论文资料《公共部门经济学》(双语教学)课程教学大纲（word）可编辑

1、?公共部门经济学?双语教学课程教学大纲一、课程名称：Economics of the Public Sector二、课程编号：07115020三、学时与学分：51学时，3学分四、考核方式：考试五、先修课程：先修课程是?西方经济学?、?财政学原理?、?国家预算?和?中国税制?等专业课程。六、适用专业：财政学专业、税收专业、经济学专业、社会保障专业等七、课程教学目标：本课程的教学目的在于使学生通过学习国外公共经济学优秀原版教材现选用的是美国著名经济学家David N. Hyman 的 ?Public Finance: A Contemporary Application of Theory to

2、Policy?第八版，北京大学出版社，2005年7月，掌握有关公共部门经济学的根本理论框架体系，在深入理解原有专业知识的同时，能够直接运用英语进行科研活动、分析和解决实际公共经济问题。本课程的具体教学目标：1、提高学生的专业英语水平2、培养学生直接运用英语进行财政学科研的能力3、培养学生运用英语进行国际学术交流的能力 3、培养学生的国际视野、随时更踪财政学领域的国际最新动态八、说明：?公共部门经济学双语?是财政学和税收学专业本科生的根本必修课，是培养学生利用英文表达专业思想、直接进行科学研究和国际交流的重要工具，是培养当代国际型和开放型人才的必要环节，在财政学和税收学专业的课程建设体系中具有举

3、足轻重的地位和作用。本课程融外语与财政学知识的教学于一体，使外语与财政学知识同步获取，注重提高学生专业外语水平和直接使用外语从事财政学科研的能力；注重促进学生在财政学专业知识、外语水平及能力素质方面的全面开展。本课程着重运用英语阐述公共部门经济学的根本原理和根本方法，在教学理念中注重运用当代经济学和教育学的崭新教学工具，力图合理安排公共经济学的结构体系，全面系统地地阐述公共经济学的根本内容。并且争取在教学中较好地表达以下三个特点：一是反映公共经济学最根本、最必需和最重要的内容；二是结构合理，内容新颖，尽可能反映公共经济学的最新理论、方法和研究成果；三是把根本原理、根本知识和根本方法有机结合。本

4、大纲供财政学和税收学专业使用。九、根本教学内容：Chapter 1 Individuals and Government SUMMARY：Economics of the Public Sector is the field of economics that studies government activities. Modern Economics of the Public Sector emphasizes the relationships between citizens and government. This chapter discusses some issues as

5、follows: individual, society and government; the allocation of resources between government and private sector; the mixed economy, market and politics; government expenditures in the United States.1. Individuals, Society and Governmenta. Public finance is the field of economics that studies governme

6、nt activities and the alternative means of financing government expenditures.b. Governments are organizations formed to exercise authority over the actions of persons who live together in a society and to provide and finance essential services.c. Political Institutions are rules and generally accept

7、ed procedures that evolve for determining what government does and how government outlays are financedd. Examples of Political Institutions:Majority rule; Representative government2. The Allocation between Private and Government Resourcesa. Private: b. Government: c. A Production-Possibility Frontie

8、rd. Distribution of Government Goods and Services3. The Mixed Economy: Markets and Politicsa. Pure Market Economyb. Mixed Economy4. Government Expenditures in the United Statesa. Government purchases b. Government Transfer Payments c. Structure of Federal Government Expendituresd. The Structure of S

9、tate and Local Government Expenditures in the United States5. Financing Government Expenditures in the USa. Taxes: b. State Budget Crunch of 2002c. Causesa) Cuts in taxes on business and individuals in the 1990s b) No sales tax collections on servicesc) Growth in costs of Medicaidd. Implications of

10、a Graying America Social Securitya) In 2021 baby-boomers start to retire and collectb) The ratio of workers to retiree falls e. MedicareHealth care inflation is substantially higher than overall inflationf. MedicaidIncreased use of long-term care for baby-boomers6. How Much Government is Enough?The

11、question of how much government is enough is an important one in any society. It is the tradeoff between public and private goods. When government gets bigger, its increased involvement comes at the expense of less private consumption.Questions for review：1. How does the mechanism for distributing a

12、nd rationing most government services differ from that for distributing goods through markets?2. What is a production-possibility curve? Show how such a curve can be used to explain how private goods and services must be sacrificed to obtain government goods and services.3. Discuss the trends in gov

13、ernment expenditures and outlays as a percentage of GDP.Chapter 2 Efficiency, Markets, and GovernmentsSUMMARY：Resources are efficiently allocated when the well-being of any one person cannot be increased without harming another. This condition is attained when all goods are consumed over any period

14、up to the point at which the marginal social benefit of each good equals its marginal social cost. When prices in competitive markets reflect marginal social costs and benefits, market exchange achieves efficiency. Individuals opposing actions that improve efficiency act rationally. They are simply

15、better of with a larger share of a smaller pie. To predict outcomes any political process, it is necessary to know the benefits of any changes proposed, to whom they accrue, and what changes in the distribution of income result.1. Positive and Normative Economics Positive Economics explains “what is

16、, without making judgments about the appropriateness of “what is.Normative Economics: designed to formulate recommendations about what “should be.2. Normative Evaluation of Resource Use: The Efficiency Criterion a. Pareto Optimalityb. Marginal Conditions for Efficiency Total Social Benefit; Total So

17、cial Cost Net Benefit = TSB TSC Maximum Net Benefit occurs where MSB = MSC 3. Conditions under which the Market is Pareto Optimal a. A perfectly competitive market system exists if:a) All productive resources are privately owned.b) All transactions take place in markets, and in each separate market

18、many competing sellers offer a standardized product to many competing buyers.c) Economic power is dispersed in the sense that no buyers or sellers alone can influence prices.d) All relevant information is freely available to buyers and sellers.e) Resources are mobile and may be freely employed in an

19、y enterprise. b. If These Conditions are MetP = MPB = MSB and P = MPC = MSCSo P = MSB = MSCc. When Does Market Interaction Fail to Achieve Efficiency?4. Market Failure: A Preview of the Basis for Government Activity a. Government intervention may be warranted if a market exhibits: Monopoly power by

20、one supplier Effects of market transactions on third parties Lack of a market for a good where MSB>MSC (i.e. a public good) Incomplete information about goods being soldAn unstable marketb. The Tax System and the Birth RateFamilies with children pay less tax than families without children: person

21、al exemption; child tax credit.Historical data shows that an increase in the real value of the personal exemption is associated with increases in the birth rate.5. Equity vs. Efficiency Horizontal equity Vertical equity 6. Positive Analysis on Trade-off Between Equity and Efficiencya. Introduction b

22、. Compensation Criteriac. International View: Agricultural Subsidies, International Trade Restrictions and Global EfficiencyMany nations subsidize farmers with: Production subsidies; Export subsidies; Import constraints.This results in reduced agricultural efficiency.Since WTO agreements, such subsi

23、dies and import constraints have been reduced.Questions for review：1. How does trading improve efficiency? Why are trades that apparently provide mutual gains to those involved not undertaken? 2. Show how equating the total social benefit of a good with its total social cost will result in more than

24、 the efficient output of the good.3. Efficiency can correspond to more than one distribution of well-being. Can the efficiency criterion be used to rank one distribution over another?Chapter 3 Externalities and Government PolicySUMMARY：Externality are costs or benefits of market transactions not ref

25、lected in prices. They are a dominant form of market failure to achieve efficiency in industrial economies. When the marginal external cost or benefit is priced so that buyers and sellers consider it in their decisions, an externality is internalized. To internalize an externality, the parties invol

26、ved must be identified and the marginal external cost or benefit must be measured.The Coase theorem shows that, government assignment of rights to resource use, along with facilitation of free exchange of those rights, achieves efficiency, independent of which party is granted the right. When larger

27、 numbers of individuals are involved, a solution will require collective action to internalize the externality. Among the techniques used for this are corrective taxes and subsidies, regulations, and the establishment of standards. 1. Externalitiesa. Externalities are costs or benefits of market tra

28、nsactions not reflected in prices.Negative externalities are costs to third parties.Positive externalities are benefits to third parties .b. Externalities and EfficiencySocial Costs Market equilibrium conditionsEfficiency Requirements c. Positive externalitiesSocial Benefit 2. Internalization of Ext

29、ernalitiesAn externality can be internalized under policies that force market participants to account for the costs of benefits of their actions.a. Corrective Taxes to Negative ExternalitiesThe tax revenue is sufficient to pay costs to third parties. Socially optimal levels of production are achieve

30、d.b. Using a Corrective TaxThe greenhouse effect and a “Carbon Tax c. Theory of the Second Bestd. A Polluting Monopoliste. Corrective Subsidies3. Coase's Theorema. The Definition and Significance of Coases Theorem The efficient mix of output will result simply as a consequence of the establishme

31、nt of exchangeable property rights. It makes no difference which party is assigned the right to use a resource. If the transactions costs of exchanging the rights are zero, the efficient mix of outputs among competing uses of the resource will emerge.b. Limitations of Coases TheoremTransactions cost

32、s are not zero in many situations.However you allocate the property rights, the distribution of income is affected. c. Application of Coase's TheoremThe Clean Air Act of 1990 allows for the sale of the "right to pollute." Firms face a tradeoff when they pollute. If they pollute, they f

33、orgo the right to sell their emission permits to others. In markets for electricity, Clean Air Act has motivated firms to shift to natural gas and away from coal as a means of producing electricity. 4. Recyclinga) Collecting waste for recycling costs three times as much as collecting it for disposal

34、.b) Rural land is inexpensive.c) Recycling paper creates more water pollution and does not “save trees; it simply reduces the number that are planted.5. Regulatory SolutionsInstead of using market forces to force firms to internalize externalities, we can use emission standards and apply these to al

35、l market players. a. Markets for Pollution Rightsb. Global Externalities:c. Costs and Benefits to the EPAQuestions for review：1. Explain why externalities prevent the attainment of efficiency when goods are traded in competitive markets.2. How can a corrective tax adjust costs to reflect externaliti

36、es? What effects will a corrective tax have on prices, output, and pollution?3. Under what conditions are externalities likely to be internalized without the necessity of government intervention?Chapter 4 Public GoodsSUMMARY：A pure public good is one that is consumed by all members of a community as

37、 soon as it is produced for any one member. Its benefits are nonrival and nonexcludable to consumers. Efficiency requires that the production of pure public goods be undertaken to the point where the sum of marginal private benefits is exactly equal to the marginal social cost of production.Ideally,

38、 an efficient output of a pure public good could be achieved if each person contributed an amount equal to the marginal benefits received per unit of a public good. This is known as the Lindahl equilibrium. However, problems in inducing households to reveal their true preferences for public goods re

39、sulting from free-rider effects make this solution difficult to implement.1. Public Goodsa. Public Goods are goods for which exclusion is impossible. b. Characteristics of Public GoodsNonexclusion Nonrivalry c. Pure Public Goods and Pure Private GoodsPure Public Good:.Pure Private Good:d. Marginal C

40、osts for Provision of Public GoodsThe marginal cost of allowing another person to benefit from a pure public good is zero, while the marginal cost of providing a greater level of public good is positive.2. Provision of Private Good and Public Goods: Markets and Governmenta. Price Excludable Public G

41、oods vs Congestible Public Goodsa) Price Excludable Public Goods (Excludability, but no rivalry)b) Congestible Public Goods (Rivalry but no excludability)b. Education as a Public Gooda) External benefits:It helps us live in a civil society.It has a “socializing function.It teaches the importance of

42、following rules, obeying orders, and working together.It provides students with basic skills like punctuality and the ability to follow directions that increase their productivity as workers.It helps students identify their abilities and choose appropriate occupations, thereby increasing productivit

43、y levels for a nation.b) Education as a Private GoodEducation has characteristics of a private good:3. Demand For a Pure Public GoodDecisions of Market demand for a Pure Private Good Efficient Output of a Pure Public GoodLindahl Pricing: Everyone in a group cooperates and participants each pay their

44、 marginal benefit.Lindahl Equilibrium4. Free-riderFree-rider occurs when people are not honest in stating their Marginal Benefit, because if they understate it, they can get a slightly reduced level of the public good while paying nothing for it. 5. Illustrating Voluntary Contributions to a Public G

45、ood: The Gulf WarUnder the premise that defeating Iraq in the Gulf War in 1990 was a public good to be consumed by the industrialized economies and Arab nations, each nation was expected to contribute. 6. National Defense and Homeland Securitya. Defenseb. Homeland SecurityThe new department merged s

46、everal agencies from the departments of Justice, Transportation, Treasury, Agriculture, Energy, Health and Human Services, and Commerce.Questions for review：1. What are the essential differences between pure public goods and pure private goods? 2. Although the marginal cost of producing a pure publi

47、c good is always positive, some consumers can enjoy the benefits of pure public goods at zero marginal costs. Explain the apparent paradox, if there is one!3. How will shares in the finance of public goods vary among contributors in a model of voluntary cooperative supply of such goods?Chapter 5 Pub

48、lic Choice and the Political ProcessSUMMARY：A political equilibrium is an agreement on the level of production of one or more public goods, given a specified rule for making the public choice and the distribution of tax shares among individuals. Collective, or public, choices are agreements resultin

49、g in political equilibria on issues of common concern. Political equilibria are influenced by politicians and bureaucrats. When all voters have single-peaked preferences, parties will tend to move to the median position to win elections.When all voters do not vote, the median most-preferred outcome

50、of all citizens could differ from the median most-preferred outcome of all voters. Logrolling is the explicit trading of votes on issues of great interest to voters. When two or more issues are voted on simultaneously, implicit logrolling can occur. Models of bureaucratic behavior presume that burea

51、ucrats attempt to maximize the size of their budgets.1. The Supply of Public Goods Through Political InstitutionsPublic Choice involves decisions being made through political interaction of many persons according to pre-established rules. 2. Political Equilibriuma. Tax Shares or Tax Pricesb. Individ

52、ual's Choicec. The Choice to Vote or Notd. Determinants of Political Equilibrium 3. Median Voter ModelConcept of Median Voter ModelImplications of Median Voter Model4. Political ExternalitiesDefinitionPolitical Transactions Costs5. Preferences a) Single-peaked preferences b) Multi-peaked prefere

53、nces6. Pairwise Cyclinga. Arrow's Impossibility Theoremb. Conditions of Arrows Impossibility Theorem 7. Political Processes Constitutions; Minority Rule; Majority Rule a. Costs and Benefits of Collective Action BenefitCost b. Possible Alternatives Methods UnanimityPlurality rule (more than 3 out

54、comes possible)Point-count voting (enables voters to register the intensity of their preference)Instant Runoffs 8. Political Institutions in U.S. Cities a. In the United States, municipal government takes two basic forms.b. Researchers have found that relative to cities run by managers, those run by

55、 elected mayors:a) Have greater capital stock (roads, parks, police and fire stations),b) Use relatively less labor in providing public services,c) Spend the same amount of money.c. Forms of City Government and their Effects on Spendinga) Manager/Council GovernmentUnelected city manager makes most e

56、xecutive decisions, with policy recommendations by elected city council.b) Mayoral Governmentc) Results:9. Logrolling or Vote TradingLogrolling is the act of voting for something you would ordinarily vote against so that someone else will vote for something that they would ordinarily vote against.a.

57、 Implicit Logrolling b. State Government Spending and the size of the Legislature10. Special InterestsSpecial Interests are groups that lobby on particular issues.11. Bureaucracy and the Supply of Public OutputOfficials measure their power in terms of the size of their budgets, not the efficiency of

58、 the outcomes they generate. This causes bureaucrats to have a self-interest in inefficiently high levels of government spending. Questions for review：1. How does a person decide to vote on any issue that proposes to change the amount of public goods supplied by the government? 2. Given tax shares, e