考研英语小作文(一)

1、Liu ShenghuaContentsl一、写作要求一、写作要求l二、写作技巧二、写作技巧l三、评分原则和方法三、评分原则和方法l四、书信类应用文四、书信类应用文l五、备忘录五、备忘录/报告报告l六、摘要六、摘要 l七七 、告示类应用文、告示类应用文l八、八、20052011小作文考察类型小作文考察类型Liu Shenghua全国硕士研究生入学统一考试全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 2013年大纲年大纲l写作部分写作部分l考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。写作时，考生应能：l1) 做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；l2

2、) 遵循文章的特定文体格式；l3) 合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；l4) 根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语域*。l*考生应能掌握的语言技能包括听、说、读、写四种能力。但是由于听力能力和口语能力的考查在复试中进行，因此这里只列出读和写两种技能。l*指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语。Liu Shenghual一、写作要求一、写作要求l考研考研英语小作文多是不同不同类型的应用文类型的应用文，包括私人和私人和公务信函公务信函(如：如：辞职信、道歉辞职信、道歉信、感谢信信、感谢信等) 、备忘录、摘、备忘录、摘要、报告等要、报告等.它的形式是给

3、出给出提示要点，要求考生根据要提示要点，要求考生根据要求表达清楚要点求表达清楚要点。尽管它并不需要华丽的词藻和吸引阅卷人眼球的文采。但是，它还是需要考生在平时的复习中点滴积累，适当训练。以言简意赅言简意赅的词句的词句及一定的逻辑性一定的逻辑性，将事情叙述清楚，表意明确。l小作文类型：小作文类型：l感谢信(thanks)，祝贺信(congratulation)，道歉信(apology)，邀请信(invitation) 倡导信（建议信）(suggestion); 投诉信（complaint），询问信（inquiry）请求信（require）婉拒信(decline)，求职信（application）

4、，推荐信(recommendation)，公告（notice）备忘（memo）, Liu Shenghual短文写作时，考生应能：l做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；l遵循文章的特定文体格式；l合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；l根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。l二、写作技巧二、写作技巧l小作文满分为10分，因为其更加套路化，所以它比大作文更加容易得分。但是，得高分的前提是要在格式、语言和要点等方面下功夫。Liu Shenghual1、格式、格式l(1)日期的格式和位置日期的格式和位置；-Mar.19th,2012 在右上角l(2)称呼的格式称呼的格式：Dear Sir, Dear

5、 Madam Helen, Dear John, Dear Professor Smith,l男士：Mr. 女士：Mrs./ Ms./Miss 教授、博士：Prof./Dr.l市长，法官，议员，其他高官：Hon.(Honorable,尊敬的)l编辑：Editorl如果是不认识的人，一般称呼为敬词+尊称。例如，Dear Sir or Madam；如果是写给关系正式的某团体或个人，称呼为敬词+尊称+名。例如，Dear Mr. xx或Dear Ms. xx；To Whom It May Concern,l对于关系较亲密的人可以直呼其名。Liu Shenghual(3)正文：正文：l正文格式一般格式为

6、首段开头空四个字母，段落之间不空行；现在流行的格式，每段开头不空格，但是各段之间空一行。考生在格式方面可以根据自己的习惯进行选择。只要让阅卷人看得舒服，且完全符合应用文要求的文体就可以。l(4) 署名署名的格式：右下角，的格式：右下角，Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours, Sincerely,Liu Shenghual2 2、语言、语言l用词准确用词准确是最基础的要求之一。其次，句型句型多变多变。例如既有并列句，也有复合句，还有从句并列句，也有复合句，还有从句。注意语法运用要正确。l再者，正式语言一般是写给具有正式关系的团体或机构，注意这样的情况不用缩略语和口语用

7、法。除了正式的文体以外，其他的文体皆为非正式文体。像写给朋友的书信等。l小作的考查要求中会体现出写该篇的目的和场合。考生在写作时要注意针对不同场合使用不同语言，使交流得以进行。另外，也要注意不同的应用文有不同的用语。建议你对某些应用文的建议你对某些应用文的格式和习惯用语，应该加以熟悉和背诵，以便运格式和习惯用语，应该加以熟悉和背诵，以便运用自如。用自如。Liu Shenghual3 3、其他要点、其他要点l考试时注意在看到题目要求后不要忙于动笔。虽说小作文的字数充其量在一百多个单词，但是依旧要在脑子里理清思路。最好能够在仔细审题以后，认真列个提纲，这样更有利于思路清晰。写作时，注意表达清楚以下

8、几个方面。首先首先交代清楚写信目的写信目的；其次其次为了让阅卷者对你的文章结构及表意结构及表意一目了然，注意关联词或衔接词关联词或衔接词的运用；接下来接下来，应该对个人的观点个人的观点进行阐述（在写作有此必要的时候）。l最后最后，行文间要注意简化描述简化描述。用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。Liu Shenghua三、评分原则和方法三、评分原则和方法l应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖信息点的覆盖和内容的内容的组织组织、语言的准确性语言的准确性、格式和语域格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即

9、正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当的恰当。l对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分扣分。Liu Shenghual1、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有13分的调节分。l2、A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。l3、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。l4、如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。Liu Shenghua四、书信类应用文四、书信类

10、应用文l书信格式：书信格式：l （一）称呼（一）称呼l写给机构l不认识负责人：l Dear Sir or Madam l Dear Sir/Madaml To whom it may concernl认识负责人：Dear Mr./Ms. President/ Professor/ Manager/Editor, Dear President (Michael) Wang,l写给个人l1） 关系不亲密：Dear Mr./Ms. President/Professor/Manager/Editor, lDear President (Michael) Wang,l2） 关系亲密：lDear Mic

11、haelLiu Shenghua（二）正文：（二）正文：3段、段、7句、句、100120 词、词、35关关联词、联词、35从句从句l1、第一段：、第一段：2句句l1）自我介绍l（1）I am a staff member from your company/corporation.l（2）I am a freshman/ sophomore/ junior/ senior/ undergraduate/ graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University.l2）写作目的：I

12、am writing the letter in purpose of ordering some books/ resigning from my current post/position.l 2、第二段：、第二段：3句句l 1）改写提纲一：1句l 2）改写提纲二：1句l 3）改写提纲三：1句Liu Shenghual3、第三段、第三段l1）表示感谢（私人建议信除外）lMy appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words. lWords fail me when I want to express my sincere

13、gratitude to you. lI take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.l2）期待回信l（1）I am looking forward to your reply/hearing from you soon. l（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience. l（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry woul

14、d be highly appreciated.l（三）落款（三）落款lYours sincerely,l Li MingLiu Shenghua实战范例：实战范例：l1、大纲样题：订购信、大纲样题：订购信lDirections: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:ldetailed information about the books yo

15、u want,lmethods of payment,ltime and way of delivery.Liu ShenghualDear Sir or Madam,lAs I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM), I have decided to place an order of some NETEM books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and t

16、he high quality of your books. lFirstly, please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books. Secondly, I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service. Thirdly, I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS t

17、o the headquarters of Beijing New Oriental School by September 1, 2007. I have arranged to pay for the service.lI would like to express my gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests. I look forward to hearing from you soon.lYours sincerely,lLi MingLiu Shenghual2、2005真题：辞职信道歉信真题：辞职信道歉信lDire

18、ctions: Two months ago, you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion & Design. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Liu ShenghualDear Mr.

19、 Wang,lI am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. lThe primary reasons are as follows. First, after two months, I do feel that it is not easy for me to get used to the extra work and night shift. Second, the salary has proven to be much lower than you originally

20、 promised, and I have a large family to support. Last, what I have learned in the university cannot meet the requirement of being an editor.lI feel terribly sorry for the inconvenience I have caused. I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. lYours sincerely,lLi MingLiu Shenghual3、2006真题：

21、请求信真题：请求信lDirections:lYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write you

22、r letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Dont sign your own name at the end of the letter, use Li Ming instead. Dont write the address. (10 points)Liu ShenghualTo whom it may concern,lAs a student who can support myself, I am writing to request if you can help me find a

23、 potential beneficiary of Project Hope. lI wonder whether it is convenient for you if two things regarding the child are taken into account. First, the child should come from Sichuan Province because I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if he or she is a primary schoo

24、l student who was forced to drop school because of abject poverty.lI would like to help the recipient of my assistance annually until he graduates from college. Firstly, the money will cover his tuition fee and other expenses at school. Besides, I will correspond with him frequently so that he can s

25、eek advice whenever he needs. Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated. lYours sincerely,lLi MingLiu Shenghua4 祝贺信lA letter of Congratulationsl l Jan.10th, 2011lDear Jack,lI am so delighted to hear that you have just been admitted into the prestigious Peking University. Please

26、 accept my heartiest congratulations to you!lThis is a special moment for you and all the friends as well as relatives, and I do want to share the happiness with you. After years of hard and creative work and study, you have finally got what you really deserve. Im convinced that this will be a new b

27、eginning, a chance for you to embrace a broader future.lI wish you good luck and keep pursuing a brighter future.l Sincerely yours,l Li MingLiu Shenghua祝贺信祝贺信l祝贺信是社交中的一种礼仪性信函。通常包括以下几个方面的内容：说明祝贺事由，表达热烈、诚挚的祝贺；围绕祝贺事件表述贺喜内容；表达美好祝福。l写作“三步走”：说明事由并表达自己衷心的祝贺->展开评论事件、赞扬收信人->再次表达良好祝愿l提示：在写作主要内容的

28、时候，可以重点赞扬一下当事人的优秀能力和取得成就的原因、并展望他将来的美好发展前景等。Liu Shenghual1：投诉信lDear_,lI am _ (自我介绍) .I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_. lThe reason for my dissatisfaction is _(总体介绍). In the first place,_(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, _(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I

29、find it _ (感觉)_(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).lI appreciate it very much if you could _(提出建议和请求), preferably _(进一步的要求),and I would like to have this matter settled by _(设定解决事情最后期限).lThank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua投诉信投诉信l在人们的生活中经常会发生一

30、些事情，比如消费利益受损、正常生活和工作受到干扰等等令人伤脑筋的事情，有时写封投诉信不失为一个解决的办法。l投诉信通常包括以下几个方面的内容：说明投诉的原因并表示遗憾；实事求是地阐述问题发生的经过，切记不要夸大其词；指出问题引起的后果；提出批评及处理的意见或敦促对方采取措施或者提出所希望的赔偿以及补救方式。l写作“三步走”：说明投诉问题;描述具体情况;期待解决方案l提示：写投诉信时语气要冷静、郑重、克制，不必过于礼貌。但也要就事论事，不能进行人身攻击。同时，在描述问题时尽量采用被动句式，使描述更加客观合理。Liu Shenghual2：询问信lDear _,lI am _ (自我介绍). I

31、am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding_.(要询问的内容)lFirst of all, what are _?(第一个问题) Secondly, when will_?(第二个问题) Thirdly, is _?(第三个问题)lI would also like to inquire _(将最重要的问题单独成段). Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-menti

32、oned aspects?lThank you for you kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua询问信询问信l询问信的主要目的是寻求所需信息，通常包括以下几个方面的内容：首先表明写作意图，说明写这封信的目的是要寻求什么样的信息；然后就某一具体问题进行询问；最后表明获取信息的急切心情，可以提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并表达你的感谢之情。l写作“三步走”：自我介绍、说明目的;具体询问事宜;表示感谢、

33、期盼回复l提示：询问信的语气通常比较正式、和缓，要充分表达感激之情。同时，相比较语气直接的疑问句，用一些能够起到提问作用的陈述句更佳。Liu Shenghual3：请求信lDear_,lI am writing to formally request to_(请求的内容)lThe reason for_is that_(给出原因).I_, so I_(给出细节)lI would also like to request_(提出进一步的要求). I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused. lThank you for your attentio

34、n to these requests. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact me at _(电话号码).I look forward to a favorable reply.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua请求信请求信l请求信是对收信人提出请求，并希望对方满足该要求。写请求信的重点是要写清楚为什么要请求他人做某事，请求他人做某事的原因。l写请求信时首先要说明写作意图，一定要注意语气要礼貌，用词要规范；然后具体展开说明请求的原因；最后表示希望对方予以答复。l写作“三步走”：介绍自

35、己、提出请求;说明原因及其它事项;表达谢意、期盼答复l提示：在许多情况下，请求信是写给不认识的人或者机构，所以在信的开头可以做一下简单的自我介绍。同时，由于提出的请求往往都是需要麻烦别人的事情，所以要注意语气的礼貌程度，不要吝啬你的感谢。Liu Shenghual4：道歉信lDear _,lI am truly sorry that_(道歉的原因).lThe reason is that_(介绍原因) Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Hope you can accept my apologies and underst

36、and my situation.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua致歉信致歉信l我们在工作或生活中，有时难免会犯一些错误，写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容：表示歉意；道歉的原由；出现差错的原因；提出弥补措施；请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚，解释的理由要真实，不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解，还会增进彼此的感情。l写作“三步走”：表示歉意;说明具体原因、提出补救办法;再次致歉、希望得到理解l提示：在写作过程中，尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分；在解释完原因后，尽量提供一个合适的补救办法，使行文更加

37、完满。Liu Shenghual5：感谢信lDear_,lI am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for _ (感谢的原因). If it had not been for your assistance in _ (对方给你的具体帮助), I fear that I would have been_(没有对方帮助时的后果).lEvery one agrees that it was you who_(给出细节).Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept

38、 my gratitude.lYours sincerelylLi MingLiu Shenghua感谢信感谢信l感谢信通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，具有比较浓的人情味。感谢信通常分为正式感谢信和非正式感谢信，前者行文得体、语气礼貌谦恭、用词正式正规；后者语气则更加亲切热情。l写作“三步走”：表达感谢之情并说明原因->提及自己曾受到对方的帮助->再次感谢并表达回报愿望。l提示：表达的感激之情要恰到好处，不要过于夸张；建议在结尾尽量表达希望回报对方的愿望，显得更加真诚。Liu Shenghual6：建议信lDear _,lYou have asked me for my a

39、dvice with regard to _, and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here.lIn my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions: _(建议的内容)lI hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.lGood Luck with your_(

40、祝愿)lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua建议信建议信l建议信是对收信人就某一问题提出看法、建议或忠告。建议信不同于投诉信，所以写信人一定要注意礼貌当先。建议信一般包括以下内容：首先说明写信的目的，其次，在肯定优点的基础上提出自己的建议或看法(否则别人以为你在投诉，而不是在提建议)，最后表达希望采纳建议。l写作“三步走”：自我介绍、说明目的->委婉地提出建议及改进措施，或提出忠告->礼貌地总结或期盼回复l提示：提建议毕竟不是投诉，所以语言一定要委婉、礼貌，顾及他人感情。在提出缺点之前，最好先肯定其优点。Liu Shenghual

41、7：求职信lDear Sir or Madam,lI write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in_(报纸名称)of_(广告发布时间).lNot only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I also have the right personality for a_(工作名称). In the one hand,_(第一个原因). On the other hand, _(另一个原因).lShould you grant me a p

42、ersonal interview, I would be most grateful. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at _(电话号码)lThank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to meeting you.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua求职信求职信l求职信也是申请信的一种，是写信人就某一职位向收信人提出请求。求职信一般包括以下几

43、个方面的内容：首先要阐述清楚招聘信息的来源，以及所申请的职位；其次简述个人信息；然后进一步强调自己的能力，表达抱负，并请求给予面试机会；最后提出自己的希望，希望得到面试的机会，并且告诉对方你的联系方式。l求职信的语言属于正式用语，在写作过程中一定要注意用词简洁准确，语气礼貌自信，态度不卑不亢，所给信息具有一定的可信度。尤其是在强调自身经历和优点的时候，更应把握尺度。l写作“三步走”：自我介绍，说明求职目的;展示个人能力、经历及求职动机;希望面试机会、表示感谢l提示：由于篇幅较短，而申请者需要尽可能地向用人单位推销自己，所以在求职信中宜笼统概说自己的求学和工作经历，突出一至两个吸引眼球的闪光点即

44、可。Liu Shenghual8：邀请信lDear_,lThere will a _(内容) at/in_ (地点) on_ (时间). We would be honored to have you there with us. lThe occasion will start at _(具体时间). This will be followed by a _(进一步的安排). At around_(时间)，_(另一个安排)lI really hope you can make it. RSVP before _(通知你的最后期限)lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Sh

45、enghua邀请信邀请信l包括宴会、舞会、晚餐、聚会、婚礼等各种邀请信件，形式上大体分为两种：一种为正规的格式(formal correspondence)，亦称请柬；一种是非正式格式(informal correspondence)，即一般的邀请信。邀请信是在形式上不如请柬那样正规，但也是很考究。书写时应注意：l邀请信一定要将邀请的时间(年、月、日、钟点)、地点、场合写清楚，不能使接信人存在任何疑虑。例如：Id like you and Bob to come to Luncheon next Friday. 这句话中所指的是哪个星期五并不明确，所以应加上具体日期Id like you an

46、d Bob to come to luncheon next Friday, May the fifth.Liu Shenghua邀请信的回复邀请信的回复l邀请信的复信要求简明扼要，在书写时应注意以下几点：l1 接受邀请的复信中应重复写上邀请信中的某些内容，如邀请年、月、日，星期几、几点钟等，如Ill be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve oclock.。l2 邀请信的复信中应明确表明接受邀请还是不接受邀请，不能含乎其词，如不能写Ill come if Im in town. 这类的

47、话，以使得对方无法作出安排。在接受邀请的复信中，应对受到邀请表示高兴。谢却的复信中应阐明不能应邀的原由。Liu Shenghua申请信申请信l申请信有很多种，有求职申请信、有加入某组织的申请信、有报考申请信、有申请学位或留学申请信，等等。无论哪一种申请信，一般都包括这样几个部分：申请的原因，具备的条件，恳请申请单位考虑自己的申请，并表示谢意，期望回复。l写作“三步走”：开宗明义说明申请原因;展开原因;期盼回复、表示感谢l提示：1 语言言简意赅，语气诚恳礼貌；l2 要避免不符合事实的浮夸；l3 如果是留学申请和奖学金申请，要注意提供以下信息：写明申请学校和专业，简介个人履历，索取对方学校相关信息

48、，附上个人经历等材料。Liu Shenghua五、备忘录五、备忘录/报告报告l忘录书端（Header）：书端是写在备忘录开头的压缩。情况不同，书端的格式可能不同，但是通常应采用下面这种格式。lDate: January 24， 2005lTo: F. PrefectlFrom: A. DentlSubject: My Suggested Revisions to the Local Demolition Schedule l日期：要采用正式的全部拼写。l致和自：通常，省去诸如教授或先生这类头衔。自：后面写你名字的首字母大写，然后接你的姓。l事由：要具体。l备忘录目的（Purpose）：阐明写作

49、原因。采用回答问题的方式，回答：who，what，when，where and why。Liu Shenghual范例：范例：lDirections: You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employees training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.Liu

50、ShenghualDate：January 20, 2007lTo：Percy Shelley, Vice PresidentlFrom：Li Ming, PresidentlSubject：Computer Training of the StafflAs we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan fo

51、r training our employees in the new field.lI would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.lWrite up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four h

52、ours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.Liu Shenghua六、摘要六、摘要 l文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”，而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。l通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上

53、。l国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。Liu Shenghual科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。Liu She

54、nghual英文摘要分类l摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分：l点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；l介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；l提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。Liu Shenghual英文摘要常见句型英文摘要常见句型l1）This paper deals with.l2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc).

55、l3）This essay presents knowledge that.l4）This thesis discusses.l5）This thesis analyzes.l6）This paper provides an overview of.l7)This paper elaborates on .l8）This article gives an overview of.l9）This article compares.and summarizes key findings.l10）This paper includes discussions concerning. l11)This

56、 paper presents up to date information on.l12)This article covers the role of chemicals in.l13)This paper addresses important topics including.l14)This paper touches upon.l15)This paper strongly emphasizes.l16)This essay represents the proceedings of .l17)This article not only describes.but also sug

57、gests.l18)This paper considers.l19)This paper provides a method of .l20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.Liu Shenghual摘要题型写作要点摘要题型写作要点：l 动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。l 摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考试时应遵守规定的字数限制。l 在做摘要时考生切忌照搬原文。改写每段首尾句。l 摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。l 重点反映主要观点，删

58、除细节。l 简化从句，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。l 检查与修改时，考生应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。Liu Shenghua摘要题型写作实例- 试题题目lDirections: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.lWe continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance

59、we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us

60、in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, an