学府考研英语基础班语法王国清讲义

1、1考研英语语法讲义语法，无论是对于英语学习者还是教授者而言，都是最难掌握的问题，而掌握扎实的语法无疑是学好英语的关键，尽管在研究生英语考试中并不直接涉及语法，但阅读理解，写作和翻译等试题无不体现出它的重要性。然而，市场上种类繁多的语法书籍，大都是内容多而不精， 即次重点不分，并且对于在学习过程中，大家共同反映的较有难度的语法，如非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句都未能作出精辟分析，使读者看后仍不知所云。本着这个目的，我们再次相聚考研讲堂，希望通过两天的深入学习使广大考生对语法有个彻底的了解，在今后考试中遇到相应问题能游刃有余。一、语法知识回顾（一）基础语法知识1. 英语句子的基本句型(Basic

2、Sentence Pattern)（1）主+系+表(SVP)（2）主+谓（不及物动词）(SV)（3）主+谓（及物动词）+宾(SVO)（4）主+谓（及物动词）+间接宾语（指人）+直接宾语（指物）(SVOO)（5）主+谓（及物动词）+宾+补足语(SVOC)2. 按照用途句子的分类（1）陈述句(Declarative Sentence)（2）疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)一般疑问句(General Question)特殊疑问句(Special Question)选择疑问句(Alternative Question)反意疑问句 (Tag Question)（详见“考研英语语法重

3、难点精解”中的反意疑问句）（3）祈使句（Imperative Sentence）（4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）3. 按照结构句子分类(Division by Structure)（1）简单句（Simple Sentence）只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子称为简单句：（2）并列句（Compound Sentence）用并列连词（或分号、冒号、逗号）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子叫并列句（3）复合句（Complex Sentence）由关联词把一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句联系在一起所构成的句子称为复合句，也称为主从复合句，复合句

4、根据关联词在句中的作用可分为如下类型：名词性从句（Noun Clause）（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）状语从句（Adverbial Clause）（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中状语从句）（二）重点语法回顾1、主谓一致(Subject-verb Agreement)一致是指句子成份间或词语间必须在人称、数、性等方面保持一致关系，一致这一语言现象在日常应用及各类英语考试中出现较多，最主要的一致关系是主谓一致。（1）主谓一致的分类： 语法一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 意义一致，即从意义上着眼来处理主谓一致问题，也就是说有时

5、主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，这时谓语动词视其意义采用复数形式，反之亦然。 就近一致，即谓语动词的人称和数往往和最靠近的词语保持一致。（2）主谓一致原则的具体应用：数词与表示时间、金钱、度量衡、温度等名词作主语，表示一定量或总量时，谓语动词用单数形式：集体名词，如：army, board, family, committee, couple, crowd, crew, jury, staff, team, public, government做主语，指整体时谓语动词用单数，指集体各成员时，谓语动词用复数：、（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的主谓一致）2、强调句(Emphatic Senten

6、ce)强调句是就句中某一成分着重说明（1）在谓语动词前加助动词do, did, does强调该谓语动词，构成强调句：（2）强调句中谓语以外的其它成分时用强调句型（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的强调句 )3、倒装句(Inverted Sentence)（1）全部倒装there be句型，有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型here, there, now, then, thus, hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时：表示方向、地点的状语置于句首，如：up, down, away, here, in, out, off（2）部分倒装否定词或具有（半）否定意义的词或词组置于句首作状

7、语时，如：never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, seldom等；only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句，即句首状语由 only修饰时；、（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的倒装句）4、定语从句(Attributive Clause)在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词，定语从句必须置于先行词之后，定语从句是研究生及四、六级等各类考试中常考点，也是语法中的重点：关系代词：which, that, who(m), whose, as（1）引导词关系副词：when, where, why（2）关系代词引出的定语从句和关系副词引出的定语

8、从句的区别（略）（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的定语从句）5、虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式，用来表示非真实的假设，或用来表示命令、建议以及说话人的主观愿望，有时也可以使语气缓和、委婉的作用，虚拟语气作为一重点语法，在各类考试中占有相当大的分值，所以理会该语法，不仅对于考试，还是日常应用中都有相当大的作用： （1）虚拟语气常用于条件句中，表示与现在、将来、过去事实相反的假设，下图表显示的是与现在、将来、过去 相反假设时，虚拟语气主句与条件从句谓语动词的变化形式，现以动词do为例。 主句条件从句现在would/should/could/might +

9、 dobe were/do did将来would/should /could/might + dowere to+do/should +do(只能用should)过去would/should/could/might + have donehad done（2）混合式虚拟语气有时条件从句和主句时态不一致，可以根据主、从句动作发生的时间分别运用相应的虚拟语气；、 （详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的虚拟语气）6、非谓语动词 （Non-finite Verb）非谓语动词是动词的一种形式，就其定义而言，它在句中不能单独作谓语，非谓语动词包括动名词、分词和不定式，非谓语动词是语法学习中的重点也是难点。（

10、详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的非谓语动词）（1）分词（Participle）分词的时态(Tense)(以动词do为例)语态时态主动被动一般式doingbeing done现在分词完成式having donehaving been done过去分词done分词的用法 (Usage)（2）动名词（Gerund）动名词是一种非谓语动词，它的形式与现在分词相同，具有名词和动词的某些特征，它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语，在句中不能单独作谓语。 动名词时态(Tense)(以动词do为例)主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done动名词用

11、法(Usage)（3）不定式(Infinitive)动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语。不定式时态(Tense)以动词 do为例主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing不定式用法（4）非谓语动词之间的区别(Differences among the NonFinite Verbs)分词和动名词动名词和不定式不定式和分词7、比较级结构(Comparative Structure)（1）同级比较形式为：as（形容词或副词）原级（名词） as（2）优劣比较优等比较形式为：比较级thanTom

12、 ran faster than I (did) in the mile race.劣等比较形式为：not so (as) 原级 as=less原级 thanShe is not so beautiful as her sister. =She is less beautiful than her sister.二、试题精练：（ 一 ）非谓语动词、独立主格结构1. The security of the babies is supposed to _by the nurses.A) see to B) be seen to C) be seening to D) be seen2. He cl

13、aimed _at yesterdays party.A) to treat badly B) to have treated badlyC) to be badly treated D) to have been badly treated3. “Did you find out who had stolen my watch?” “That child didnt admit_”A) to have done that B) had done thatC) doing that D) having done that4. Do you remember _to Professor Smit

14、h during your last visit ?A) to be introduced B) being introducedC) having introduced D) to have introduced5. One of the properties of light is _travelling in wave form as it gose from one plaec to another.A) it B) its C) its D) their6. The vacuum tube , invented near the beginning of our century, g

15、ave us the use of radio waves, an energy source never before _, and later opened the road for television,A) was captured B) captured C) capturing D) had been captured7. The headmasters order to have the whole place _at once was unreasonable since he did not provide any tools.A) cleaning up B) to cle

16、an upC) cleaned up D) clean up8. _neglecting our education, my father sent my brother and me to a summer school.A) Accused of B) Accusing ofC) That he was accused of D) To be accused of 9. Susan stood motionless at the end of the diving board, hands at her sides, heels slinghtly raised, every muscle

17、_action.A) anticipating B) anticipatedC) to anticipate D) having anticipated10. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work_, we declined the offer.A) not being finished B) not having finishedC) had not been finished D) was not finished11. He lay on a straw mat with his _.A

18、) closed eyes and his mouth openB) eyes closed and his open mouthC) closed eyes and open his mouthD) eyes closed and his mouth open12. _in the cupboard she went out to get something to eat.A) With something left B) With nothing leavingC) Without anything left D) Without something left13. _by an Amer

19、ican university, I finally flew to San Francisco on August 6, 1988A) Being invited B) Having invitedC) Having been invited D) Had been invited14. “Why isnt Robert here?” “It is my secretarys fault . He forgot all about_him.”A) telephoning B) to telephoneC) to telephone to D) telephoning to15. The wa

20、y he talks is simply intolerable. I object to _like a child.A) treat B) be treated C) treating D) being treated16. _, we have to adopt new measures to solve the problem.A) So is the situation B) That being the caseC) That is the case D) The situation is so17. The young doctor could not sleep at nigh

21、t, his thoughts _him no peace.A) gave B) giving C) being given D) to give18. The room is so dirty that it wants _.A) cleaning B) being cleaned C) to clean D ) cleaned19. Before the Spring Festival, the leaders of the village made house-to-house survey,_in each family about their needs and problems.A

22、) to inquire B) to be inquiringC) inquiring D) inquired20. A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail_ back and forth like the pendulum of a clock .A) swung B) was swungC) swinging D) was swinging（二） 倒装、强调、省略1. Not noly _diffcult to light , but it smelled of oil .A) it was B) it ma

23、de C) did it make D) was it2. _ you have been looking forward to .A) The letter is that B) The letter is hereC) Here the letter is D) Here is the letter3. In the scientific station _ designed to record moonquakes and meteorite impacts .A) instruments were B) were instrumentsC) stands instruments D)

24、instruments stand4. Most people would agree that only in exceptional circumstances _ the turth from the patient .A) should a doctor hide B) a doctor should hideC) a doctor would hide D) a doctor will hide5. As is the teacher , _ .A) so is the pupil B) so does the pupilC) the pupil does so D) the pou

25、pil is so6. Just as the soil is a part of the earth , _ the atomosphere .A) as it is B) the same isC) so is D) and so is7. Humble _ it may be , there is no place like home .A) although B) as C) how D) that8. Wood does not conduct electricity ,_ .A) so do rubber B) so does rubberC) nor does rubber D)

26、 nor rubber does9. _ you want me to do ?A) Who is it that B) What is it thatC) Wherever is it that D) Whenever is it that10. Up went the price and _ .A) the living standard came downB) came down the living standardC) down the living standard cameD) down came the living standard11. Not until I shoute

27、d at the top of my voice _ his head .A) that he turned B) did he turnC) he didnt D) he had turned12. _ Adam Smiths “ The Wealth of Nations ” that Jim Green was fascinated by economic theory .A) After reading B) It was readingC) It was after reading D) Having reading13. _ the first to use nuclear wea

28、pons .A) At no time China will be B) Never China will beC) At no time will China be D) Will China never be14. No sooner had the bell rung _ .A) when the class began B) than the class beganC) while the class began D) then the class began15. Only when you have occupied suffcient materials _ come to a

29、sound conclusion .A) can you B) you can C) you will D) you are to16. Little _ that he would fulfill his task so rapidly .A) we expected B) did we expectC) do we expect D) we expect17. In no way _ smoke in the air-conditioned bus .A) passengers can B) are passengers permitted toC) passengers are perm

30、itted D) are permitted passengers to18. All animals need air and _ .A) so plants do B) so need plantsC) so do plants D) plants are so19. It is during his spare time _ Jhon has been studying a course in English .A) when B) where C) that D) as20. _ the lightening when I heard a clap of thunder .A) No

31、sooner had I seen B) No more than I had seenC) Scarcely had I seen D) Not until I had seen（三） 一致关系1. This is the best of the automobiles that _ in working order .A) is B) had C) are D) have2. Fifteen minutes _ for a boy who is eager to see his girl friend .A) seem a long time B) seemed a long timeC)

32、 seems a long time D) seems long time ago3. It is not I but you who _ the first to run to the goal in that competition .A) is B) was C) are D) is going to4. With the elevation of peoples standard of living , cosmetics _ favorite topic , especially among women .A) became B) becomes C) become D) have

33、become5. Breathing normally in a heavily-polluted city _ equal to smoking a pack of cigarettes a day .A) are B) is C) be D) will be6. What the man said under the oath _ by several other witnesses .A) was disputed B) were disputed C) disputed D) be disputed7. To balance the budget and to provide jobs

34、 _ two goals of the elected official .A) is going to be B) is C) becomes D) are8. The community , as well as the owners of the land _ in development .A) are interested B) are interestingC) is interested D) is interesting9. Not noly Joan but her sisters _ the combination to the safe which contains th

35、e list of the family securities .A) have known B) know C) knows D) is knowing10. _ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?A) Are B) Where C) Is D) Does11. Many an airplane _ in the exhibition .A) are shown B) has been shown C) has shown D) show them12. A series of debates between t

36、he lecturers _ for the next weekend .A) are scheduled B) was scheduledC) were scheduled D) have been scheduled13. Not only Tom but also his wife _ fond of watching television .A) are B) were C) be D) was14. Joes father , along with his two uncles , _ in New York one more day .A) demand that he stay

37、B) demands that he staysC) demands that he stay D) demand that he stay15. _going to the exhibition .A) All but he and I are B) All but he and I amC) All but him and me are D) All but he and me am16. At the moment each of the girls was too busy thinking about _own personal safety to care much about t

38、he luggage .A) her B) their C) his D) our17. According to the schedule , there-fourths of the dyke _ by the end of this year .A) had to be finished B) are to be finishedC) have to be finished D) has to be finished18. Many species of animals which once lived on the earth _ no longer in existence .A)

39、is B) are C) was D) were19. My family _ very interested in playing bowls , which _ very much in fashion now .A) isis B) areare C) isare D) areis20. The number of students in the oral English program training _ to 20 .A) limits B) is limited C) limited D) are limited（四） 虚拟语气、情态动词+完成式1. Everything _ i

40、f Albert hadnt called the fire brigade .A) will be destroyed B) will have destroyedC) would have destroyed D) would have been destroyed2. If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday , _ .A) you wont find any difficulty nowB) you would not have found any diffficult nowC) you would not find any

41、 difficulty nowD) you have not found any difficulty now3. He would be studying at the university now if he _ the ertrance examination .A) passed B) have passed C) had passed D) should have passed4. The millions of calculations involved , had they been done by hand ,_ all practical value by the time

42、they were finished .A) could lose B) would have lost C) might lose D) ought have lost5. But that he came to help me , I _ .A) could not have succeeded B) did not succeedC) could not succeed D) cant but succeed6. Many students and teachers urged that the library _ during the vacation .A) should keep

43、open B) would be kept openC) is kept open D) be kept open7. It is moved that Lucy _ a performance at the evening party .A) will give B) shall give C) give D) gives8. Its about time people _ notice of what women did during the War .A) take B) took C) have taken D) will take9. “The lecturer was a tall

44、 thin man with white hair .” “ Then it _ Dr. Firld because he is short and fat . It _Dr. Jones ; he is thin .”A) cant bemust beB) couldnt have beenmight have beenC) must becant beD) cant have beenmust have been10. It is generally thought to be of necessity to a college student that he _ at least one foreign language .A) know B) knows C) would know D) should have known11. The business is risky . But _ , we would be rich .A