Ireland 11-14 爱尔兰 英美文化

1、Green year roundWashed by the Gulf StreamTemperate climateWashed by the Gulf StreamAlmost always dampLittle change in seasonsMiddle is rich agricultural farmlandA period of mass starvationBetween 1845 and 1852Potato crop failedMore than 2 million Irish died of starvation and diseasesMany left before

2、 the Great FamineLarge families with no land to inheritLeft for New WorldMany Irish became prominent citizens 7 U.S. PresidentsThomas MellonAndrew Carnegie Young Irish people well-educated todayLeave for jobs in the city“Celtic Tiger”Economic Boom1995-2007Bronze Age: Unnamed people groupHouses of st

3、icks and mud “wattle”Surrounded by “Ring Forts”Guarded their families and livestock“Ring Forts” can still be seen today600 B.C. by Celtic warriors500 A.D. by Christianity9th Century by Vikings11th Century by Normans16th Century onwards by BritishWarrior TribesFierceNomadicEarly as 600 B.C.Settled al

4、l of British Isles by time of ChristRemained in Ireland through historyMost feared by RomansSacked Rome in 300 B.C.Terrorized Central and Eastern EuropeBrought their language and culture to IrelandThe Dying GaulRomans copied their armor and war tacticsLearned art of war fighting across EuropeFamous

5、for war chariots, armor and battle tacticsRomans drove them to British IslesFought amongst themselvesTribes based on family lineageFew High-KingsNone able to unify the countryDescended from warrior tribesNever able to unifyAnglo-Saxons dominatedRetained their culture and heritageIrish language: requ

6、ired to study until age 16Celts were paganConversion began in 5th CenturyTradition: brought by St. PatrickBy 461 A.D. all Ireland was ChristianAround 800 A.D.9th and 10th Centuries: two wavesAttacked Ireland and EnglandGreat TradersHelped develop commerceFounded major Irish townsDublinCork Limerick1

7、1th and 12th CenturiesProgress in arts and cultureStrong Roman Catholic churchAttempts to make strong centralized monarchy12th through 15th CenturiesNormans conquered EnglandTried to dominate IrelandIrish won the “culture” war16th Century: Henry the 8th declared himself King of IrelandFirst English

8、monarch to do soBrought English settlers into Ireland Began military campaignsQueen Elizabeth IIncreased her fathers Irish campaignsDefeated Irish at Battle of Kinsale in 1601 A.D.Forced Protestant religion on Catholic Irish1640s: English Civil WarIrish tried to rebelOliver CromwellParliamentary arm

9、y massacred many IrishRoman Catholics seen as threat to EnglandNot allowed to Own landAttend universityEnter professionsConcentrated power in the Protestant minorityNothing changed Ireland more dramaticallyMore than 1/3 of people died or emigratedSteady decline of population until 1961“The poor dese

10、rved to be poor”British despised IrishStereotype of IrishLazyDrunkenDirtyUntrustworthyClose to animalsAmerican Revolution encouraged Irish1782: Irish Parliament granted independenceSeparate Kingdom sharing a monarchFrench Revolution: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”1798 Rebellion1800 Irish Parliament

11、 was dissolved1858: Irish Brotherhood (IRB)1874: Isaac Butt started a Constitutional movement in British Parliament“Home Rulers” won half the Irish seats1905 “Sinn Fein” (We ourselves)Home Rule Bill passed in 19141919-1921 War of Independence1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty made Ireland an independent nation

12、6 counties of Ulster became Northern IrelandSince Elizabethan times English landlords “owned” the Irish tenantsCatholic Emancipation brought some reliefAgrarian movement Abolished landlord systemTransferred land ownership to those who worked itIrish painter Henry Jones Thaddeus: “Wounded Poacher”187

13、9: Michael DavittSecure basic rights for Irish tenant farmersThe three FsFair rentFree saleFixed tenureStarted uprising known as The Land WarResulted in abolition of Landlord SystemMichael DavittIn 1961 Irish population decline bottomed outThe last 50 years has been a complete turnaround in populati

14、on growthEurope and England in steady population declineToday Irish population grows at 2% 30% or more comes from immigrationAbout 4.6 million todayPeriod of Economic Boom in IrelandFollowed by increase in population, education and living standardsMany businesses started by overseas investors from U

15、.S. and EuropeEconomic collapse in 2007Today Ireland is a top debtor nation with Europe and the U.S. Representative DemocracyMost offices filled through electionGovernment structure: a blend of British and U.S. governmentsNo monarch but a President (like U.S.)President is mostly symbolic Head of Sta

16、te (not much power)Parliament and Prime Minister (like U.K.)Government arranged with checks and balancesCalled Taoiseach (means “Chieftain”)Appointed by PresidentSelected by largest partyMust retain support of the majority of ParliamentForms the Government with appointed CabinetTaoiseach Enda KennyE

17、lected by direct voteEvery 7 yearsSymbolic Head of StateNo executive powersLike the Queen of EnglandGuardian of the ConstitutionOne power: force an unpopular Taoiseach to form a new government 2011- present President Michael Higgins1997 2011Mary McAleeseSole power for making lawsTwo HousesDail: Most

18、 visible and powerful legislates moneySeanad (Senate): can only make recommendationsBoth parties debate in a public forumGovernment is visible to the peopleIrish Citizens can vote in 5 proceduresElection of President (7 years)Dail Parliament (5 years)Proposed Constitutional amendmentsRepresentatives

19、 of EU Parliament (5 years)1.Elections of local authoritiesPolice Force called Garda Siochana(Guardians of the Peace)UnarmedJudges appointed by PresidentCourts in three levelsBefore the 1970s: Mostly agrarianFamily farmsSociety based on land ownershipMany students left school to work the family farm

20、.Ireland made radical changes in its politics in the 1970sChanged from inward to outward-lookingResulted in great economic and social change1960s: Irish population boom1971: Joined the EUGovernment converted to market economicsGained access to European markets1990s: became a rich country for first t

21、imeLow corporate taxes brought in multi-national companiesYoung educated Irish stayed in Ireland.Pharmaceuticals and Electronics dominateComputing accounted for 53% of total electronics production in 2008Second largest producer in Western Europe.Apple, Dell, Fujitsu, HP and IBMAlso a major player in

22、 R & DImproved infrastructureIncreased higher educationTechnical trainingImplemented new agriculture policyModernized farmingDeath to family farmBiggest changes for womenBefore 1973 married women denied access to sate jobsGained access to workplace after marriageChanged Ireland from agrarian to

23、service industryIreland is now a multinational countryThe EU opened Ireland to world markets.EU Irish PassportTodays young Irish think on global rather than local terms.More foreigners live and work in IrelandIrish work in Europe, the U.K. and the U.S.Rapid Social ChangeRoman Catholic valuesConflict

24、 between Catholics and ProtestantsWomens MovementInvestment in EducationRapid Social ChangeRoman Catholic valuesConflict between Catholics and ProtestantsWomens MovementInvestment in EducationStill the Official National LanguageCalled Irish, Erse or Irish GaelicSpoken widely by peasants until mid-19

25、th CenturyGreat Famine: 1845 1849 2 million died or emigratedMostly Irish-speaking peasantsFree State (1922): Taught in schoolIrish language: taught from age 4-15All teachers required to learn IrishMandatory level to enter universityLess than 15% today speak IrishWestern Coastline (the Gaeltacht)Iri

26、sh people speak Hiberno-EnglishLive, Love, LaughIreland remained rural through historyIrish love to tell storiesIrish poems recited from memory19th Century: written culture beganCulture of great writersFour Nobel Prize winners for literatureSamuel BeckettGeorge Bernard ShawWilliam YeatsSeamus Heaney

27、Roots in ancient culturesean nos (old style)IRISH HARPIRISH BAGPIPEUnaccompanied voiceUnrequited loveLost loveLast line is spoken1878:Soccer introducedFastest growing sport today1990 World CupRugbyTriple Crown MatchEngland, Scotland, WalesHurling: Ancient IrishOne of oldest sports1272 B.C. (Traditio

28、n)Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendanceIn 2003 accounted for 34% of total sports attendances at events in the Republic of IrelandHurling at 23%Soccer at 16% Rugby at 8%Ireland has a rich tradition of scientific inquiry and technological inventionRobert Boyle: Father of Chemistry (Boyles Gas Laws)Anglo-IrishLord Kelv