如何轻松解决英语语法问题之三大从句和并列句

1、 轻松搞定英语语法之-主从复合句&并列句英语铁规律：一个简单句中有且只有一个谓语动词，若有两个谓语动词，那么其中一个是从句或者并列句！牢记在心中考复习中句法里面研究最多少还是从句和并列句！考语法题一般也是靠引导词用哪一个或者并列连词用哪一个。名词性从句（宾语从句）和定语从句可以根据分析句子结构来基本的判断用哪一个引导词，状语从句和并列句则需要根据整句话的逻辑关系来判断。初步判断是哪一种从句也需要用到判定句子的成分的方法，所以学习从句之前先得知道一个句子的成分！什么是主干部分，什么是修饰部分！句子基本结构：【主干结构：汉英基本相同】五大基本句型：主谓 I come.主谓宾 I love

2、you.主谓宾宾 I give you my heart.主谓宾补 You make me happy.主系表 You were my everything.I come. 我来。I love you. 我爱你。I give you my heart. 我给你我的心。You make me happy. 你让我幸福。You are my everything. 你是我的一切。英语句子 = 主干 （主宾表） + 修饰 （定语&状语）句子成分除谓语之外，都可以用从句来代替。所有从句都是从句=引导词+陈述语序干掉从句后， 看句子成分： （完不完整，说的是主干部分） 1、主句不完整，从句不完整

3、 名从（连接代词） 2、主句不完整，从句完整 名从（连词）（连接副词） 3、主句完整， 从句不完整 定从（关系代词） 4、主句完整， 从句完整 定从（关系副词）（不怎么考） 状语从句l l名词性从句名词性从句用从句替代名词 （这里我们就讲代替名词做宾语，宾语从句）§ I know a secret. 我是名词§ I know that Lilei has a special kungfu. 我是从句§ I heard that you has a secret .§ (I heard) that you found a girl 名词性从句§

4、(I heard) that your dreams came true. “名从”的本质是什么？§ 名从是一个句子§ 名从是一件事儿§ 名从是一个名词儿§ 名从就是用一个句子§ 表示一件事儿§ 再把它变成一个名词儿 名从之歌事儿（句子）èèèèèèè名词 （名词性从句）确定的事儿 that 不确定的事儿 whether/if问题 特殊疑问词 when where why how Who whom which what （一）名从=确定的事儿§ 造句方法：

5、直接在句子前面加that§ 翻译方法：不看that，直接翻译(that Anna teaches English)(that Anna has a special Kungfu)Iknow. Anna has a special kungfu. （that）The radio says_ it will rain tomorrow. 收音机报道说明天要下雨。Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。）I know nothi

6、ng about him except that he is from the south.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。）（二）名从=不确定的事儿§ 造句方法：直接在句子前面加whether/if§ 翻译方法：是否/ 与否(whether/if Anna has a special Kungfu).(whether/if it will rain tomorrow)I wonder _ you have told the news to Li Lei. 我想知道你是否已经告诉李雷这个消息了。whether/if PK技巧在动词不定式之前只能用wh

7、ether。在whether. or not 的固定搭配中只能用whether。在介词后，只能用whether。宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether。用if会引起歧义时，只能用whether。è总结：如果是不确定的事儿就用whetherEveryone in the village is very friendly. It doesnt matter _ you have lived there for a short or a long time. It doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossing-bot

8、h roads lead to the park. It doesnt matter _ you pay by cash or credit card in the store.（三）名从=问题§ (when where why how / who whom which what) 连接副词 连接代词【注意】当从句部分缺名词时，用连接代词； 当从句部分不缺名词的时候，用连接副词。(What I think of) is unsure. 我想念什么不确定。(When I think of you) is unsure.我何时想你不确定造句方法：§ Step1：先把中文直译成英

9、语§ Step2：把疑问词提前when where why how who whom whichwhatIdont knowWhat kind of Kungfu does Anna have? （what）1.when你什么时候来。à You when come. à (when you come)2.where§ 他去了哪儿。à He went where. à (where he went)3.why§ 你为什么学英语。à You why learn English. à (why you lear

10、n English)4.how§ 他怎么回的家。 à He how went home à (how he went home)5.who§ 谁动了我的奶酪。à who moved my cheese. à (who moved my cheese)6.whom§ 你想和谁一起去。à you want to go with whom.à (whom you want to go with)7.which§ 你想要哪个 à You want whichà (which you

11、want)8.what§ 你想说什么 àYou want to say what.à (what you want to say)l 附加：(1)句中“疑问词to do sth.”构成动词不定式短语，作宾语。此句是个简单句，可转化为含宾语从句的复合句：Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? 不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，常用于tell，show，know，teach，learn，explain，remember等后面作宾语。I didn't k

12、now what to say.我不知道说什么。“疑问词不定式”结构也可在句中充当主语、表语等。How to get there is a question.怎么去那里是个问题。The problem is which to choose.问题是选择哪一个。重要！名从解题技巧1、从句缺名词：用“连代”（注意：90%是what）2、从句不缺名词：用“连词”或”连副”；3、确定的事儿：用that4、表“是否/与否”或跟or/or not搭配：用whether/if5、特殊情况时，从句不缺名词也用what/which： what problems / which fruitwhichwhat可以在从

13、句中“修饰”名词§ 你想要哪个蛋糕。à You want which cakeà (which cake you want)§ 你最喜欢哪种水果。à you like best what kind of fruit.à (what kind of fruit you like best)【宾语从句注意点】. 1.语序要陈述句语序2.时态的变化1当主句为一般现在时、现在进行时或一般将来时时，从句根据语境可以使用任何时态。Xiaoming wants to know what time you got up this morning.小明

14、想知道今天早晨你是几点起床的。2当主句为一般过去时时，从句要用相对应的过去的时态。We asked what Jean was doing then.我们问Jean那时正在做什么。3当从句表述的是客观真理或普遍规律时，宾语从句要使用一般现在时。Lisa asked whether light _ faster than sound.丽萨问光的传播速度是否比声音快。Polly said no news is good news.波利说没有消息就是好消息。【练习】我知道 他认识这个人。我知道 他不认识这个人我不知道 他认不认识这个人。我不知道 他认识什么人。He knew_ he should s

15、tudy hard.他知道他应该努力学习。Can you tell me _ class you are in？您能告诉我，您在哪一班吗？He asked me _ he could come in.他问我他是否能进来。I doubt _ he will succeed.I dont know_you can help me. I wonder_hes writing to me about.Ill tell you _ I asked you to come. 把下列句子变为宾语从句原句：He is an honest man.。从句：I said he was an honest man.

16、（连词that可省）我说他是一个诚实的人。原句：Does he study hard？从句：I wonder if（whether）he studies hard.我不知道他是否认真学习。原句：Will they win？他们会赢吗？从句：I asked if（whether） they would win. 我问他们是否会赢。原句：Who is he？他是谁？从句：Do you know who he is？你知道他是谁吗？原句：What does he want？他要什么？从句：I don't know what he wants.我不知道他要什么。原句：Who went ther

17、e？（特殊疑问句）谁去那里呢？从句：I wonder who went there. 我不知道谁去那里。原句：When did he leave？他何时离开的？从句：I know when he left.我知道他是什么时候离开的。原句：Where will he arrive？他将会到哪里呢？从句：He asked me where he would arrive. 他问我他将会到哪里。l 定语从句定语：修饰名词，把名词“定住”I dont like lazy people.I dont like people who never keep their word. 先行词 关系词先行词：被定

18、从修饰的名词，常出现在定从前面，故称为“先行词”关系词：引导定语从句，在从句中充当先行词的“替身”【关系代词】who whom which that whose è做句子主干部分，除了whose 修饰名词 I dont like people who never keep their word.【关系副词】when where why è做句子修饰成分，状语I will never forget the day when I met you.【总结】从句缺名词时用关代，不缺名词用关副*特别注意！定从的世界里没有what和how！注意：近年的中考题目中只涉及who, whic

19、h, that这三个关系代词的用法。作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwho/whom/thatwhose指物which/thatwhich/thatwhoseExample:1. I like groups that/which wear really cool clothes.2. I like the dress that / which you bought for me yesterday.3. She likes singers that/who sing the words clearly.4. The girl that / who I just talked with i

20、s my sister.试试看:用关系代词who,which 或that填空1. She doesnt like songs _are too long.2. I like musicians _write their own lylics.3. I cant stand music _I cant hear clearly4. He is a boy _comes to school earliest.考点1 由who引导的定语从句及用法 who在从句中做主语(口语中也可做宾语)，修饰表示_的先行词。This is the man _ helped me.The boy _/_ we saw

21、 yesterday is Johns brother.考点2 由which引导的定语从句及用法 which在从句中做_，也可做_，或介词的_，修饰表示_的先行词。This is the book _/_you want.The building _/_ stands near the river is our school.The room in_ there is a machine is a workshop.(介词后面的which不能省略)The house _/_ we live in is not large. This is the watch _/_he was looking

22、 for.考点3 由that引导的定语从句及用法，that在从句中做主语或宾语、修饰表示人或物的先行词。作宾语时可省略,不能放在介词后面作宾语. (that指人时，相当于who；指物时，相当于which)The letter (that/which) I received was from my father.I cant find the letter that/which came this morning.Do you still remember the days (that/which)we spent together ?This is the man that/who helpe

23、d me.The house (that/which) we live in is not large. =The house in which we live is not large.The doctor (that/whom /who)you are looking for is in the room.不能用that 情况：介词后面做介词的宾语且不能省略，This is the book for _ you ask.这是你要的书。逗号后面 （非限制性定语从句） This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本

24、小说很动人，我已经读了三遍了。考点4 以下几种情况必须由that引导定语从句1.当先行词是即指人又指物的并列名词时。例如：They talked about the persons and the books that interested them.2.当先行词为或含有all, few, any,little, much, everything, nothing等不定代词时。例如：All that they can do is to wait.All (that) you have to do is to practice every day 你要做的就是每天练习。There isn'

25、;t much (that) I can do. 我能做的不多。3.先行词被all, few, little, much, everything, nothing等修饰的时候。例如：She is the only person that I like best in this class.4.先行词被序数词或者形容词的最高及修饰时。例如：This is the most beautiful flower that I have ever seen. The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.我将永远不会忘记我上的第一堂课

26、。This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。5. 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时。The white flower is the only one that I really like. 这朵白花是我唯一真正喜欢的。This is the very book that I want to read. 这就是我想看的那本书。总结that 用法： “人物绝不避人物”·人：that可以指代人·物：that可以指代物·绝：当先行词表

27、“绝对”意义时，用that： the only，the very，the same, the last, 序数词，最高级 ·不：当先行词是“不定代词”时，用that：all, few, little, much, everything, nothing等不定代词修饰或者是本身就是不定代词·避：如果句子里已经用了who/which，为避免重复，可以用that·人物：当先行词“即有人又有物”时，用that【关系副词，在从句中做状语，表示时间，地点，原因】1when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词。I still remember the day _ I first

28、came to Beijing.我仍然记得来北京的第一天。2where 在句中作状语，表示地点。This is the factory _ I worked two years ago.这就是我两年前工作的那个工厂。3why在句中作状语，表示原因。I know the reason _ he came late. 我知道他来晚的原因。【练习】1The girl _ very _(个子很高) is John's sister.2We like music _(让我们轻松的)3He likes the places _(天气暖和的)4The watch _ (我昨天买的) was lost

29、.5I will never forget the days _ (我们生活在一起的)6. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.7. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.8.The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary.9. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?10. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mothe

30、r tongue.11. The girl handed everything _ she had picked up in the street to the police.12. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday.13. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year.14.The man _ was here just now is a doctor.15. The boy _ lives next door has two lovely dogs. 1

31、6. Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands.17. He is the most careful boy _ I know.l 状语从句：修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较（或方式）和条件等类。从属连词引导状语从句1时间状语从句。引导词有when, as （强调同时发生，没有先后）, while （强调在期间，一般用进行时态, before, after, since, till, until, notunti

32、l， as soon as 。I'll ring you as soon as I reach Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。They didn't stop until they finished the work.他们直到完成工作才停下来。When he comes back, I'll give you a call.他回来时，我会给你打电话的。2原因状语从句。引导词有because, since, as, forI didn't go, because I was afraid. 我没去，因为我害怕。Since you are free to

33、day, you'd better take a good rest.既然你今天有空，你最好好好休息。比较：because, since, as和for 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原

34、因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.3条件状语从句。引导词有if, unless, as/so long as 只要If it rains, I'll go by car.如果下雨，我就乘小汽车去。You cannot succeed unless you work hard.如果你不努力，你是不会成功的。è可以和祈使句+and 简单句转换 （一般简单句为将来时或者情态动词）Use your head,

35、 and youll find a way= if you use your head, youll find a way4结果状语从句。引导词有sothat, suchthat。 It was raining so hard that we couldn't see the road.雨下得如此大，以至于我们看不见路。注意点：1.) such+adj +名词复数/不可数名词such +a+adj+名单so+adjso+adj+a+名单such+a+形容词+名词+that，可以改写成：so+形容词+a+名词+that2.) 在such+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词+that结构中，形容

36、词如果是many/few或much/little时，用so不用such，即：so+many/few+可数名词复数+that，so+much/little+不可数名词+thatè注意和not enough to do 和 tooto的转换He is so weak that he cant climb the mountainèè5让步状语从句。引导词有though/although (虽然), even though/if (尽管), “no matter疑问词”=疑问词+ever，as （虽然）。Even though/if you say so, I do n

37、ot believe it. 即使你这么说，我也不信。6目的状语从句。引导词有so that, in order that。I need to get up early so that I can catch the early bus. 我需要早起，以便赶上早班车。如果从句主语和主句主语相同：可以用in order to do 或者so as to do 7方式状语从句。引导词有as if, as though （好像）, as （ 按照）。The child talked to us as if he were a grown up. 那个孩子跟我们谈起话来像个成年人似的。I will d

38、o it as you tell me.8地点状语从句。引导词有where, wherever。Wherever he goes, he always brings his pet dog.无论他去哪里，他总是带着他的宠物狗。9比较状语从句。引导词有than, asas, not as/soas。Carol speaks English as well as you do. 卡罗尔英语说得和你一样好。è状语从句时态问题在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分为下列两种情况：(1)主现从现： 若主句是祈使句或主句中有情态动词时，那么从句用一般现在时表示将来。B

39、e careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。The traffic must stop when the lights _. 当红灯亮时，车辆必须停下来。(2)主将从现： 主句用一般将来时，而从句用一般现在时。I will visit my good friend when I _ time. 当我有空时，我将去看望我的好友。If she _ here tomorrow, I will go to the park with her. 如果明天她来这里，我将和她一起去公园。（统称：主将从现，主祈从现，主情从现）(3)宾语从句和状语从句同时出现。I do

40、n't know if(是否) he will come. If(如果) he comes, I will tell him about the accident. 我不知道他是否会来。如果他来的话，我将告诉他这起事故。I don't know when(什么时候) he will come tomorrow. When(当的时候)he comes, I will tell him about the news. 我不知道他明天什么时候来。当他来时，我将告诉他这个消息。(4)过去时态： 若主从句都是在叙述过去的事情，则主从句可以用一般过去时或过去进行时。My mother wa

41、s cooking when I got home yesterday. 昨天我到家时妈妈正在做饭。连词：连词是连接字、短语、从句与句子的词，是虚词，因此它不能独立担任句子成分。连词主要分为两大类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、词组或分句。 从属连词用来引导从句并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句。常见的并列连词1表示平行或对等关系and和，而且，就, both.and.两者都neither.nor.既不也不not only.but(also).不但而且as well as 不仅.而且即是也是Hold on to your dream，and one day it may just come true.坚持你的梦想，总有一天它会实现。He likes drawing and I like dancing. 他喜欢画画，我喜欢跳舞。 _ his father _ his mother _ watching TV. 他的父母都喜欢看电视。_ you _ I _ wrong. 你和我都没有错。Tom as w