生物工程专业英语整理

1、专业英语整理1、 绪论1、语法特点：（1） 被动语态多中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者， 把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出 中心，又能吸引读者的注意。英语和汉语的逻辑表达有所差别。英语表达注重行 为的结果；而汉语表达注重行为的主体。翻译时， 为符合汉语习惯，往往需要改变语序。例 1：The effect of different concentrations of olive oil was studied on the production of lipase using free and alginate immobilized cell. Maximal lipas

2、e production was observed at 1% olive oil in both cases (4290 and 41400 U/l), respectively.例2：The sample from the above step was loaded on pre-equilibrated Sephadex G-100 column with 50 mM TrisHCl buffer pH 8.6. The protein elution wasdone with the same buffer at a ow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The active

3、fractions were pooled, concentrated with lyophilizer and dialyzed against the TrisHCl buffer (50 mM, pH 8.6). This concentrated fraction wasstored at -20 .（2）广泛使用非谓语形式非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副 词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动 词不定式。动名词用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句1)The gene should be cloned before it is expressed.The gene

4、should be cloned before being expressed.表达基因前，应先对其进行克隆An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。We must do various experiments before a new bio- product is designed.Before designing a new bioproduct we must do variousexperiments.在设

5、计一个新的生物制品之前，我们必须做各种实验 分词过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态The suspension of the mixture producted in stirred tank is led by the pump to the separating device, where the unreacted residues of cellulose and lignin are separated and led into the second tank of the unreacted solid phase. 动词不定式This paper o

6、utlines some of the key issues to be addressed to achieve optimal integration either by modication of preceding (or following) chemical steps, biocatalyst evolution or combinations of these approaches together with process engineering.（3）省略句使用频繁 (精炼)省略成分： 状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语； 定语从 句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的

7、助词等；还常用介 词短语替代从句。If it is possible, the open-loop control approach shouldbe used in this system.Ifpossible,theopen-loopcontrolapproachshouldbe used in this system.可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。其他常用的省略形式：As already discussed 前已讨论， As explained before 前已解释， As described above 如上所示， If possible (necessary)如果可能（必

8、要），If so 倘若如此，As previously mentioned 前已提到， When needed (necessary, feasible) 必要时，Where feasible 在实际可行的场合，Where possible 在可能的情况下。（4） It句型和 祈使句使用频繁（准确、精炼）It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”祈使句: 无主语，精炼。It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) toIt takes very much time learningIt is clear

9、(possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) thatIt happened that It must be admitted thatLet A be equal to B.设A等于B。Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一个高气压气候室。（5） 复杂长句使用频繁 （准确、精炼）为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句例 1：Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within c

10、ells to increase the cells production of a certain substance. These processes are chemical networks that use a series of biochemical reactions and enzymes that allow cells to convert raw materials into molecules necessary for the cells survival.（6）后置定语多后置定语即位于其所修饰的名词之后的定语，汉 语常用前置定语或多个简单句来说明某概念或术 语，而

11、专业英语则更多地使用后置定语。All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous tothose of waves moving through water.所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。2、 修辞特点：（1） 广泛使用一般现在时（2） 较多地使用图、表和公式（3） 逻辑语法使用多a

12、lthough, because, but, if, once, only, suppose, as a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。3、 词汇特点：（1） 词汇构成：合成法（由相互独立的两个或更多的词合成得到新词），派生法（通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词）后缀含义例词-age抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等spillage溢出，percentage-ance，-ence抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等resistance电阻，difference差别-ency抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等effici

13、ency效率， frequency频率，-ion，-tion，-sion抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等action作用，automation自动化, transmission传输，trypsinization胰蛋白酶消化作用-logy学论，技术technology 技术，biology生物学 ，toxicology毒理学， electrotechnology 电工学-ness性质、状态、程度hardness 硬度，deepness深度，brightness  亮度，roughness粗糙度-ship情况、

14、性质、状态、关系、地位relationship关系，friendship友好，membership会员资格，scholarship奖学金，学 问，学识，fellowship伙伴关系-phobic，-philic疏.的亲.的hydrophobichydrophilic后缀含义例词-ose糖Glucose, ribose, fructose-ol醇Butanol，ethanol, methanol-ase酶synthase, oxidase, lipase-lysis分解作用Glycolysis, hydrolysis,

15、0;analysis-ate盐Sulphate,-some体Chromosome， ribosome2、 词汇1、 For thousands of years, microorganisms have been used to supply products such as bread, beer and wine. A second phase of traditional microbial biotechnology began during World War I and resulted in the development of the acetone-butanol

16、and glycerol fermentations, followed by processes yielding, for example, citric acid, vitamins and antibiotics.数千年来，微生物一直被用来供应面包、啤酒和葡萄酒等产品。在第一次世界大战期间，传统微生物生物技术的第二阶段开始，导致丙酮-丁醇和甘油发酵的发展，接着是生产过程，例如柠檬酸、维生素和抗生素。2、 In the early 1970s, traditional industrial microbiology was merged with molecular biology to

17、 yield more than 40 biopharmaceutical products, such as erythropoietin, human growth hormone and interferons. Today, microbiology is a major participant in global industry, especially in the pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries.在20世纪70年代早期，传统的工业微生物学与分子生物学结合，产生了40多种生物制药产品，如促红细胞生成素、人类生长激素和干扰素。

18、今天，微生物学是全球工业的主要参与者，特别是在制药、食品和化学工业。3、 Primary metabolites are the small molecules of living cells; they are intermediates or end products of the pathways of metabolism, buildingblocksforessentialmacromolecules, or are converted into coenzymes.主要代谢物是活细胞的小分子;它们是代谢途径的中间产物或最终产物，是基本大分子的基石，或转化为辅酶。4、 Primar

19、y metabolites used in the food and feed industries include: alcohols (ethanol), amino acids (monosodium glutamate, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan), flavor nucleotides，初级代谢产物用于食品和饲料行业包括:醇(乙醇),氨基酸(味精、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸),味道核苷酸,5、 Organic acids (acetic, propionic, succinic, fumaric, lactic),

20、 polyols, (glycerol, mannitol, xylitol), polysaccharides, (xanthan, gellan), sugars (fructose, ribose, sorbose) and vitamins biotin.有机酸(乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、乳酸)、多元醇(甘油、甘露醇、木糖醇)、多糖、糖(果糖、核糖、山梨糖)、维生素(生物素)。6、 Mutants During amino acid production, feedback regulation is bypassed by isolating auxotrophic mutants

21、 and partially starving them of their requirements. Another method is to produce mutants that are resistant to a toxic analog of the desired metabolite, that is, an antimetabolite. Combinations of auxotrophic and antimetabolite resistance mutations are common in primary metabolite- producing microor

22、ganisms.突变体 在氨基酸生成过程中，通过分离营养缺陷突变体，部分抑制其需求，绕过反馈调节。另一种方法是产生一种突变体，这种突变体对所需要的代谢物的有毒类似物具有抵抗力，也就是一种抗代谢物。在产生初级代谢物的微生物中，常见的是营养缺陷和抗代谢物抗性突变的组合。7、 Fermentation Another factor is the increase in outward permeability, whichis veryimportant in the production of L-glutamicacid, the major commercial amino acid.发酵 另

23、一个因素是向外渗透的增加，这在主要的商业氨基酸l -谷氨酸的生产中非常重要。8、 Approximately 1.2 billion poundsof monosodium glutamate are made annually by fermentation using various species of the genera Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium. Molar yields of glutamate from sugar are 50 60% and broth concentrations reach over 100 g L1.每年大约

24、有12亿磅的谷氨酸钠是通过利用不同种类的短杆菌和棒状杆菌等细菌进行发酵制成的。从糖摩尔谷氨酸的产量50 - 60%和肉汤浓度达到超过100 g L1。9、 Glutamic acid Normally, glutamic acid overproduction would not occur because of feedback regulation. However, modification of the cell membrane can cause glutamate to be pumped out of the cell, thus allowing its biosynthes

25、is to proceed unabated.谷氨酸 正常情况下，由于反馈调节，不会发生谷氨酸过量生产。然而，对细胞膜的修饰可以使谷氨酸被泵出细胞，从而使其生物合成得以继续进行。10、 This membrane alteration is intentionally effected by biotin limitation (all glutamic acid bacteria are biotin auxotrophs), glycerol limitation of glycerol auxotrophs, oleate limitation of oleate auxotrophs,

26、 or addition of penicillin or fatty acid derivatives to exponentially growing cells. Apparently, all of these manipulations result in a phospholipid-deficient cytoplasmic membrane.这种膜的改变是由生物素的限制(所有谷氨酸的细菌都是生物素营养不良)，甘油营养缺陷，油酸营养缺陷，或加入青霉素或脂肪酸衍生物，以指数增长的细胞。显然，所有这些操作都会导致磷脂缺乏的细胞质膜。11、 Lysine Most cereals ar

27、e deficient inthe essential amino acid L-lysine. Lysine is a member of the aspartate family of amino acids and is produced in bacteria by a branched pathway that also produces methionine, threonine and isoleucine.赖氨酸 大多数谷物都缺乏必需的l -赖氨酸。赖氨酸是天门冬氨酸家族的一员，在细菌中通过分支途径产生，也产生蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和异亮氨酸。12、 This pathway is c

28、ontrolled very tightly in an organism such as Escherichia coli, which includes three aspartate kinases that are each regulated by a different end product.这种途径在大肠杆菌这样的生物体中受到非常严格的控制，大肠杆菌包含三种天冬氨酸激酶，每一种激酶都由不同的最终产物调控。13、 Recombinant DNA technology is beginning to have a major impact on amino acid product

29、ion. The major manipulation for lysine production is aimed at increasing the levels of feedback-resistant as partatekinase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase.重组DNA技术开始对氨基酸的生产产生重大影响。赖氨酸生产的主要操作是为了提高部分儿茶酸激酶和二氢吡啶合成酶的反馈抗性水平。14、 FungiFilamentousfungi are widely used for the commercial productionof organic a

30、cids, for example, 1 billion pounds of citricacid are produced per year with a market value of US$1.4 billion. Citric acid is produced via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle;真菌 丝状真菌广泛应用于有机酸的商业化生产，例如，每年生产10亿磅柠檬酸，市场价值14亿美元。柠檬酸通过糖酵解途径和三羧酸循环的第一步产生;15、 the cont

31、rol of the process involves the inhibition of phosphofructokinase by citric acid. The commercial process uses Aspergillus niger in media deficient in iron and manganese 锰 . A high level of citric acid production is also associated with a high intracellular concentration of fructose 2,6-biphosphate,

32、an activator of glycolysis.控制过程涉及柠檬酸对磷酸果糖激酶的抑制作用。商业流程使用黑曲霉在媒体缺乏铁和锰锰。高水平的柠檬酸生产也与细胞内高浓度的果糖2,6-二磷酸有关，它是糖酵解的激活剂。16、 Other factors contributing to high citric acid production are the inhibition ofisocitrate dehydrogenase by citricacid and the low optimum pH (1.72.0). Higher pH values (e.g. 3.0) lead to t

33、he production of gluconic acids, instead of citric acid.柠檬酸对异柠檬酸脱氢酶的抑制作用和对pH的抑制作用(1.7-2.0)。较高的pH值(如3.0)会产生葡萄糖酸，而不是柠檬酸。17、 Alternative processes have been developed for the production of citric acid by Candida yeasts, especially from hydrocarbons. Such yeasts are able to convert n-paraffins 石 蜡 to ci

34、tric and isocitric acids in extremely high yields 150 170% (w/w) of substrate used; titers as high as 225 g L1 have been reached.已经开发了由念珠菌生产柠檬酸的替代工艺，特别是从碳氢化合物中生产柠檬酸。这些酵母菌能够将正石蜡转化为柠檬酸和异柠檬酸的aci。DS产率150%170%(w/w)，效价可达225 g L1。18、 Secondary metabolites Microbially produced secondary metabolites are extr

35、emely important for health and nutrition. As a group that includes antibiotics, other medicinals, toxins, biopesticides and animal and plant growth factors, they have tremendous economic importance.次生代谢物是微生物产生的次生代谢物，对健康和营养极为重要。包括抗生素、其他药物、毒素、生物农药和安尼。MAL和植物生长因子，它们具有巨大的经济重要性。19、 Secondary metabolites h

36、ave no function in the growth of the producing cultures (although, in nature, they are essential for the survival of the producing organism), are produced by certain restricted taxonomic groups of organisms and are usually formed as mixtures of closely related members of a chemical family.次级代谢物对培养物的

37、生长没有作用(虽然在性质上，它们是生产生物体生存所必需的)，但它们是由某些限制产生的。有机体的分类群，通常是由一个化学家族的密切相关成员组成的混合物。20、 Chemical Building Blocks of Cells Three major biopolymers are present in cells: proteins, composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; nucleic acids, composed of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds; and polysac

38、charides , composed of monosaccharides (sugars) linked by glycosidic bonds.细胞中存在三种主要生物聚合物：蛋白质，由肽键连接的氨基酸组成；核酸，由磷酸连接的核苷酸组成。ER键；和多糖，由单糖(糖)组成，由糖苷键连接。21、 Many molecules in cells contain at least one asymmetric carbon atom, which is bonded to four dissimilar atoms. Such molecules can exist as optical isom

39、ers (mirror images), designated D and L, which have different biological activities. In biological systems, nearly all sugars are D-isomers, while nearly all amino acids are L-isomers.细胞中的许多分子中至少有一个不对称碳原子，它与四个不同的原子相连。这些分子可以光学异构体(镜像)的形式存在，指定为D和L。有不同的生物活动。在生物系统中，几乎所有的糖都是D-异构体，而几乎所有的氨基酸都是L-异构体.22、 Diff

40、erences in the size, shape, charge, hydrophobicity, and reactivity of the side chains of amino acids determine the chemical and structural properties of proteins.氨基酸侧链的大小、形状、电荷、疏水性和反应性的差异决定了蛋白质的化学和结构性质。23、 Amino acids with hydrophobic side chains tend to cluster in the interior of proteins away from

41、 the surrounding aqueous environment; those with hydrophilic side chains usually are toward the surface.带有疏水侧链的氨基酸倾向于聚集在蛋白质内部，远离周围的水环境；那些具有亲水侧链的氨基酸通常向表面聚集。24、 The bases in the nucleotides composing DNA and RNA are heterocyclic rings attached to a pentose sugar. They form two groups: the purinesadeni

42、ne (A) and guanine (G)and the pyrimidinescytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). A, G, T, and C are in DNA, and A, G, U, and C are in RNA.组成DNA和RNA的核苷酸中的碱基是附在戊糖上的杂环。它们分为两组：嘌呤-腺嘌呤(A)和鸟嘌呤(G)-和嘧啶-胞嘧啶(C)，t海明(T)和尿嘧啶(U)。A、G、T和C在DNA中，A、G、U和C在RNA中。25、 Glucose and other hexoses can exist in three forms: a

43、n open-chain linear structure, a six- member (pyranose) ring, and a five-member (furanose) ring. In biological systems, the pyranose form of D-glucose predominates.葡萄糖和其他己糖可以三种形式存在：一个开链线性结构，一个六元(吡喃)环和一个五元(呋喃糖)环。在生物系统中，D-葡萄糖的吡喃形式OSE占主导地位。26、 Glycosidic bonds are formed between either the or anomer 端基

44、异构体 of one sugar and a hydroxyl group on another sugar, leading to formation of disaccharides and other polysaccharides.糖苷键是在一种糖的或失配体端基异构体与另一种糖上的羟基之间形成的，从而形成二糖和其他多糖。27、 The long hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid may contain no carbon - carbon double bond (saturated) or one or more double bonds (unsa

45、turated), which bends the chain.脂肪酸的长烃链可能不含碳-碳双键(饱和)或一个或多个双键(不饱和)，使链弯曲。28、 Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules with a hydrophobic tail (often two fatty acyl chains) and a hydrophilic head.磷脂是具有疏水性尾（通常是两个脂肪酰基链）和亲水性头的两亲性分子。29、 In aqueous solution, the hydrophobic effect and van der Waals interacti

46、ons organize and stabilize phospholipids into one of three structures: a micelle, liposome, or sheet-like bilayer.在水溶液中，疏水效应和范德华相互作用将磷脂组织并稳定为三种结构之一：胶束、脂质体或片状双层。30、 In a phospholipid bilayer, which constitutes the basic structure of all biomembranes, fatty acyl chains in each leaflet are oriented tow

47、ard one another, forming a hydrophobic core, and the polar head groups line both surfaces and directly interact with the aqueous solution.在构成双层生物膜的基本结构的磷脂双层中，每个小叶中的脂肪酰基链彼此取向，形成疏水核心，以及极性头。基团使两面成直线，并与水溶液直接相互作用。31、 The helix, strand and sheet, and turn are the most prevalent elements of protein seconda

48、ry structure, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the peptide backbone.螺旋、链和片状结构是蛋白质二级结构中最普遍的元素，它们是通过肽骨架原子间的氢键来稳定蛋白质二级结构的。32、 Protein tertiary structure results from hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar side groups and hydrogen bonds between polar side groups that stabilize f

49、olding of the secondary structure into a compact overall arrangement, or conformation.蛋白质三级结构是由非极性侧基间的疏水相互作用和极性侧基间的氢键作用所致，使二级结构的折叠稳定在COMP中。采取整体安排，或构象。33、 Large proteins often contain distinct domains, independently folded regions of tertiary structure with characteristic structural or functional pro

50、perties or both.大蛋白通常包含不同的结构域，独立折叠的三级结构区域，具有独特的结构或功能特性，或两者兼具。34、 The incorporation of domains as modules in different proteins in the course of evolution has generated diversity in protein structure and function.在进化过程中，将结构域作为不同蛋白质的模块结合在一起，在蛋白质结构和功能上产生了多样性。35、 Cells contain large macromolecular assem

51、blies in which all the necessary participants in complex cellular processes (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; photosynthesis; signal transduction) are integrated to form molecular machines.细胞含有大的大分子集合，其中所有参与复杂细胞过程(例如dna、rna和蛋白质合成；光合作用；信号转导)的参与者都是int。形成分子机器。36、 The sequence of a protein determi

52、nes its three-dimensional structure, which determines its function. In short, function derives from structure; structure derives from sequence.蛋白质的序列决定了它的三维结构，这决定了它的功能.简而言之，功能来源于结构，结构来源于序列。37、 Enzymes and the Chemical Work of Cells The function of nearly all proteins depends on their ability to bind

53、 other molecules (ligands). Ligand-binding sites酶和细胞的化学功几乎所有蛋白质的功能都取决于它们与其他分子(配体)结合的能力。配体结合位点38、 The function of nearly all proteins depends on their ability to bind other molecules (ligands). Ligand-binding sites on proteins and the corresponding ligands are chemically and topologically complementa

54、ry.几乎所有蛋白质的功能都依赖于它们结合其他分子(配体)的能力。蛋白和相应配体上的配体结合位点在化学和拓扑结构上是互补的。39、 The affinity of a protein for a particular ligand refers to the strength of binding; its specificity refers to the preferential binding of one or a few closely related ligands.蛋白质对特定配体的亲和力是指结合的强度;它的特异性是指一个或几个密切相关的配体的优先结合。40、 Enzymes a

55、re catalytic proteins that accelerate the rate of cellular reactions by lowering the activation energy and stabilizing transition- state intermediates.酶是一种催化蛋白，通过降低活化能和稳定过渡态中间体来加速细胞的反应速度。41、 An enzyme active site comprises two functional parts: a substrate-binding region and a catalytic region. The

56、amino acids composing the active site are not necessarily adjacent in the amino acid sequence but are brought into proximity in the native conformation.酶的活性位点由两个功能部分组成:底物结合区和催化区。组成活性位点的氨基酸不一定在氨基酸序列中相邻，而是在天然构象中靠近。42、 From plots of reaction rate versus substrate concentration, two characteristic param

57、eters of an enzyme can be determined: the Michaelis constant Km, a measure of the enzymes affinity for substrate, and the maximal velocity Vmax, a measure of its catalytic power.从反应速率与底物浓度的图中可以确定酶的两个特征参数:米克里斯常数Km，这是酶对底物亲和力的度量;最大速度Vmax，这是它的催化能力的度量。43、 Enzymes in a common pathway are located within specific cell compartments and may be further associated as domains of a monomeric protein, subunits of a multimeric protein, or components of a protein complex assembled on a common scaffold.共同途径中的酶位于特定的细胞隔间内，并可能进一步与单分子蛋白、多分子蛋白的亚基或在共同支架上组装的蛋白复合物的组成部分相关。3、 荧光蛋白Fluorescent proteins as tools to aid