02TheRisetoPowerP17-23

1、01.2The(raise:vt.->)Rise(vi.)toPower国力的崛起01.2.1Of(=On)Race(二competition)and(front->)Frontiers国力的竞争和领土扩张(With)thewar(was)over(=Afterthewarwasfinished/over南北战争结束后),thenationalgovernment(was)consolidated(=enhanced/strengthened巩固)itspower(政权)andAmericanschangedakey(=important)verb(are->is).Befo

2、rethewarandinrecognition(n承认)ofthepowerofthestates,peopleusedthepluralform:"TheUnitedStatesarewar,withthenation(unite->union)achieved(vt.实王见了国家的统),theysubstituted(二replaced取代)thesingularform(is):TheUnitedStates"_”is1*Box1.2TheGettysburgAddress(=speechM讲)Fourscore(1)二十；(2)n.分数；vt.得分andse

3、venyearsagoourfathers(=founder祖先)broughtforth(=broughtabout带来)onthiscontinent,anewnation,conceived（构思）inLiberty（n.自由）,anddedicatedtothe（propose:vt.建议-）proposition（=proposal/belief主张）thatallmenarecreatedequal所有人生而平等）.Nowweareengagedin（=involvedin）agreatcivilwar,testing（考验）whetherthatnation,oranynatio

4、nsoconceivedandsodedicated,canlongendure（经受长期的考验）.Wearemetonagreatbattle-fieldofthatwar.Wehavecometodedicateaportion（=part）ofthatfield,asafinalrestingplaceforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthatnationmightlive（=exist）.Itisaltogetherfittingandproperthatweshoulddothis.But,inalargersense,wecannotdedicate

5、-wecannotconsecrate率献）-wecannothallow（把视为神圣）-thisground.Thebravemen,livinganddead,whostruggledhere,haveconsecrated使.变得神圣）it,faraboveourpoorpowertoadd（=praise表演）ordetract（贬低，评判）.Theworldwilllittle（=seldom:adv彳艮少）note（=notice注意），norlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butit（=theworld）canneverforgetwhattheydidher

6、e.Itisforustheliving,rather,tobededicatedhereto（专注于）theunfinishedwork（未尽的事业）whichtheywhofoughtherehavethusfarsonobly（=obviously）advanced（=promoted推进）.Itisratherforustobeherededicatedto（=devoteoneselftosth.投身于-.事业）thegreattaskremainingbefore（=facing摆在我们面前的）us-thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreasedde

7、votion（专注于）tothatcause博业）forwhichtheygavetheirlastfullmeasure（=meanf段）ofdevotion（献出了最后一滴血）-thatweherehighlyresolve（决心）thatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain（徒劳）-thatthisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom（获得自由的新生）-andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople代有）民治）民享的政府），shallnotperish（

8、二disappear肖失）fromtheearth.AbrahamLincoln,1863*In_1867,theUSpurchasedAlaskafromRussiaandthegovernmentbegantoreconstructtheSouthinthenationalimage（形象）.Threeconstitutionalamendments（修正案）（13th,14th,15th）-duringtheperiodcalledReconstruction（重建时期）-freed（vt.）theslaves,providedcitizenship（公民权），andgavethevot

9、etoblackmen（seeAppendix）.Southernwhitesrespondedbyrequiring（illiterate文盲的<->literate识字的->）literacy（n.识字）testsandpolltaxes（人头税）forvoting,leasing（=settingfree释放）convicts（=prisonersofwar战俘,囚犯）toprivateindividuals（解甲归田）,refusingtoallowblackstositonjuries（陪审团），andorganizingtheKuKluxKlan（三K党）.In1

10、877,Southernresistancehadexhausted（端尽->pipe排气管）governmenteffortsandled（=forced）PresidentRutherfordB.Hayestoend（=finish）Reconstructionandannounce（宣布）thattheSouthwouldbeleftalonetodealwithitsnegro（黑奴/黑鬼）problem.Letitalone,anditwillletyoualone.你不惹它）它不惹你！Bythe1890s,lynch（私刑）mobs（暴徒）killedover（=moreth

11、an）ahundredAfricanAmericansayear.Then,in1896,theUSSupremeCourtruled裁决,规定）that“separate）utequal,schoolrooms,hospitals,libraries,hotel（accommodate接纳->）accommodations（住宿），andstreetcars（有轨电车）wereinthespiritoftheConstitution.Thenationwasofficiallysegregated（discriminate隔离，歧视）.Duringthelastquarterofthe

12、nineteenthcentury,thecountryfilledup（=expanded）as（=when）thegovernmenthelpeditself,railroadinterests,andhomesteaders自耕农）tothelandIndianshadbelievedtobetheirs“as10nga1只要）thewindblows,as10ngasthegrassgrows,as10ngastheriversflow"-asrantheofficialphrasingusedintreatiesgranting（=permitting准许,授权）prope

13、rty（财产<->poverty:n.贫穷）rightstoIndiantribes.Thegovernmentresolve（n./vt.决心、）tofinishtheIndianwarswasaccelerated（力口速）byanevent（事件）thatoccurred（=appeared）duringthenation'cent-:（1）百分之一；（2）一百centennial（百年的）celebration.InlateJune76alongtheLittleBigHornRiverinMontanaterritory,abrash（傲慢的）armyco哥el（

14、一匕校）setouttodestroyagroupofIndians.Surprisedbyoneofthelargestconcentrations（聚集）oftribesinthehistoryoftheWest,GeorgeArmstrongCusterandhiscommandofsome250menwerekilledbytheforcesofSittingBull,CrazyHorseandRainin-the-Face.Whitescriedfor（号召）revenge,and,todestroyIndianresistance（抵抗）andculture,armysnipers

15、（狙击手）helpedprofessionalhunterskillnearly30millionbuffaloes.Thewarsendedwiththesurrender股降）ofGeronimoandhisgroupofApaches仰第安人的一支系）in1886.TheWestbelongedtothewhiteman.Lawsallowedhomesteaderstosettleon160acres,withoutcost,iftheywouldcultivate（耕种）theland.Manyfamiliesbuiltlittlehousesontheprairie（北美大草原pl

16、ain）andbeganfarming农业）.Railroadcompaniesreceivedenormous（=huge）subsidies（补贝占）intheformoflandgrants（vt./n.土地使用的授权）-10W0squaremilesoflandforeachmileofrailroadbuilt,anareaequaltoone-sixthofallWesternlands.Timber（木材）andminingcompaniesweresooncuttinganddiggingeverywhere.Duringthecowboyera（=times时代），herds

17、ofcattleweredrivenfromthegrazingfieldsinTexastostockyards（牲畜栏）andslaughterhouses（屠宰场）intheMidwest.In1893,historianFrederickJacksonTurnerputforthhis“ftbeser阶点，论文）"thattheexperienceofisolation（与夕卜界隔离）andthe（available可得至”的-）availabilityoffreelandhadshapedAmericandemocracyandinstitutions（政府结构）（Turn

18、er,1966）.Turnerinscribed（亥*J写）thefrontier（国境，边疆，边境）asthecrucible（生锅）wheretheAmericantraits（个，性,特征）ofindividualism（自由主义）and（acquire:vt.获得-）acquisitiveness（=greed贪婪）originatedandhedescribed（描述）thecentralplacefrontiersoccupyintheAmericanimagination特纳认为，边疆是一个大熔炉，冶炼出美国人自私和贪婪的特性，而开疆拓土在美国人意识中具有举足轻重的重要性.The

19、rhetoric（彳修辞,虚夸的言辞）ofthefrontiercontinuesincontemporaryAmericaas（when）leadersspeakofforeignpolicyorbusinesschallengesasnewfrontierstobeexplored,conquered,andmadesafe奋待探索）开垦和确保的国家利益）.1.2.2 TheGildedAge艘金时代）ThefirsttranscontinentalrailroadconnectingSanFrancisco（日金山）withNewYorkCitywascompletedin1869.By

20、1900,theUnitedStateshad258,000milesoftrack（=railway）,one-thirdofalltherailroadmileage（里程）intheworld.Railroadcompaniesmerged（联合）withinvestmentbankingfirmsandlargecorporate社团，法人的）lawfirmstohelpcreatemodernmanagerial（管理上的）capitalism（资本财团）.JohnD.Rockefeller6ilscompanyandAndrewCarnegie'stedfactoriesl

21、edthewaybyintegrating（结合）productionprocessestocontrolallaspectsoftheproductionofasingleproduct（verticalintegration纵向结合）ortogain（=get）amonopoly（垄断）overasinglestepinproduction（horizontalintegration横向结合）.Infact,developmentssped（力口速）alongsofastthattheindustrialistsandbankers,whosawthemselvesasaindustria

22、lstatesmen（政治家），"seemedtoberobberbarons（男爵，强盗式资本家）"tothegeneralpublic.WrierMarkTwaincalledtheperiodTheGilded（镀金）Age（1873）becausetheriseofhugeindustry,bigcities,andcommercelookedgolden;buttoscratchoff（抢夺）thegoldrevealed（=showed显示）onlytheuglinessofbase（=humble）俾贝的）metal.Thephilosophy（意识）ofth

23、emarketplacereflectedtheera'sconservative保守的）tone（n.基调->tune:vt.调台）as（因为）economicpolicyfollowedfreemarketprinciples.Thislaissez-faire（=letitdo放任主义，资本主义的自由竞争）approach（=method）stressedself-sufficiency（自给自足）andself-interest（=selfishness自私/禾U）inaclimate（=atmosphere）oflimitedgovernmentalinterventi

24、on（干涉），exceptingtariff（关税）protectionininternationaltrade.TheAmericancreed（信条）ofequalopportuEtycontributedtothis,butsodidthebeliefinnaturalselection（物竞天择）andevolutionarychangeputforthbyCharlesDarwinandadaptedadaptoneselftotheenvironment改编->adaptor透酉器<->adopt采用：收养intoaphilosophythatnaturallaw

25、s（二junglelaw自然法则，森林法则）govern（=control）people'splace（=status）insociety-labeledbyHerbertSpenceras“（survive）survivalofthefittest（I舌者牛存）.”Then,WilliamGrahamSumnersummarized（总结）thesebeliefsbyarguingthatthe（acquire-）acquisitionofprivatepropertywasthemostimportantgoalforindividuals.AndrewCarnegiealsopr

26、omoted（recommend推荐）thisGospel圣经新约福音书ofWealth”andagreedthatanygovernmentinterference（干涉）-suchaswelfare（福禾U）-hindered（阻碍）progressandhurtsocietybecauseinanyfreesocietyoperatingunderevolutionaryprinciples,wealthandpowerwouldnaturallygotothosemostdeserving值得的）ofit.Astheyhavedonethroughouttheirhistory-inc

27、hange<->alter->alternate:交替出现->alternating（交替出现）cycles（周期）ofliberalreformsandconservativeretrenchments（删除）-Americanslookedattheircountryandadjustedit.Anewtypeofinvestigativejournal=magazine杂志->journalism新闻学->journalist新闻工作者，专栏作家journalism（新闻学/杂志）ledtheway（引领了社会潮流）,withsocialcomment

28、ary（评论）andphotographs,suchasJacobRiis'sHowtheOtherHalfLives（1890）,LincolnSteffen'sTheShameoftheCities（1904）,andUptonSinclair'sTheJungle（1906）.Americanssearchedfororder,calledfor付召，呼唤）governmentaction,andconsidered（solve->）solutions（解决方案）toreformcommunity（=society）inthefaceof（=facing）u

29、nprecedentedimmigration,industrialization,andurbanization（者B市化）.Theirsolutionshelpedameliorate（=improve改进，改善）theproblemsofcitiesandcitypeople,focusedon（关注）maintaining（=keeping）white（super-）supremacy（至上，权威）,andwerewide-ranging（广泛的）andpragmatic（=practical使用主义的/feasible-pragmatics:语用学）attemptstoredistr

30、ibute（再分酉己）wealth,expandsocialservices,andputmorepeopleintothemiddleclass.Theinterests利益,利息）offarmersseemedtobecrushed（压碎）astherural（乡村的）lifestyleofthenineteenthcenturygavewayto（让位给）theroaring（咆哮的）urban（machine-）machinery（机械，机构，体系）ofthetwentieth.In1890,thesameyearthatindustriesfirstearnedmorepromtsi

31、ntheUSthanfarmlands,farmersformedthe（population-popular-）Populist（平民论者）Party,thelargestagrarian-basedpoliticalpartyinUShistory.Populistsfavored（=love）anexpansionofthemoneysupply（扩大货币的发行量）asawaytoredistributewealth,agraduated（累进的）incometaxsothatthemoreyoumade（=earn）themoreyoupaid,nationalizationofrai

32、lroadsinordertolowerpricesforfarmproducts,votingreforms-includingthesecretballot（无i己名投票）-toensure债保）democracy,andaneight-hourworkdaytoprotectlaborers.In1892,Populistshadsomesuccessinelectingcandidates（候选人），butfailedtoelectapresidentortocontrolCongress.MeetingtheusualfateofstrongthirdpartiesinAmerica

33、nhistory,thePopulistPartydied（wasdismissed散）in1896,aresultoffusion（合并）politics.Itsideas,however,livedon,andsomeweretransformedintolawduringtheProgressiveEra（age时代）.1.2.3 TheProgressiveEra进步时代Between1890and1920millionsofnon-English-speakingpeoplesfromSouthernandEasternEuropeimmigratedthroughthenewfed

34、eralimmigrationfacility（设施）builtin1892onEllisIslandinNewYorkharbor.Noonecouldhelpbutnotice=cannothelpfromdoingsth.禁不住要做某事,toweringover（俯瞰）themfromasmallerisland,theStatueofLiberty（Illustration6,aplaque1.2）.This“MotherOExiles（流放）"hadbeenagiftfromFrance.Setinplacein1（匾牌）placedinthebase某座）proclaim

35、ed:Givemeyourtired,yourpoor,Yourhuddled（聚集的）masses（民众）yearning（渴望）tobreathefree（air）.Thewretched（=unlucky不幸的）refuseofyourteeming（=gathering丰富的）shoreSendthese,thehomeless,tempest-tossed（早暴风雨打击的）tome,Iliftmylamp（light）besidethegoldendoor.Themessage-quotedfromasonnet（十四行诗）byEmmaLazarus-hadnotbeenaparto

36、ftheFrenchgiftandEuropeanshavebeenbothinsultedbytheobvious（显而易见的）slur（污点,诋毁）*Illustration1.2TheStatueofLibertyDuringtheGreatDepression,many(people)questioned(vt.质问)theStatueofLiberty'spromiseofabundance富足)andthecapacity(力)ofAmericatoprovideforitsown“tired,poor,andhuddledmasses.,Renowned(=well-kn

37、own)photographerMargaretBourkeWhitemadethisshot(=picture)of“LadyLibertyin1930.(MargaretBourkeWhite/TimePix)*concerning(=about)thelandsofimmigrantorigins(=homelands)andbemused(困惑的)byAmericaaskingforhomelessandpoorpeople.By1990,sixAmericancitieshadpopulationsexceeding（=surpass超过）onemillionpeople.（livi

38、ngconditions生活条件）Conditionswereappalling（骇人听闻的）as（when）massiveovercrowdingledtoproblemsofsanitation（卫生）,sewage（污水），andgarbagecontrol.Economiccompetitionflared（燃起）upbetweenthenewcomersandthosewhohadarrivedearlieraseverynewwaveofimmigrantsworkedforwhateverwagestheycouldget,withwageskeptlowbytheconstan

39、tarrivalofnewworkers.Aslaborerscompeted,theracial种族的）andethnic（宗教和伦理的）clashes（冲突）oftheOldWorldreemerged（B出现）intheformofphobia恐惧症xenophobic（，惧夕卜的）stereotyping（二prejudice成见,偏见）ofthisgroupas“lazythatoneas“violent”orthenextoneasNewly-arrivedimmigrantssoughtout（寻找）othersoftheirownnationaloriginandcreated

40、ethnicenclaves（在一国境内的外国领土/飞地）invariouscities:"Littleltaly,*LittleNorway,”“LittleRussia,"or“LittlePoland（ChinaTo人街）.”（Political/social）Activists,called（-on号，召呼唤）Progressives,instituted（二started始，建立）change（=reform）.Socialreformers,like（=suchas）JaneAddams,wantedimprovementsinhousing（住房条件）,lab

41、or,andhealthconditionsthatwouldreduceclasstensions像张/阶级矛盾）andimproveneighborhoods（改善邻里关系）.Structuralreformersimprovedstreetcarlines,railroads,stateprisonsystemsandestablishedacomprehensive（综合的）schoolsystemforallwhiteethnicgroups.Statelegislate:vt.立法legislators（立法者-legislature立法夸B门）increasedincometax

42、esandtaxedcorporations（公司）forthefirsttime.Laborlegislationinstalled（设立）inspectors（督察员）toensurefactorysafety,regulated（调控）theworkdaysofwomenandchildren,andorderedaminimum（n.最彳氐一>minimal:adj.）wage.By1916,moststateshadaccepted（=adopted采纳）theoldPopulistdemandsforelectionreforms:thesecretballot（不记名投票）

43、，initiate:vt.首创->initiative（adj./n.倡议，主动权），referendum（->referenda公民投票）,recall（召回）,anddirectelectionofUS（senate参议院->）senators（参议员的直选/普选）.Women'sorganizationsgrewtonationalprominence（n声望，杰出）.（feminine:adj.女性的-）Feminists（女权i云动者）ElizabethCadyStanton,SusanB.Anthony,andAlicePauldemandedwomen&

44、#39;ssuffrage（诜举权）andpersuadedthecountrytobringthisaboutbyratifying（批准）the9thAmendment（1920）.VictoriaWoodhulladvocatedfreeloVe（自由恋爱）”-anefforttoseparateideasofsexforpleasurefromthoseofsexforprocreation（生育）-andMargaretSangerdistributed（=spread/promote特推广）birth-controlinformation（=knowledge）.Charlotte

45、Gilman'sWomenandEconomics（1898）challengedtherightofmentothebestjobsandsupportedtheneedforwomen'sorganizations,aposition（=proposal立场）takenupagaininthe1960sbyBettyFriedanandtheNationalOrganizationforWomen.BelievingthatAfricanAmericansmustpullthemselvesupbytheirbootstraps（->pullone'ssock

46、sup解靴带）,themostpowerfulblackleaderinAmerica,BookerT.Washington,reluctantly（=unwillingly不情愿地）acceptedsegregation（种族隔离现象）,whilehepushedvocational（职业的<->vacational:adj.假日->）educationasthebestwaytoadvancement（=progress）.Hisapproach（=mehtod）hasbeenlabeled“（accommoate住宿，容纳->）accommodation（安置/住

47、宿）."Othersreactedtotheblackexperienceofdiscrimination（歧视）andcontinuinglynching（处私开J）byadvocatingtheconfrontation（对抗）andintegration（融合）approachofW.E.B.DuBois,whohelpedfoundtheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople（NAACP）in1910.Stillotherspursued（追求）theseparatistapproachofblacknation

48、alistMarcusGarvey,whoseUniversalNegroImprovementAssociation（191927）stressedaheroicAfricanpastandcalledforallblackstoreturntoAfricawheretheywouldestablishtheirowncountry.By1900,theUnitedStateswastherichestcountryintheworld.Itproducedmorethanone-thirdoftheworld'coal,iron,andsteel.ItsnavyrankedthirdbehindBritainandGermany.Andyet,Americar