汉译英--句子的联结(1)

1、汉译英汉译英汉语分句，散句汉语分句，散句的英译的英译朱云汉2014-3汉英句子的基本原理YU启示n1. 结构差异 重组、联结n2. 语篇意识-散点观局，焦点着手n3. 信息焦点：找准主语n4. 句子平衡：分清主次，叠床架屋 1. 结构差异n汉语隐形，体现为意合(parataxis);英语显性，体现为形合(hypotaxis)n英语多长句，汉语多短句只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。n英语多从句，汉语多分句 英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这

2、些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。n父母对孩子的态度表明了文化的价值观。n美国人向来推崇独立、自主。n美国的孩子从小就受到鼓励，要自己拿主意。n父母还使孩子确信只有他自己才知道他需要什么，应该做什么。 nParents attitude towards their children indicates cultural values. nAmericans have traditionally held in dependence in high est

3、eem. nFrom early age, the American children are encouraged to make up his own mind;n he is made to believe that he himself is the best judge of what he wants and what he should do. 结构差异带来的启示n1. 正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。实现显性连接。ne.g. 在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来可达桌子高。n思路：SVO=纸+达到+桌子高。n问

4、题：累起来怎么处理？结构差异带来的启示ne.g. 在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来可达桌子高。nIn that year and a half, the paper on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory, if stacked up, could reach the table from the floor. n2. 2. 掌握内在联系正确断句掌握内在联系正确断句n我们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。nMr. Wang, the head teacher respon

5、sible for our class, was over fifty. He had a square-shaped face with a full beard. n3. 正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。n大家都记得1979年秋天，当这个总共只念过八年书、连英文字母也认不全，而且已有三个孩子的女工，竟然报名上电大英语班时，招来了多少惊讶的目光。nThey remember how many astonished looks were cast at her in the autumn of 1979, when this woman wo

6、rker with only 8 years schooling, little acquaintance with the English alphabet and three children to look after, actually enrolled in the English class offered by the local TV university. 2. 语篇意识-散点观局，焦点着手n语篇意识是指把整个语篇视为一个整体，注重其内在连贯性(coherence)，也就是注重文章思路和逻辑，注意上下文联系。连贯性是通过Cohesion来实现的，就是把上下文联系起来的那些词汇

7、和语法手段，如连词、代词、指示词以及起连接作用的短语和句式等。n如果缺乏整体观，翻译中只会盯住一个个孤立的句子，译出来的句子语法正确，但上下文无法串联或明显累赘，头绪混乱，看不出来龙去脉。n启示：散点观局，焦点着手n离开道路数十丈处有座大屋，屋檐下站着一个中年文士，一个十一二岁的小孩。那文士见到这等情景，不禁长叹一声，眼眶也红了，说道：“可怜，可怜！”nUnder the eaves of a large house, some hundred yards from the road, a middle-aged scholar was standing with a ten- or elev

8、en-year-old boy at his side. He was evidently affected by this little scene, for a groan escaped his lips and he appeared to be very close to tears. Poor creatures! he murmured to himself.分析：n我常常遗憾我家门前的那块丑石呢:它黑黝黝地卧在那里，牛似的模样;谁也不知道是什么时候留在这里的，谁也不去理会它。只是麦收时节，门前摊了麦子，奶奶总是要说:这块丑石，多碍地面哟，多时把它搬走吧。n我常常遗憾我家门前的那

9、块丑石呢:它黑黝黝地卧在那里，牛似的模样;谁也不知道是什么时候留在这里的，谁也不去理会它。只是麦收时节，门前摊了麦子，奶奶总是要说:这块丑石，多碍地面哟，多时把它搬走吧。nI used to be sorry for the ugly stone in front of our door. It is black and looks like an ox. Nobody knew when it was left there and paid any attention to it. Only when the season for harvesting wheat arrived and t

10、he grains of the wheat were spread over the ground beyond the door, would my grandma always say: “look at this ugly stone! It takes so much space. And someday it will be moved away.”nI used to feel sorry for that ugly black piece of stone lying like an ox in front of our door; none knew when it was

11、left there and none paid any attention to it，except at the time when wheat was harvested and my grandma，seeing the grains of wheat spread all over the ground in the front yard of the house，would grumble: “This ugly stone takes so much space. Move it away someday.”3. 信息焦点:找准主语 英语句子通常是“主语主语 + 谓语谓语”结构，

12、而汉语句子通常是 “主题（即话题）主题（即话题） + 述题（即围述题（即围绕话题的信息）绕话题的信息）” 结构。在翻译时，要进行句式结构的相互转换,给汉语的英译句子找一个合适的主语。n英语主语的构成：名词；动名词；不定式；形式主语主语选定n例一：看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌。q1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon.q2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by pan

13、ic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic.q3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic. n看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了撤退的心思。原文思路：n1. 改写为欧化中文：大家如此惊慌以致于 (sothat & such that)n2. 理清逻辑：整体与部分（大家-有人）译文一n看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。nThe sight of the miserable scene threw people into such

14、 a panic that some of them even had the idea of making a retreat. nThe sight of the miserable scene made people so panic-stricken that some of them even conceived of/entertained the idea of making a retreat. 译文二n看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。nThe sight of the miserable scene terrified the people, so

15、me of whom even harbored the intention of making a retreat. 4 句子平衡：分清主次，叠床架屋 n启示：主谓先行，叠床架屋n除夕之夜吃年夜饭是必不可少的程序。全家人围坐着一张桌子一同分享佳肴，人多的话兴许不止一张桌子。 nFeast dinner on the New Years eve is a must for the whole family that sit at one or more tables.nFeast dinner is a must for the whole family on the New Years ev

16、e when all the family members sit at one or more tables.n王教授精通好几种外语，他有资格在那种场合担任译员。nProfessor Wang, who has a good command of several foreign languages, is qualified to be an interpreter on that occasion.n上周五我去飞机场为一位老朋友送行，他应美国某州立大学的邀请，即将飞往该国讲学一年。nLast Friday, I went to the airport to see an old frien

17、d off, who was flying to the United States at the invitation of a state university to give lectures there for a year.n上海的字面意思是“位于海之上”。它位于黄浦江岸。黄浦江是长江流入大海之前最后一条支流。nShanghai，which means “above the sea”, is on the Huangpu river， the lower tributary at the mouth of the Yangtze.n上海有一千三百多万人口，是世界上最大的城市之一。nS

18、hanghai has a population of over thirteen million and is one of the largest cities in the world.nShanghai, a city with a population of over thirteen million, is one of the largest cities in the world.n小李是一位新生。他来自南方的一个省份。小李说一口方言，我们觉得很难听懂他说话。nLi, a new student from a southern province, speaks a dialect which is difficult for us to understand.n1953年， 美国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹，并准备用核武器进攻中国。当新中国的领导人得知这个消息时，深感忧虑，立即做出了建立和发展