中考英语专题复习——冠词与名词

1、*专题复习冠词和名词制作人：张SIR专题一冠词和名词知识清单常考点清单一冠词一、冠词在句中的位置及分类冠词主要放在名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或物，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：a和an为不定冠词，the为定冠词。二、冠词的泛指和特指用法泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或物。特指是指上文已提到的人或物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或物，也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。冠词的特指和泛指用法可归纳为下表：泛指单一，每一，任一事物a a（n）L指类别丁上文提到过的人或事物可数名词前一定要用冠词J被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物（特指说话双方所默认的人或事物世上独一无二

2、的事物I the ,指类别 r（上文提到的人或事物the特指被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物复数可数名词I说话双方所默认的人或事物不可数名词前/泛指人或事物1零冠词（指类别三、不定冠词的用法1 .在叙述时用于第一次提到的某人或某物。This is a book.这是一本书。2 .泛指人或事物的某一类别，以区别其他种类。A plane is a machine that can fly. 翻译： 3 .泛指某人或某物。A girl is waiting for you. 翻译： 4 .用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当于every。80 kilometers an h

3、our,five lessons a week twice a month5 .用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一阵，一份，一类，一场”等。There'll be a strong wind in South China. 翻译： 6 .用于某些固定词组中。a few/ little / bit （ 点JL ）, have a swim / walk / talk / look / drink / rest = swim/ walk / talk / look / rest, have a cold （感冒）,have a good time （玩得高兴）,in a hurry （

4、匆忙）,for a while （ 一会儿）,keep a diary （写日记），do sb a favor （帮助某人）7 .用于可视为一体的两个名词前。例如： a knife and fork 一副四、定冠词the的用法1 .表示双都知道的人或事物。Give me the book, please.翻译： 2 .表示特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物。你认识那个穿红衣服的女孩吗？翻译： Do you know?我有一本书。这本书很有趣。I have a book.book is very.3 .表示世界上独一无二的事物。The earth moves around the sun.翻译： 4

5、 .用在序数词、形容词最高级前面，以及对两个人或事物进行比较时起特指作用的比较级前。The first lesson is very easy. 翻译： She is the most careful student in my class. 翻译： 5 .用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人或夫妻俩。The Greens TV now. 格林一家人正在看电视。6 .用在单数名词前表示一类人或事物。The orange is orange.（橘子） 翻译： 7 .用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前，或在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall 长城 the United S

6、tates 美国8 .与某些形容词连用表示一类人。The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。9 .用在表示方位或乐器名称的名词之前。Jilin is of China. 吉林位于中国的北部。I like playing. 我喜欢弹钢琴。10 .用在某些固定词组中。in the morning / afternoon / evening （在早晨 /中午 /晚上）;in the daytime （在白天）;in the end （最后）;all the time （直）;at the same time （同时）;by the way（顺便说）;in the

7、open air （在户夕卜）;at the age of （在岁时）;at the beginning of （在开始时）;in the middle of （在中间）;at the moment （立亥h 马上） 五、定冠词的位置1 .当定冠词与all, half, both, double等词连用修饰名词时，定冠词放在这些词之后。Look,are here. 瞧，所有的书者B在这儿。Both boys are from Class 1, Grade 2.这两个男孩都是二年级一班的。They walked half the journey.他们走了一半的旅程。2 .当定冠词与表示倍数、分数

8、的词连用时，需要放在这些词之后。The bed is three times of that one.这张床是那张床的三倍大。The rope is one third of that one.这根绳子是那根的三分之一长。六、零冠词的用法1 .不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前面用零冠词。Man can't live without water.没有水人就不能活。Horses are domestic animals.马是一种驯养的动物。2 .某些专有名词，如人名、地名、国名、物质名词、抽象名词表示泛指时前面用零冠词。China is a great country.Mary lives

9、in New York.3 .名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时，用零冠词。Every student likes English in our class.4 .用在表节日、日期、星期、月份、季节等的词前面，但若特指某年的某月份或某年的某季节，则需要在月份、季节前加the。June 1st is Children's Day.Spring comes after winter.5 .用在称呼和表示头衔的名词前。This is Professor Li.What's wrong, Granny ?6 .用在三餐、球类及学科名词前。I went to sc

10、hool without breakfast this morning. 今天早晨我没吃早饭就去上学了。He often plays basketball after school.他经常放学后踢足球。7 .用在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名、路名、山名等的名词前。Nanjing Road 南京路 Hainan Island 海南岛8 .用在与by连用的交通工具名词前。by car, by train 但 take a car, in a boat, on the bike 前需用冠词。9 .用在公共假日、节日名称前。New Year's Day, Women's Day10

11、 .用在某些固定词组或习惯用语中。day and night （日日夜夜）,face to face （面对面）,side by side （肩并肩）,step by step （ 一步一步地）,at school / work / home （在学校/在工作/在家）,in danger （在危险中）,in bed （卧病在床）,in time （及时）, at noon/night / dawn （在中午 /晚上 /黎明）,on duty / watch （值日 /执勤）题组训练根据需要，用冠词 a, an,或者the填空。1. He is honest boy, so we believe

12、 him.2. Swimming is great fun in summer.3. There is h" in the word hour”, but h" doesn't make sound.4. I prefer playing guitar to Chinese chess.5. first lesson is easiest one in this book.6. I caught bad cold and stayed in bed yesterday.7. John is stronger of the twin brothers.8. How a

13、bout charity show? Should say it was great success.易混点清单一冠词一、不定冠词 a / an的区别a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用在以 音素开头的单词前，判断一个单词是元音开头，还是辅音开头，要根据其 ,而不是根据字母。honest boy useful book universityThere is "f in the word "five.”我们可以这样来记忆：不见元音不加an,不看字母看发音。1 .在26个字母中，前面用 an的字母有：a, e, f, h, m, n, o, r, s, x,其他用a。2 .以u

14、开头的单词要注意区别。umbrella, unusual story, unhappy boy, university, useful book二、单数名词前加定冠词、不定冠词，复数名词前不加冠词都可以表示“一类”。A horse is a useful animal.=is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。=are useful animals.三、有定冠词和无定冠词的区别1. go to school上学（是学生）go to the school到学校去 （不一定是学生）2. go to bed就寝，上床睡觉go to the bed向床边走去，走到床前（不 去睡觉）

15、3. in hospital因病住院in the hospital在医院里（不一定是病人）4. at table 吃饭at the table在桌子旁5. at school 在上学at the school在学校里6. in class 在上课in the class在班级里7. in future 今后四、序数名词前用定冠词与不定冠词的区别“the+序数词”表示“第几a+序数词”表示in the future 将来8. in front of 在（外部的）前面in the front of在（内部的）前面9. next year 明年the next year 第二年10. by sea

16、乘船by the sea 在海边11. in bed （睡、病、躺）在床上in the bed （某物）在床上12. on earth 究竟 on the earth 在地球上“又一，再一”。The cake is delicious, and I would like a second one. 五、a number of, the number of蛋糕很好吃，我想再吃一块。a number of意思是"许多"，相当于a lot of; the number of意思是"的数目，的数量”，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。A number of students(l

17、ike)playing computer games.许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。The number of the students(be) about 1,500 in our school.我们学校学生的人数大约是1500。六、当名词被其他词修饰时，不定冠词a或an的位置应注意：1 .当名词被such, half, what, many等修饰时，不定冠词被放在这些词之后。He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door. 他离开地如此匆忙以至于忘了 关门。It took me half an hour to write the

18、letter.写那封信花了 我半个小时。What an interesting book it is! 这是多么有趣的一本书啊！Many a man has gone to the big cities for work. 许多人至 U大城市去打工了。2 .当名词前面的形容词前有so, how, too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.她是这么好的一个女孩啊，她把那位盲人带进了车站。How nice a film this is!这是多么好的一部电影啊！3 .当名

19、词前面有形容词和quite, rather或very时，不定冠词置于 quite或rather之后，very之前。quite a good book 本十分好看的书 rather a useful tool 一种相当有用的工具a very interesting story 个非常有趣的故事题组训练将下列句子改成同义句。1. This book is so interesting that I can 't stop reading.This is book that I can 't stop reading.2. The swimming pool is fifty met

20、res long.This is a swimming pool.3. There are about 1,200 workers in the factory.the workers in the factory is about 1,200.4. If you exercise more, you 'll be healthier.you exercise,you 'll be.常考点清单二名词、名词的分类名词即表示人或物的名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表:类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名Lucy, the Greener, C

21、hina, the Great Wall,称的词the Great Hall of the People普可 数个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词dictionary, pencil, chair, table, book, dog名通词集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词people, police, youth, cattle, team, group名不 可物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词water, rice, paper, air, wood, wool词数 名 词抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情、等抽象 概念的词danger, health, life, knowledge, i

22、nterest, love, homework、可数名词的复数形式1 .名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词( Countable Nouns)与不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns ),可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，名词复数构成形式的部分规则如下:情况构成方法块日例词一般情况加-s在清辅首后读/s/在浊辅自和兀首后读 /z/在t后读/ts/在d后读/dz/cake - cakes day student bed 以s, x, sh, ch等结 尾的词加-es读/乞/bus - buses class watch 以辅音字母加-y结 尾的词变y为i,再加-es读/z/baby -

23、babies city country lady 以元音字母加-y结 尾的词加-s读/z/toy toys monkey 以f(fe)结尾的词变 f(fe)为 ves读 /vz/leaf leaveswolf life 以 ce, se, ze, (d)ge 等结尾的词加-s读/乞/face - facesorange 改变单数名词中的 儿日子母m? n menman menwoman foot tooth 不规则变化单复数形式相同读首,不艾fish - fish sheep sheep deer - deer Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese其他形式maus

24、 maismouse2 .某国人变复数中国人a Chinese Chinese日本人a Japanese Japanese 英国人 an Englishman f Englishmen 法国人a Frenchman f Frenchmen美国人an American f Americans阿拉伯人an Arab Arabs(4)埃及人an Egyptian f Egyptians(6)澳大利亚人德国人a German 一 Germansan Australian f Australians可用口诀记住这一点，即：中日不变英法变，其余 s加后面。hero fnegro f3 .以o结尾的名词，有

25、些在词尾加-es.potato f potatoes, tomato f有些在词尾加-s。zoo f zoos, radio f, photo f, piano f, kangaroo f, bamboo f4 .复合名词前面的名词是man, woman,变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。man teacher f men teachers, woman driverf ,boy student f boy students,apple tree f 5 .字母、数字、引语或缩略语(词)语的复数形式是在其后加's

26、或s。There are two f's in the word office".单词office里有两个f。Many VIPs are coming to our city.许多重要人物即将到我们市来。6 .有些以-f或-fe结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。roof 一 roofs 屋顶 belief 一 信仰 proof 一 证据 chief 一 首领三、名词所有格1 .名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式，一种是 所有格，另一种是of所有格。Beijing is China 's capital.=Beijing is China.2 .用and连接两个

27、并列的单数名词表示共有关系，这时只在最后一个名词前加'osThis is Mary and her sister's bedroom.翻译： Lucy and Lily 's mother is an English teacher. 翻译： 用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词在词尾都加s表示所有关系。These are Tom's and Mary's bags.翻译： Weihua's and John's passports are missing.翻译： 3 .以s结尾的名词，在 s后面加“不以s结尾的词

28、在词尾加s。Teachers' DayChildren's Day4 . of所有格常用于表示无生命的东西。the door of the room 翻译： the leaves of the tree 翻译： 桌子的腿翻译： 5 .双重所有格有两种形式： of +名词所有格；of +名词性物主代词。He is a friend of my brother 翻译：'Is she a daughter of yours? 翻译： 6 .表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上代表全称。at the doctor ' s = at the doctor &

29、#39; s7 .在one, body和some, any, no, every综合起来的复合名词后加构成名词所有格。someone' s book这些代词和else连用时，'应放在else后。somebody else ' s pencil8 .表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾加或'构成所有格。today ' s news 翻译：ten minutes，ride/drive/wal翻译：3个小时的车程翻译：四、名词在句中的作用1 .作主语名词在句中能作很多成分，但作主语是它的主要用途之一。English is very usefu

30、l.英语很有用。The children are playing games happily.孩子们在高兴地做游戏。2 .作定语名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。paper tigers 偿氏老虎）,sales man （售货员）man cook （男厨JM）trees （香蕉树）boys （报童） house （海关大楼）3 .作及物动词和介词的宾语She works hard at Chinese every day.她每天在努力地学中文。4 .作表语Tom is my good friend.汤姆是我的好朋友。5 .作宾语补足语They chose the boy monitor.他们选择那

31、个男孩当班长。6 .作状语My father will come back next Monday.我父亲将于下周一回来。7 .作同位语This is Miss. Smith, our English teacher.这位是史密斯小姐，我们的英语老师。题组训练用所给单词的正确形式填空。1. When the cat is away, the(mouse) will play happily together.2. Those you admire very much are called(hero).3. I ve got a toothache, so I need to go to the

32、(dentist).4. How many(woman doctor) are there in the hospital?5. The red car over there belongs to my(father).6. It's about twenty(minute) ride from my house to the city centre.7. Most of the tourists on the coach are(German), only two of them(Japanese).8. Would you please make some(room) for th

33、e old man, sir?易混点清单二名词一、有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。work (工作)-a work (一部彳品)glass (玻璃)-a glass ()paper (纸)一 a paper ()tea (茶)a tea (一种茶)(表示种类)wood - a wood ()room (空间)-a room ()二、有不少名词在汉语中是可数的，在英语中却不可数，比如说：a news, a bread, a cloth等。如果要表示"'这一概念，就必须加a piece of一类的定语。a piece of news 一贝 U 新闻a pie

34、ce of advice()a piece of bread()a piece of work()a carton of milk()a block of ice ()a pair of glasses ()a pair of trousers ()a piece of music ()三、有些名词以s结尾，但它们不是复数。physics (物理学),maths (), politics (), news ()四、“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式，必须用单数形式。She is a five-year-old girl.他是一个五岁的女孩。(Rve-year-ol

35、d 不能说成是 five-years-old ) a five-pound note 翻译： a six-foot-deep hole 翻译： a two-metre-long ruler 翻译：一栋十层的高楼翻译：一本两英寸厚的字典翻译：五、分辨可数名词盒不可数名词的八句口诀可数不可数好分辨，名词所示物分两半。每半还能把原名叫，不可数名词就遇到。有的名词是两面堵，意变不可数为可数。bike (自行车)如果把一辆自行车分两半，每半只能叫自行车的一部分，不能再叫自行车，所以bike是可数名词。water (水)如果把一杯水分为两杯装，每杯仍可叫水。因此，water是不可数名词。orange (橘

36、汁)把一瓶橘汁分成两瓶，每瓶还可叫橘汁，故 orange (橘汁)为不可数名词，但意为“橘子” 时是可数名词。六、双重所有格与 of所有格的用法a a friend of her mother'sI他母亲的一位朋友(强调他母亲朋友中的一位)a friend of her mother1他母亲的朋友(强调这是他母亲的朋友)a picture of his mother ' s他弟弟的一张照片(强调是他弟弟众多照片中的一张，不一定是他本人)a picture of his brother|他弟弟本人的一张照片(强调是他本人)七、同义词辨析1. family, house 与 hom

37、efamily指“家，家庭”，可强调家庭中的全体成员，不指住房；home作家”讲，指人们生活居住的地方，强调居住d饿范围和环境；house有 住宅，家”之意，强调房屋和居住点。My family are very kind. 我们全家都很友好。 He left home for Beijing.他离家去北京了。They lived in a small house.他们住在一个小房子里。2. job 与 workJob是可数名词，指一项具体的工作，多指“零工”或“短工” ； work是不可数名词，指工作、劳动、努力、用功。 Selling newspapers is his part-time

38、 job.卖报纸是他的兼职工作。 He has been out of work.他失业了。3. problem, question两个词都表示 问题”。一般来说，problem总是与 困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、教学问题，这种 问 题”是 宥待解决的"，与之搭配的动词是 solve; question总是与 疑问，质问，询问”相联系，这种 问题” 是有待回答的”，常与动词answer连用。He asked me some questions.他问了 我些问题。There is no problem that she is honest.他为人诚实是毫无疑问的。4. voice,

39、 noise, soundvoice是 嗓音"；noise是 吵闹音”，指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声； sound是指人所听到的。自然界的任何声音。题组训练选择适当的词填空。1. Tom regards Nanjing as his second because he has been here for over ten years. (family; house; home )2. Li Ling wants to be a singer. She thinks it' s a interesting (work; job)3. The now is that he alway

40、s has lots of to ask. (question; problem)4. At the foot of the hill, you could hear nothing but the of the running water. (voice; noise; sound)基础训练题1. （2008 南京,21） More and more foreign students come to China to learn Chinese.A. aB. anC. theD.不填2. （2008 淮安，17） Betty is talented. She plays violin ver

41、y well.A. aB. anC. the3. （2008,宿迁,3） Do you know woman in pink over there?Yes. She is office worker of Lijing Hotel.A. a; anB. the; theC. a; theD. the; an4. （2008 盐城,26） What' s your? I like collecting stamps.A. nameB. jobC. addressD. hobby5. （2008 宿迁，1） Orange represents.It can bring you succes

42、s and cheer you up when you are feeling sad.A. wisdomB. joyC. energyD. sadness6. （2008 连云港,21） Dr. Ma,ORBIS doctor, has done so important job that many people are gratefulto him.A. a; aB. a; anC. an; aD. an; an7. （2008 连云港,28） A picture of the White House?D. BangkokD.不填D. clothes shopD. MIND YOUR HE

43、AD Yes, I took it in.A. LondonB. WashingtonC. Paris8. （2008 南通，1） I think it 's useful advice, so I will always remember it.A. aB. anC. the9. （2008 徐州，25） Let's go to this to find a pair of shoes to match my new skirt.A. shoe shopB. toy shopC. electrical shop10. （2008 徐州，32） Which sign will

44、you probably see in front of a low door?A. SOLD OUTB. WET FLOORC. NO EXIT11. （2008 苏州，24） I looked under table and found pen I lost yesterday.A. the; aB. the; theC. /; theD. the;/12. （2007 南京，21） Don't talk to Simon like that. He is only eleven-year-old boy.A. aB. anC. theD. /13. （2007 镇江,21） On

45、 the shelf there is fancy teddy bear.A. theB. aC. anD. /14. （2007 苏州，20） I knocked over my tea cup. It went right over keyboard.-You shouldn ' t put drinks near computer.A. the; /B. the; aC. a; /D. a; a15. （2007 连云港,21） Last week Lily 's father bought her MP4 as birthday present.A. a; aB. an

46、; anC. a; anD. an; aD. Red.D. fishes and chickens16. （2007 泰州，22） What colour of the fol lowing represents "purity "?A. OrangeB. WhiteC. Green17. （2007 南通,2） Come on, children. Help yourselves to some if you like.A. fish and chicken B. fishes and chicken C. fish and chickens18. （2007 南通,6）

47、 How soon shall we start the bicycle trip?A. In three days'B. After threedaysC. In three days 'timeD. After three day'stime19. （2007 盐城,23） Studying in a foreign country is a different and you can learn a lot.A. eventB. exerciseC. experienceD. exhibition20. （2007 宿迁,6） Li Ping, what '

48、;s the American English for film "?A. FallB. HallC. MarkD. Movie各地模拟题组1. (2008福建福州NOT a traffic sign?,45） Which of the following isD.2.（2008 山东，25） British people eat a lot, and they are usually cooked in different ways.A. chickenB. beefC. fishD. potatoes3.（2008 安徽,34） The music made me think o

49、f the of a running stream.A. shoutB. noiseC. voiceD sound4.（2008 辽宁大连，13） Having afternoon tea is an English.A. ceremonyB. traditionC. menuD. food5.（2008 辽宁大连,4）Asa, he tires to give the firsthand information to the public as soon as possible.A. secretaryB. passengerC. professorD. reporter6.（2008 浙江

50、丽水,24） I had a very unusual yesterday. I saw a UFO land in front of me.A. decisionB. testC. friendD. experience7.（2007 黑龙江哈尔滨）The new D-type trains run at speeds of 200 to 250 kilometers hour. The trip fromShanghai to Beijing only takes 10 hours now.A. aB. anC. theD./138. （2007 甘肃兰州）Peter likes play

51、ing football very much, but he doesn ;t like football I bought forhim on his birthday.A. the; theB. /; /C. the; /D. /; the9. （2007 天津,32 ） They got much on the Internet.A. photoB. ideasC. messageD. information10. （2007 重庆,24 ） All the teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their ow

52、n holiday.A. manB. menC. womanD. women11. （2007 齐齐哈尔 ,28） We plant trees every year. The number of in our hometown growing fast.A. trees; isB. the trees; areC. the trees; is12. （2007 辽宁,26） Could you send me to tell me something about your visit in America?A. a ticketB. an e-mailC. a TV setD. a watc

53、h13. （2007 山东济宁 ，17） Look! The kites in the sky are in different. Some are big and some are small.A. sizesB. colorsC. pricesD. names14. （2007 广东,27） There is good for you. I ve found your lost watch.A. newsB. ideasC. messagesD. thoughts15. （2007 安徽,23） You didn't send me an e-mail last night, di

54、d you?-Sorry. My broke down. I couldn 't get online.A. computerB. carC. clockD. camera16. （2007 江西南昌,27） I don't know how to use this machine.It doesn't matter. Here is the .A. instructionB. directionC. informationD. advertisement17. （2007 3胡d匕武汉,42） How can I tell one tree from another?

55、You can mostly tell them by the of their leaves.A. shapeB. sizeC. ageD. color18. （2007 湖北黄冈,32） Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you well.一Well, I d like to try those blueA. pairsB. onesC. pant19. （2007 河南,21） Look, the tall building looks very modern.D. pair Yes, and there

56、is a garden on its. A garden in the air!A. topB. groundC. sideD. floor20. （2007 内蒙古,32） In which country is English spoken as the first language?A. AustraliaB. JapanC. FranceD. Germany模拟探究题组训练 冠词和名词1.（2008 江苏南京）Summer is wonderful time for children to relax.A. theB. anC. aD./D. playD. A number of; areD. messageD. /; the; aA.