第1章绪论《生理学》(双语)

1、生理学（Physiology）主讲：主讲： （人卫第八版）（人卫第八版）Physiology: the study of the logic of lifeLifeLogicStudy生理学PhysiologyPlant PhysiologyBacterial PhysiologyViral PhysiologyAnimal PhysiologyHuman Physiology第一节 生理学的任务和研究方法 (The mission and methods of physiological study)w 一、生理学及其任务 (The concept and mission of physio

2、logical study) 生理学(physiology)是研究生物体及其各组成部分正常功能活动规律的一门科学。 生物体（organism）：简称为机体，是自然界中有生命的物体的总称，包括一切动物、植物和微生物。第一章第一章 绪绪 论论Chapter 1 Introduction（1）产生规律和特点；）产生规律和特点；（2）发生机制；）发生机制；（3）内外环境变化对这些活）内外环境变化对这些活动的影响。动的影响。生理学的任务生理学的任务w 二、生理学与医学的关系 (The relationship between physiology and medicine) 人体生理学(human ph

3、ysiology)是研究人体机能活动及其规律的科学。二、生理学与医学的关系 (The relationship between physiology and medicine) w 1、生理学知识是在医学实践、科学研究和技术发展过程中不断积累起来的；w 2、生理学可为后继医学课程的学习及科研、教学和临床医疗工作打好必要的 理论基础。De Motu Cordis“On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood In Animals” (1628) (/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html)W. Ha

4、rvey (1578-1657) (English)Rise of modern physiology三、生理学的研究方法三、生理学的研究方法(Methods used in physiological study) 急性动物实验(acute animal experiment) w 在体(in vivo)实验 离体(in vitro)实验 如：去大脑僵直 如：骨骼肌实验装置图(一)动物实验(animal experiment) w 慢性动物实验(chronic animal experiment) 如研究动物的胃液分泌，采用假饲的实验方法(一)动物实验(animal experiment)

5、（二）人体实验（二）人体实验（一）器官和系统水平（二）细胞和分子水平（三）整体水平w四、生理学研究的不同水平 (The different levels of physiological study)1. Organ and System Physiology2. Cellular and molecular PhysiologyMeasurementof cell shorteningCell length ( m) 120905sMeasurement of Ca2+i0.61.3340/3805s3. Integrative Physiology 第二节第二节 机体的内环境和稳态机体的内

6、环境和稳态(Internal environment and homeostasis of body) w一、机体的内环境(Internal environment)w 外环境(external environment) ：机体生存的外界环境，包括自然环境和社会环境。w 内环境(internal environment)：围绕在多细胞动物体内细胞周围的液体，即细胞外液，称为机体的内环境。A French physiologist known for his idea of the internal environment (1813-1878) 体液体液 (60% 体重体重) * * 细胞内液

7、细胞内液Intracellular fluid (40%) * * 细胞外液细胞外液Extracellular fluid (20%) 血浆血浆 Plasma (5%) 组织液组织液 Interstitial fluid (15%) 淋巴淋巴 Lymph (1%) 脑脊液脑脊液 Cerebrospinal fluid (1%) 眼内液眼内液Aqueous humor (1%) etc.w homeostasis（稳态） 是指内环境的理化性质，如温度、pH、渗透压和各种液体成分等的相对恒定状态。 二、内环境的稳态二、内环境的稳态内环境内环境(internal environment) 1870

8、By Claude Bernard (1813-1878) 内环境的各种理化因素保持相对内环境的各种理化因素保持相对稳定，称之为内环境的稳定，称之为内环境的稳态稳态(homeostasis)By W. B. Cannon (1871-1945)生理意义：生理意义：内环境的稳态是细胞维内环境的稳态是细胞维持正常生理功能和机体维持正常生持正常生理功能和机体维持正常生命活动的必要条件命活动的必要条件动态平衡。动态平衡。代谢代谢产物产物养养 料料细胞外液细胞外液内环境内环境 机体机体外环境外环境细胞细胞-RegulationBodys systems operate together to maint

9、ain homeostasis:Skin systemSkeletal and muscular systemCirculatory system Respiratory systemDigestive systemUrinary systemNervous systemEndocrine systemLymphatic systemReproductive systemHow is homeostasis achieved? Components of Homeostasis:lConcentration of O2 and CO2 lpH of the internal environme

10、nt lConcentration of nutrients and waste products lConcentration of salt and other electrolytes lVolume and pressure of extracellular fluid 第三节 机体生理功能的调节(The regulation of body physiological functions) wNervous RegulationwHumoral RegulationwAutoregulation一、生理功能的调节方式一、生理功能的调节方式（一）神经调节(Nervous regulat

11、ion) w 反射(reflex) ：w 反射的结构基础：反射的结构基础：反射弧(reflex arc)Knee jerk reflexReceptor Afferent (sensory) nerve Reflex center (brain or spinal cord) Efferent (motor) nerve EffectorReflex Arcw 特点：反应迅速 起作用快 调节精确。w 可分为 非条件反射(unconditioned reflex) 条件反射(conditioned reflex) 特点与分类特点与分类（二）体液调节(Humoral regulation) w 体

12、液调节是指机体的某些组织细胞所分泌的特殊的化学物质，通过体液途径到达并作用于靶器官，调节靶器官生理活动的一种调节方式。 w 特点：作用缓慢而持久，作用面较广泛，调节方式相对恒定，它对人体生命活动的调节和自身稳态的维持起着重要作用。 Endocrine cellsHormoneHormoneReceptorTraditional description of humoral regulation by hormoneHumoral regulationVasopressinOxytocinNeuroendocrine (Neurosecretion)w PheromonePheromone fo

13、r MenOriginal price: $99.95Ant Alarm Pheromone w 自身调节是指某些细胞或组织器官凭借本身内在特性，而不依赖神经调节和体液调节，对内环境变化产生特定适应性反应的过程。 特点：调节强度较弱，影响范围小，且灵敏度较低，调节常局限于某些器官或组织细胞内，但对于该器官或组织细胞生理活动的功能调节仍然具有一定的意义。 （三）自身调节(Autoregulation)Definition: Intrinsic (independent of any neural or humoral influences) ability of an organ to main

14、tain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressureMechanism: Stretch-activated constriction of vessels Significance: Maintenance of near-constant cerebral, renal and coronary blood flow80180 mmHgSummary: Summary: Many control systems work to maintain Many control systems work to mainta

15、in homeostasis. The regulation homeostasis. The regulation systems of human body can be divided into nerve systems of human body can be divided into nerve regulation, humoral regulation and autoregulation, regulation, humoral regulation and autoregulation, Many physiological activities are regulated

16、 by the Many physiological activities are regulated by the nervous system. This is callednervous system. This is called nervous regulation.nervous regulation. A A reflexreflex is the basic model of nervous regulation is the basic model of nervous regulation andand the the reflex arcreflex arc is the

17、 pathway in a reflex. is the pathway in a reflex. Chemical substances secreted by some tissues arrive Chemical substances secreted by some tissues arrive at target organs through body fluids and regulate at target organs through body fluids and regulate physiological activity of the target organ. Th

18、is is physiological activity of the target organ. This is called called humoral regulationhumoral regulation. . In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental change, depending directly to the environmental change, depend

19、ing neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called form of regulation is called autoregulation.autoregulation.三种调节方式的特点：三种调节方式的特点：神经调节迅速、局限、精确体液调节缓慢、弥散、持久自身调节范围小，不太灵敏w （一）反馈控制系统“闭环闭环”系统系统 (Feedback control system) 二、体内的控制系

20、统二、体内的控制系统(Adaptive control system in human body)Closed-loop systemAutomatic controlNegative feedbackPositive feedback Feedback Control SystemControl CenterEffectorsStimulusResponse1、负反馈控制系统 w负反馈(negative feedback) 在闭环控制系统中，受控部分发出的反馈信息抑制控制部分的活动，使其活动减弱，这种反馈称为负反馈。例如：胰岛素对血糖浓度的调节、减压反射等例如：胰岛素对血糖浓度的调节、减压反

21、射等生理意义：生理意义：通过负反馈调节可使系统处于一种稳定状态，维持机体维持机体生理功能的生理功能的稳态稳态。Negative feedback: commonA change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that change Examples:Regulation of blood pressure, Regulation of body temperature,Regulation of hormone release2、正反馈控制系统 w 正反馈(positive feed

22、back) 在闭环控制系统中，受控部分发出的反馈信号加强控制部分的活动，使其活动增强，这种反馈称为正反馈。例如：例如： 排尿反射、分娩、血液凝固排尿反射、分娩、血液凝固生理意义：生理意义：与负反馈相反，正反馈不可能维持系统的稳态或平衡，而是破坏原先的平 衡状态，使机体的某项生使机体的某项生理功能不断加强，得以迅速完成。理功能不断加强，得以迅速完成。Positive feedback: uncommonA change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which amplifies that change +Examples:Child birth MicturitionBlood coagulationVicious circle under pathophysiological conditions子宫收缩子宫收缩(结果结果)胎儿头部牵张子胎儿头部牵张子宫颈部宫颈部催产素分泌催产素分泌(原因原因)（二）前馈控制系统(Feed-forward control system)w 当控制部分发出信号，指令受控部分进行某一活动时，受控部分不 发出反馈信号，而是由某一监测装置在受到刺激后发出前馈信号，