstotell.那么如何解这类题呢下面，结合今年中考试题以及多年的教学经验，

3、提供一些基本的方法来帮助大家。一、设问方式有哪些大意类：1. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout2. Themainideaofthepassageis.3. Thefirst/second/last.paragraphismainlyabout标题类：1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage2.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe_3.Thebestheadlineforthispassagecouldbe目的型1.Theauthorsmainpurposeisto.2.Thepassageismeantto.3.T

4、hepurposeofthisarticleisto.二、高分攻略看过来！每篇文章都有它的写作结构，如果我们能抓住文章的结构，找到文章的主题句，就能轻而易举地把握文章的中心大意，所以找准主题句，对于获取文章大意尤其重要。1.寻找主题句一般来说，文章的主题句有以下几种位置：(1) atthebeginning(2) attheend(3) atthebeginningandattheend(4)inthemiddleofthepassage(5)nocleartopicsentence2.排除干扰项一般来说，干扰项有以下特点：(1) 主观臆测，并非作者的观(2) 范围过大，过于笼统(3) 范围过

5、小，以偏概全(4) 文中未提及，找不到出处三、考查类型及解题技巧有哪些1. 段落大意类【例1：内蒙古呼和浩特】Forjust$38,youcanhelponepersonsee;for$380,10peoplecansee;$1,300helpstrainadoctornewskills;andfor$13,000youcanprovideatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorswhocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagain.Yourlovecanhelpthemopentheireyestotheworld.Thelastpara

6、graphismainlyabout.A. howmuchatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorscostsB. whyORBISneedsyourhelptocontinuetheirworkC. whocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagainD. whatyoucandotohelpblindpeopleopentheireyes【解析】D。段落举出几个例子，说明不同的金钱额度可以为盲人做到的事情。A和C选项分别是其中某一例子，不能概括全段。B选项的意思是ORBIS需要你的帮助，借此呼吁读者，故B选项不正确。【解题方法】提取关键

7、词。关键词是在文章或段落中反复出现，甚至其它说明内容都为之服务的词语。段落中重复出现的词语有you,can,help(以及provide，在此表达意义相近)。找到关键词，我们就会发现，该段落的每一句话都站在读者“你”的角度，以“你能做某事来帮助盲人”为句子中心，呼吁读者做出自己的贡献。然后再综合四个选项，只有D选项包含了全部三个关键词。例2：山东烟台卷】ThomasEdisonlituptheworldwithhisinventionoftheelectriclight.Withouthim,theworldmightstillbeinthedark.However,theelectricli

8、ghtwasnothisonlyinvention.Healsoinventedthemotionpicturecameraandover1,200otherthings.Abouteverytwoweekshecreatedsomethingnew.ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847.Heattendedschoolforonlythreemonths.Hismothertaughthimathome,butThomaswasmostlyself-educated.Hestartedexperimentingatayoungage.Whenhewas12yearsold,he

9、gothisfirstjob.Hebecameanewsboyonatrain.Hedidexperimentsonthetraininhissparetime.Unluckily,hisfirstworkexperiencedidnotendwell.Theyfiredhimwhenheaccidentallysetfiretothefloorofthetrain.ThenEdisonworkedforfiveyearsasatelegraphoperator,buthecontinuedtospendmuchofhistimeinexperimentinghisfirstpatentin1

10、868foravoterecorderrunbyelectricity.ThomasEdisonwastotallydeafinoneearandhardofhearingintheother,buthethoughtofhisdeafnessasablessinginmanyways.Itkeptconversationsshort,sothathecouldhavemoretimeforwork.Healwaysworked16outofevery24hours.Sometimeshiswifehadtoremindhimtosleepandeat.ThomasEdisondiedatth

11、eageof84.Heleftagreatmanyinventionsthatgreatlyimprovedthequalityoflifeallovertheworld.WhatdoesthepassagemainlytalkaboutA. Thefunctionoftheelectriclight.B.Edisonandhisexperiments.C.TheimportanceofD.Thewholelifeinventions.ofEdison.【解析】D。此题考查文章的大意。综观文章结构，它不属于上面所说的任何一种。但细读文章能发现，每一段都有明确的时间：第2段ThomasEdiso

12、nwasbornin1847;第3段Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob；第5段ThomasEdisondiedattheageof84。由此可以看出本文讲的是爱迪生的人生经历，所以答案选D。其他三个选项都是片面的，犯了以偏概全的错误。A和C只在第一段中提到，而且没有指明是爱迪生的发明；B选项，只提出爱迪生和他的实验，没有包括文章的主要内容爱迪生的人生经历。2. 文章标题类【例3：山东德州】Greenisanimportantcolorinnature.Itis.Itis.Sometimes,theword“green”meansyoung,freshand

13、growing.Forexample.Inthe15thcentury.Acenturylater.Bythe18thcentury.Someonewhoisgoodatgrowingplantsissaidtohaveagreenthumb（大拇指）.Theexpres-sion.Apersonwithagreenthumb.TheGreenRevolution（绿色革命）isGreenisalsothecolorusedtodescribethepowerfulfeeling.Jealousy（嫉妒）.Thegreeneyedmonster.Itis.ItInmostplacesinthe

14、world,agreenlightisasignal（信号）tomoveahead.Ineverydayspeech,agreenlightmeansapproval（赞成）tocontinuewithaproject.WhichwouldbethebesttitleofthepassageA. Green,thecolorofgrassandtreesB.Thestoriesaboutthecolor“green”C.Green,asignofapprovalD.Differentmeaningsof“green”【解析】D。这篇文章讲述了绿色的许多意义。第一段开头引出绿色的重要性，第二段到

15、第四段分别说明绿色在不同语境不同环境的使用。A选项只说了绿色在自然界的意义；文章没有讲述绿色的故事，只提到了不同地方绿色代表的不同含义，B选项错误；C选项是最后一段的概括，以偏概全。【解题方法】跳读。跳读方法之一：看句子主语。在第一段中有三个主语，两个主语都是代词It，很容易判断两个代词It指的是前文提到的Green,是进一步解释说明Green，属于细节内容。第三段第二句的主语Theexpres-sion，用了定冠词，实际上也是指前文提到的内容。跳读方法之二：忽略举例词。第二段中forexample是举例说明的标志词，也就是说，后面的内容举例，用来解释补充前面的观点。在把握主旨大意时，可以适当

16、忽略。以此类推，我们通过跳读，分析出每个段落的主题句。例如这篇文章中，段落的主题句是首句。综合段落大意，每段讲了绿色的不同意义，从而总结出文章的最佳题目。【例4：北京卷】Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned.Tobeginbuildingstructure,teensneedloveandtrust.Theyneedtoknowtheirparentsaretheretogivethemneededloveandsupport（支持）.Teenswanttobesurethatnothin

17、gcanpreventparentsfromshoulderingtheirresponsibilityforthem-nottheirgrowingmaturity（成熟）,misbehavior,norangeratsomethingtheyhavedone.Teenswantparentstokeepcontrolwhileallowingthemtomakesomedecisions.Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose.Themostimportantthingstorem

18、emberare:talkwithyourteens,listentotheirworriesandoffersuggestionswhenneeded.Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife.WhatisthebesttitleofthepassageA. TrainingTeenstoBecomeResponsibleAdults.B. HelpingTeenstoBuildReasonableStructure.C. ImprovingtheRelationshipwithYourTeens.D. SteppingintoYourTe

19、ensSecretWorld【解析】B。观察文章结构，根据第一段中的Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned可知，文章话题是关于well-plannedlife。根据第2段中的Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose可知，下面讲的是一些方法；根据最后一段中的Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife可知，这句话是对以上内容的总结，所以，不

20、难看出，这两句话是文章的主题句，所以答案选B。选项A的错误在于主观臆测，并非作者所表达的观点；C选项，范围过大，过于笼统；D选项，走进青少年的秘密世界，文中未提及。3. 中心思想类【例5：四川宜宾卷】orsomepeople,musicisnofunatall.About4%ofthepopulationiswhatscientistscall“amusic”.Peoplewhoareamusicarebornwithouttheabilitytoenjoymusicalnotes.Amusicpeopleoftencannottellthedifferencesbetweentwosongs

21、.Asaresult,songssoundlikenoisetoanamusic.Manyamusicscomparethesoundofmusictopiecesofmetalhittingeachother.Lifecanbehardforamusics.BystudyingpeoplelikeMargaret,scientistsarefinallylearninghowtoidentify（辨别）thisunusualcondition.Scientistssaythatthebrainsofamusicsaredifferentforthoseofpeoplewhocanenjoym

22、usic.Thedifferenceiscomplex（复杂的）,anditisnotconnectedwithpoorhearing.Scientistscompareamusicstopeoplewhojustcantseecertaincolors.Manyamusicsarehappywhentheirconditionisfinallydiagnosed（诊断）.Thatmakesiteasierforthemtoexplain.WhatisthemainideaofthepassageA. Amusicsstrangebehaviors.B. Musicalability.C. S

23、omepeoplesinabilitytoenjoymusic.D.Identificationandtreatmentofamusic.【解析】C。整篇文章的关键词是amusic（无法欣赏音乐的人）。文章主要介绍了amusic病症及其原因的简单探究。【解题方法】抓住中心句。中心句是对文章内容的概括或总结，通常是段落首句或尾句。另外，首尾句通常也有承上启下的作用。所以，重视首尾句更有助于我们把握文章内容。在上面的这个例子中，每段的首句就是段落的中心句。第段首句引出话题：amusic；第二段讲了amusic的表现；第三段讲了amusic现象背后的科学依据；第四段说明了amusic的现状。【例6：

24、广西桂林卷】Multitaskingisevenchangingtherelationshipbetweenfamilymembers.Asyoungpeoplegivesomuchattentiontotheirownworlds，theyseemtohavenotimetospendwiththeotherpeoplearoundthem.Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehouse，norcantheyeatatthefamilytable.InParagraph3,theauthorpointsoutthat.A. fam

25、ilymembersdonotgreeteachotherB. familymembersdonoteatatthefamilytableC. youngpeoplegetonwellwiththeirfamiliesD. youngpeoplehardlycommunicatewiththeirfamilymembers【解析】D。选项A、B只是局部信息，不够全面。C选项是无关信息，文章并没有提到。仔细阅读第三段，选择D。4. 写作意图类【例7：天津卷】VanuatuisanislandnationintheSouthPacific.Itisoneofthesmallestcountries

26、intheworld.Butforthosewhoareinterestedinadventureandsport,thereisalottodo.Vanuatusislandsoffervisitorstwoofthemostexcitinganddangerousactivitiesintheworld:volcano（火山）surfingandlanddiving.VolcanoSurfingOnTannaIsland,MountYasurrises300metersintothesky.YasurisRecently,peoplehavealsostartedclimbingYasur

27、tosurfthevolcano.Insomeways,volcanosurfingislikesurfinginthesea,butinotherwaysitsverydifferent.VolcanosurferstrytoItsfast,funanddangerous-theperfectextremesport（极限运动）.LandDivingAmantiestreevines（树藤）tohislegs.Hethenjumpshead-firstfromahightowertotouchtheearthwiththetopofhisheadwithoutbreakingthevine.

28、Everyspring,islandnatives（menonly）stilltakepartinthisamazingactivity.WhatisthepurposeofthepassageA. Totellpeoplenottododangeroussports.B. Toexplainwhatvolcanosurfingandlanddivingare.C. Totalkabouttheworldsbestvolcanosurferandlanddiver.D. TocompareactivitiesinVanuatuwithsportsinNewZealand.【解析】B。本篇文章介

29、绍了南太平洋岛国瓦努阿图上的两项极限运动：火山滑板和陆地蹦极。第一段引入两项极限运动的话题；第二、三段分类介绍。【解题方法】把握标题。有些文章有文章标题或段落标题。通过标题，我们就能了解文章或段落的主要内容或中心思想。段落标题常出现在说明文或议论文中，并且有提纲挈领的作用。这类文章通常采取总分总的形式，结构清晰。第一段通常引出话题；中间段落逐条介绍；最后有时也有总结性的段落。例8：浙江杭州卷】WhentheAudetfamilyturnsonthelightsatBlueFarm,theyareusingelectricitythatcomesfromcows-cowwaste,tobespe

30、cific.Whenfarmerscleantheirbarns,theyputthewastesinabigheap,andspreadsomeofthemontheirfieldsforfertilizer（肥料）.ButnowplaceslikeBlueFarmhaveanewwayofusingcowwastes.Theyusethemtomakeelectricity.Methanegas（甲烷、沼气）intheatmosphereisknownasa“greenhouse”gasItsgasiskeptandusedtopowerelectricgenerators（发电机）.At

31、BlueFarm,thegeneratorsmakeenoughelectricitytopower400homes.TheAudetfamilysellstheextraelectricitytheycantusethemselves.WhatisthemainpurposeforwritingthepassageA. tointroduceanewwayofmakingelectricityB. toexplainhowanewenergyworksbetterC. toshowanewrebuildingplanforabigfarmD. toexplainthereasonsforgr

32、eenhouseeffect【解析】A。快速浏览全文，不难找出文章的核心词electricity,通读全文可以推断作者的写作目的是介绍使用牛的粪便发电。再看选项B,文章讲的是anewwayofusingcowwastes而不是anewenergy;C、D与文章无关。四、小结一下吧！上面我们介绍了解答主旨大意题的几种方法：提取关键词、跳读、抓住中心句以及把握标题。在解题时,为了获取有效信息,往往需要融合多种方法进行概括、判断和归纳。例如通过跳读找出关键词或中心句,从中心句概括出全文主旨。同时,我们也可以从选项入手,运用排除法排除干扰项,比如主观臆测、过于笼统或以偏概全的选项。在遇到标题类的题目时

33、,我们可以假设自己是作者,检验写作思路是否与原文相符。如果不符,可能就需要重新考虑答案。五、挑战相关练习AIgrewupinNewHampshire,asmalltowninSouthCanada,whereinmyfatherswordsfortheseasonswere“Spring,Summer,FairtimeandWinter!”Atthattime,aweek-longfairwasheldinthetowneveryautumn.Thousandsofpeoplefromothertownscametosellandbuythings.Itwasthebusiesttimeoft

34、heyear.When“Fairtime”came,mygrandmabecamethemost“useful”andbusiestpersonofthefamily.Grandmawasakind,well-educatedoldlady.Shewasgoodatcooking.Allherrelativeslikedthefoodshecooked.During“Fairtime”,theywouldcometoliveinherhouseandhavemealsthere.Grandmawasalwayshappytolookafterthem.Yearafteryear,manypeo

35、plemovedtobigcities.Therewasnoloner“Fairtime”.Grandmabecameveryoldandwasgraduallygoingblind.MyparentsandImovedtolivewithGrandmainherhouse.Wedidourbesttomakeherday-to-daylifeascomfortableaspossible.Iwasathighschoolthen.WhatIoftendidathomewastohelpGrandmawiththedailynewspaperscrosswordpuzzle.However,s

36、hedidntlookhappy.Sheoftensatinherroomforhours,withoutsayingaword.Toattractpeopletomoveback,theTownHalldecidedtoreopentheFair.Oneday,whenIcamebackfromschool,IsawGrandmawearingherglasses,washingthedishesinthekitchen.Withabigsmileonherface,shelookedalotmuchyounger.Shetoldmethathertwonieceswouldcome.“Th

37、eysaidthefoodIcookedwasverydeliciousandtheywanttostayinmyhouseagain,”Grandmasaidhappily.“Theywillstayhereforoneweekandwecanhaveabigparty.ThatmustbethebusiestweekIvehadI乃inyears!”IsuddenlyrealizedthatGrandmadidntwanttobelookedafter.Shewantedtobe“useful”,appreciatedandhelpful.Whatsthebesttitleforthepa

38、ssageA.FairtimeB. My“Old”GrandmaC. ASmallTownD. GrandmasFamilyBItsreportedthatacompanycalledMicroCHIPShasdevelopedawirelesslycontrolleddevice（装置）.Thedeviceisputundertheskinandcansupplyadrugdirectlyintothepatientsbody.Peoplegivethename“，丄丄“microchips”toit.Microchipsbringgoodnewstopatientswithlong-ter

39、m（长期的）illnesses,forexample,Osteoporosis（骨质疏松症）.PeoplewithOsteoporosishavetogetdailyinjections（注射）ofmedicine.Onetypeoftreatmentrequiresinjectionsfortwoyears.Manypatientsstoptakingthemedicinebecauseofthepainandstressoftheinfections.However,microchipscandealwithit.Doctorswillprogramthedevicebeforeputti

40、ngitundertheskin,andthedevicehastheabilitytoreleas?（放）adose（剂量）atagiventime,everysingleday.Onemicrochipcanholdafullyearsworthofmedicine.Microchipsmayonedayfree（使摆脱）peoplefromhavingtoremembertotaketheirmedicine,orgetinjections.Thedevicemayalsobeusefulintreatingotherlong-termdiseases,includingheartdis

41、ease,cancerandevenAIDS.WhatisthepassagemainlyaboutA.ItintroducesthecompanyMicroCHIPS.B. Itintroducesanewwirelesslycontrolleddevicecalled“乃“microchips”.C. Itintroducessomecommonlong-terndiseases.D. Itsabouthowthedevicecalled“microchips”works.CAskanystudentwhichsubjectheorshehatesmost.Nineoutoftenstud

42、entswillanswer“math”.Nomatterwhichcountryyouvisit,nomatterwhichgradeyouarein,youmaynotlearnart,geography,chemistryorChinese,butyoualwayslearnmath.WhyisthissoHowcomesomanystudentshatemath,andyetcannotavoidlearningitinschoolJennySanders,ahighschoolstudentinCalifornia,asks,“WhatgooddowegetfromlearningmathWecanusecomputerstocomputenumbers,andwecanusecomputerstostoreinformation.Ithinklearningmathatschoolisawasteoftime.”However,thereismuchmoretomaththanjustlearningtoaddandsubtract（减）numbers.Infact,mathisnotsomuchaboutcalculation（计算）asitisaboutlearni