化学专业词汇

1、普通化学术语中英文对照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron(abbr.e)离子ion?a?n阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecularm?ekj?l?单质element化合物compound纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相对分子质量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德罗

2、常数Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro'sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸储distillation萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product固体solid液体liquid气体gaseous溶液aqu

3、eous配平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示齐Uindicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction归中反应comproporti

4、onation(symproportionation)reaction氧化齐Uoxidisingagent还原齐ijreducingagent电子层(壳)(electron)shell电离能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一，第二，第三等电离能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)电子亲和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效应electronicshielding(screening)原子轨道atomicorbital电子云electronc

5、loud电子亚层sub-shell能层layer能级energylevel电子NE布electronconfiguration电子云重叠shelloverlap洪特规则Hund'srule泡禾U原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基态groundstate激发态excitedstate跃迁transition手性chiralitykai?-化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bondorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies|离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸弓Ielectrostaticattra

6、ction巨型离子结构giantionicstructure共价键covalentk?'ve?ntbond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpairb键-bond兀键兀-bond8键8-bond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecu

7、larforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华力vanderWaal'sforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metallicbond离域delocalisationdi:,l?uk?lai'zei?n延展性malleability,m?l?b?ti可锻性ductilityd?k't?t?导电性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序数protonn

8、umber同位素isotope?a?t?p核素nuclide'nju?kla?d同量异位素isobar'a?s?(?)ba?金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction复分解反应saltmetathesism?t?0sisreaction/do

9、ublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitationpr?s?)?te?)n官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/煌hydrocarbon饱和煌saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和煌unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪煌aliphatic,?l?t?khydrocarbon月旨环煌alicyclic'sa?d?c;hrdrocarbon同系物homologoush?'m?l?g?sseries异构现象isomerism'ais?m?riz?m同分异构体isomerideai's?

10、m?raid同素异形体allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophile'njukli?fail亲电子试剂electrophile力口成反应additionreaction力口水力口成hydrationreaction力口成聚合反应additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer单体mono

11、mer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反应condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydrationj水解hydrolysis卤代反应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分储fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation"1氟氯煌ch

12、lorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子禾U用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy|热力学thermodynamic0:m?udai?-始enthalpy(abbr.H)en'0?lpi烙变enthalpychange(abbr.AH)标准烙standardenthalpychange(abbr.AH?)标准反

13、应始standardenthalpychange(abbr.AHr?燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧燃standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.AHc?标准生成烙standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.AHf?放热反应exothermiceks?u?reaction吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical0:m?u?-equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容specificheatcapacity键烙bondenthalp

14、y平均键烙averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hess'law有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzyme'enzaim波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibriumi:kwi?-可逆反应reversiblereaction动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度哥conc

15、entrationpower平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.AG)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrhenius?ri:ni?sEquation自发反应spontaneoussp?n?teini?sreaction嫡entropy(abbr.AS)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionis

16、ationconstant离子积ion-productconstant氢离子浓度指数hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentield'hydrogene)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibriumdR?'lu?)nekw?溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic(voltaic)cellg?l'v?n?i盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干电池dr

17、ycell一次电池primarycell(battery)二次电池/蓄电池secondarycell/storagebattery充电charge放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation,g?lv?nai'zei?n电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用sedimentation,sed?m?n'

18、;te?常见元素氢hydrogen(abbr.H)'haidr?d?n氨helium(abbr.He)'hi:li?m锂lithium(abbr.Li)'li(hi?硼boron(abbr.B)'b?:r?n碳carbon(abbr.C)'kab?n氮nitrogen(abbr.N)'naitr?d?n氧oxygen(abbr.O)'?ksid?n氟fluorine(abbr.F)'flu?ri:nMneon(abbr.Ne)'ni:?n钠sodium(abbr.Na)'s?udi?m镁magnesium(abbr

19、.Mg)铝aluminum(abbr.Al),?l?mini?m硅silicon(abbr.Si)'silik?n磷phosphorus(abbr.P)'f?sf?r?s硫sulfur(abbr.S)'s?lf?氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)'kl?:ri:n僦argon(abbr.Ar)'aM钾potassium(abbr.K)p?si?m钙calcium(abbr.Ca)?k?lsi?m钛titanium(abbr.Ti)tai'teini?m铭chromium(abbr.Cr)'kr?umj?m镒manganese(abbr.

20、Mn)?m?g?ni:z铁iron(abbr.Fe)'a?i钻cobalt(abbr.Co)k?u'b?:lt馍nickel(abbr.Ni)'nik?l铜copper(abbr.Cu)'k?p?锌zinc(abbr.Zn)zi?k神arsenic(abbr.As)'as?nik澳bromine(abbr.Br)'br?umi:n银silver(abbr.Ag)'silv?锡tin(abbr.Sn)tin碘iodine(abbr.I)氤xenon(abbr.Xe)'zen?n根barium(abbr.Ba)'be?ri?m

21、鸨tungsten(abbr.W)t?st?n钳platinum(abbr.Pt)'pl?tin?m金gold(abbr.Au)uld汞mercury(abbr.Hg)'m?:kjuri铅lead(abbr.Pb)led常见单质氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液澳、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamond'dai?m?nd石墨graphite'gr?fait臭氧ozone'?uz?un红磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常见根离子(commonradicals)氢化的hydride'haidraid硼酸boric(ac

22、id)adj.borate'b?ret?碳化的carbide'ka:baid碳酸carbonicka?'b?n?kacid)adj.carbonate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitride'naitraid叠氮化的azide'?zaid硝酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亚硝酸nitrous'na?;r?s(acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxide'?ksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-'三氧化的trioxidetra?ksa?d过氧根peroxy(radi

23、cal)adj.peroxidep?'?ksaid超氧化的superoxidesjup?'?ksaid氢氧根hydroxylhai'dr?ksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合氢离子hydronium|氟化的fluoride偏铝酸meta-aluminicmet?'?ljuminik(acid)adj.meta-aluminate?'lju?m?ie?四羟基合铝酸hydroxyl-aluminichai'dr?ksil-'(acid)硅酸silicic'silisik(acid)adj.silicate磷酸pho

24、sphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphate0ai?-'焦硫酸根persulphatep?:-'氯化的c

25、hloride'kl?raid氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亚氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite漠化的bromide氢澳酸、高澳酸、澳酸、亚澳酸、次澳酸名称参见氯碘化的iodide'ai?daid氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称参见氯卤化的halide镂根ammonium?m?uni?m高镒酸根permanganate镒酸根mangana

26、te鼠根cyanide'sainaid硫鼠根thiocyanate0ai?u?saneit铭酸根chromate重铭酸根dichromate常见无机化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氢化钠sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane?-?硅烷silane?s-磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚铁iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化

27、铁iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate氯化镂ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统命名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono-二di-三tri-四tetra-五penta-六hexa-七hepta-八octa-九nona-十deca-烷煌alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix

28、-ane)甲meth-乙eth-丙prop-丁but-戊pent-己hex-庚hept-辛oct-壬non-癸dec-Hundec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正构型normal-(n-)异构型iso-(i-)新构型neo-(n-)聚poly-烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)环烷烧cycloalka

29、ne(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯煌alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯煌allene(suffix-adiene)环烯烧cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-ene)快煌alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffix-yne)顺式异构preffixcis-(Z-)反式异构preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)芳基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)

30、醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)带卤素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)竣酸carboxylicka:b?k'silik(acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)竣基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl

31、-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)醒ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)月旨ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,suffix-amideand

32、-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)睛nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚Mtphenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)|fin?lf0eili:n石蕊litmus澳酚蓝bromophenobl

33、ue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemair'si:n聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴纶orlon二甲醛methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicaci

34、d/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软脂酸/棕桐酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬月旨酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬月旨酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate孚L酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半孚L糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphoni