高考英语 书面表达句子结构透视与训练 北师大版选修9

1、书面表达中的句子结构透视与训练句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语句子的构成有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。一、 简单句的五种基本句型 句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其基本结构不外乎以下五种：1主语 + 系动词 + 表语Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.主语 系动词 表语The city will become rich.主语 系动词 表语在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be, loo

2、k（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来，感到），seem（似乎，好象），appear（显得，好象），remain（仍是），keep（保持），become（变得，成为）turn（变得，成为），get（变得），go（变得）等表示状态和变化的词。2主语 + 谓语（动词为vi）Building has started.主语 谓语The train leaves at 7:40.主语 谓语该句型中的谓语为不及物动词。谓语动词的前面根据需要还可加上适当的情态动词或助动词。如果多个谓语动词并列，可用and, but等并列连词将它们连接起来。谓语动词在

3、人称和数上须与主语保持一致。3主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（动词为vi）The boss employed five more workers.主语 谓语 宾语Few students like taking exams.主语 谓语 宾语动词后接宾语时应该用及物动词，若动词不及物则须在动词后再加上合适的介词。4主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语(指人) + 直接宾语(指物)He has fetched us some new textbooks.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语A car factory will bring the province more jobs.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语此句

4、型中的及物动词须跟两个宾语，这两个宾语又叫做双宾语，间接宾语一般指人，直接宾语一般指物。间接宾语可以放在直接宾语的前面，也可放在直接宾语的后面，但间接宾语放在后面时需在其前面加上适当的介词。例：A car factory will bring more jobs to the province.可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。5主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语The villagers didnt allow them to do this. 主语

5、谓语 宾语 宾语补足语I will keep the box in the shade. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语该句型中的“宾语 + 宾语补足语”又叫做“复合宾语”，其特点是宾语与其补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。上面句型中只列出了句子的主要

6、成分，事实上，句子中还常常有定语、状语和同位语等修饰语，有时还有不充当句子成分的插入语等。例：Professor Wang bought a new computer at a high price. 定语 定语 定语 at a high price为状语在句子中，不同的句子成分对词性有不同的要求。主语、宾语和同位语一般由名词、代词、动名词和动词不定式充当；谓语一般由动词充当；表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和插入语一般由动词以外的词或短语充当。一般来讲，一个句子至少具有一个主语和一个谓语（或系表结构），但在上下文中有时可能会有省略现象。省略后的句子可能会缺少包括主语、谓语在内的一些句子成分。祈使

7、句中的主语按要求也是应该舍去的。例：“Do give her my regards.” “Of course I will.”第一句是祈使句，动作执行人you已经舍去。第二句是省略句，根据上句I will后省略了give her your regards。以上主要介绍的是简单句的基本句型，除简单句外，还有并列复合句和主从复合句等句式，但这些复合句实际上是由若干个简单句通过连词连接起来的，因此，写作复合句时仍可遵循简单句的结构形式。练习：用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语，需要的话可加上适当的修饰语或插入语。 1 你的故事听起来很有趣。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）2 我感到有一点累。（

8、主语 + 系动词 + 表语）3 我妹妹是在农村长大的。（主语 + 谓语）4 这家医院创建于1950年。（主语 + 谓语）5 他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）6 他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）7 顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）8 下学期谁教你们生物？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）9 他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）10什么促使你这样想的？（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）二、用复杂结构或高级词汇1、使用过去分词例:She

9、walked out of the lab and many students followed her.(一般) Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.(高级) Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.(一般) Once seen, it can never be forgotten.(高级)2、使用V-ing形式例:When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.(一般). On arriving/his arrival, please gi

10、ve me an e-mail.(高级) If the weather permits, I'll come tomorrow.(一般) I'll come tomorrow, weather permitting.(高级)3、使用名词性从句例:It disappointed everybody that he didn't turn up.(一般) The fact that he didn't turn up disappointed everybody.(高级) I happened to have met him.(一般) It happened tha

11、t I had met him.(高级) To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.(一般) What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.(高级)4、使用定语从句 例:The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.(一般) The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.(高级)5、使用状

12、语从句例:I won't believe what he says.(一般) No matter what he says, I won't believe.(高级) If you come back before six o'clock, you can go out.(一般) You can go out on condition that(provided that) you come back before six o'clock.(高级) If she doesn't agree, what shall we do?(一般)Supposing

13、that she doesn't agree, what shall we do?(高级).6、使用with的复合结构1）.with名词形容词：如：Before he came here, my father used to sleep with his eyes open.我父亲来这儿之前，常常睁着眼睛睡觉。（注意：with不能用while来替换。）（表示伴随情况）2）.with名词副词：常用的副词是：in, on, over, out等。如：He was standing there with nothing on.他一丝不挂地站在那里。（表示伴随情况。）We went home

14、with our work over.我们工作做完就回家了。（表示时间。）3）.with名词介词短语：如：The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand.= The teacher came into the classroom, book in hand.老师手里拿着本书走进了教室。（表示伴随情况。）The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.士兵让他背向着父亲站着。（表示行为方式。）4）.with名词过去分词：如：He stood for an insta

15、nt with his hand still raised.他站了一刹那，他的手仍然举着。（raised与with的宾语hand有逻辑上的动宾关系。）I will have to buy a new one with my glasses broken.（broken与with的宾语glasses有逻辑上的动宾关系。）5）.with名词现在分词：如：The English class ended with all singing an English song.英语课以全体合唱一首英语歌而结束。（singing与with的宾语all有逻辑上的主谓关系。）6）.with名词不定式：如：With

16、something important to talk about with you, you must stay here.由于有很重要的事情和你商量，你必须留下。（表示原因。）7、What + a/an + adj. + 单数名词 + 主谓结构What + adj. + 复数名词/不可数名词 + 主谓结构How + adj./ adv.+ 主谓结构How + adj./ adv. + 主谓结构How + adj. + 单数可数名词 + 主谓结构 What a lovely day it is today!How clever a boy he is!8作形式主语。1)、It is + ad

17、j.+ that 从句（形容词有：important, necessary, impossible, natural, strange、wonderful、good、proper、right、wrong、fortunate、useless、likely、probable、impossible等，that从句中通常用虚拟语气should do或do）. eg: It is important that we should keep the balance of nature. It is important that we should pay close attention to grain.

18、It is natural that he（should）say so.2)、It is + n. + that 从句 （名词有：a pity, a shame, no wonder, a wonder等） eg: It is a pity that you didn't come yesterday.It is a shame that you didnt read the book.It is no wonder that you are always making the same mistake.It is a wonder that an 82-old-year man ca

19、n cycle 20 kilometers in an hour.3)、It is adj for/of sb. to do sth. (necessary, important, strange, natural,后用for，在foolish, kind, nice, clever, silly, stupid, good, right, wrong rude等后用of) eg : It is necessary for us to master a foreign language. It is very kind of you to help me with my English.It

20、is brave of Tom to saved the little child from the fire. It is foolish of Jim to tell it to his girlfriend . It is not easy to finish the work in two days.4）、4、It is no use/ good + doing sth.Eg: It is no use trying again = It is of no use to try again.It is no use crying over spilt milk.It is no goo

21、d complaining .It is no use arguing with him.5）、It is said/ reported/ announced/ (well) known /believed/ (universally)accepted/ estimated/to be noted that 据说 / 据报道 / 据宣布 / 据所知 / 据认为 / 普遍认为 / 据估计 / 值得注意的是。例如：It is said that Lucy was fired by her boss . It is reported that Beijing got the host of the

22、2008 Olympic Games. It is announced that China has got more than 100 gold medals in the Asian Games. It is well known that Taiwan is part of China . It is to be noted that the novel has been translated into several foreign languages.9作形式宾语。1)、动词（feel, think, make, find, consider） it adj.that从句。E g:

23、You may think it strange that anyone would live there.He made it clear that he was not interested in that subject.2)、动词（feel. think, make, find, consider）itadj. / n. to do sth. I found it very interesting to study English. I have made it a rule to have a walk after supper every day.I think it no use

24、 arguing with him.10、It is + 被强调部分 + that/who + 例如：（1）、It was Xiaoming whom(that)I met in the street last night.( 强调宾语Xiaoming )（2）、It was in the street that I met Xiaoming last night. ( 强调地点状语in the street )（3）、It ws last night that I met Xiaoming in the street. ( 强调时间状语last night )（4）、It was I who

25、 met Xiaoming in the street last night. ( 强调主语I )(5)、Was it in the street that you met her? ( 强调地点状语in the street 的特殊疑问句)（6）、Who was it that called him“comrade”?（7）、It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend.（8）、It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.（ 注意上述各句均为强调句型的“考点”）比

26、较：It is a small factory where my brother is going to work.（定语从句）练习：用括号内所提示的句型将下列句子译成英语。1 你最好能允许他呆在这儿。（you had better）2为了提高（improve）他的英语口语水平，他每天下午都到语言实验室去进行练习（in order to）3 到上个月他才建起自己的实验室。(not until)4 贝蒂长大后想做导游，我也是。（so + 助动词、情态动词或系动词 + 主语）5 去年这个地区雨水很少，以致村民们不得不从井里抽水。（sothat）6 我们的暑假过得多愉快啊，一课都没上。（感叹句）7我

27、们用一首英文歌曲来开始我们的聚会，好吗？（what about）8依我看这里的黑土至少有120公分深。（数词 + 名词 + 形容词）9我想这些骨头很容易被弄成粉末。（it作形式宾语）10该是熄灯睡觉的时候了。（Its time）三、 主要动词的习惯搭配英语中的习惯搭配是是英语国家人民在长期的生产、生活过程中逐渐积累、完善而成的，它有结构固定、意义简明的特点。在平时学习中，同学们必须牢记某些常见词汇，尤其是常见动词的习惯搭配方式，深刻理解其含义。现将课本中常见动词的习惯搭配方式列举如下。1. give,offer,take,leave,pass,hand,show,lend,send,retur

28、n,sell,tell,teach,pay等 + sth + to sb2. buy, get, make, cook, save, find, draw, build, keep等 + sth + for sb3. thank, praise, criticize（批评）,punish等 + sb + for（doing）sth4. agree with sb同意某人的意见/agree to sth同意某一建议、计划、安排等/agree on sth在方面达成一致意见/agree that同意5. ask sb for sth向某人讨要/ask sb to do sth请某人做某事6. dr

29、ess sb in给穿衣服/be（get）dressed in穿 衣服7. explain to sb sth=explain sth to sb向某人解释某事8. fail（in）an exam考试不及格/fail to do sth没能干什么9. feed sb on（with）sth=feed sth to sb用喂养，给吃/feed on sth靠吃为生10. find sth发现（找到）/find + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：发现什么怎么样/find it +宾语补足语 + 真正宾语：发现什么怎么样11. try to do sth努力去做某事/try doing sth尝试做某事12

30、. forget sth忘记某事/forget to do sth忘记去做某事/forget doing sth忘记做了某事/forget + 从句：忘记13. sth happened发生了什么事/happen to sb某人发生了什么事/happen to do sth碰巧做某事，偶然发生某事/It happened that碰巧怎么样14. help sb with sth=help sb (to)do sth帮助某人做某事15. hope for sth希望得到某物（不可说hope sth）/hope to do sth希望做某事（不可说hope sb to do sth）/hope

31、that希望怎么样16. wish for sth希望得到某物/wish sb祝愿某人/wish to do sth希望做某事/wish sb to do sth希望某人做某事/wish that希望怎么样17. join 加入/join in doing sth参加干某事18. keep+名词：保持/keep+形容词或分词：保持怎么样/keep sb或sth+宾语补足语：使处于某种状态/keep (on) doing sth始终做某事/keepfrom doing sth阻止做某事19. leave离开/leave for去/leavefor离开去/leave sb或sth+宾语补足语：使处

32、于某种状态20. like sth喜欢/like about sth喜欢关于/like doing sth喜欢做某事=like to do sth喜欢做某事/like sb to do sth喜欢某人做某事21. Would you mind doing sth? 你介意？/Would you mind if?你介意？22. seem + 形容词 = seem + 动词不定式 = it seems that似乎怎么样23. stop让停下来/stop doing sth停止做某事/stop to do sth停下来做某事/stopfrom doing sth阻止做某事24. supply sb

33、 with sth = supply sth to sb向某人提供某物25. do sb the favour to do sth = do sb a favour by doing sth劳驾某人做某事练习：根据括号内的提示词语将下列句子译成英语。1你用什么喂鹦鹉？（feed）2如果你觉得物理难学，可以请吉姆帮助你。（find +复合宾语, askfor）3 他们继续抽着烟，就好象什么也没发生过似的。（go on, smoke, as if, nothing, happen）4我到达医院的时候，医生碰巧正在给我妈妈做手术。（happen to, operate）5奶牛为我们提供牛奶。（sup

34、plywith）6他向我解释了他化学考试没有及格的原因。（explain, fail）7他希望我到机场为她送行。（hope, seeoff）8我们得想个办法不让煤气外溢。（stopfrom）9你将因为你的粗心而受到惩罚。（punish, carelessness）10他们似乎在那个项目上意见是一致的。（it seems that, agree）上面所述的一、参考答案：1. Your story sounds very interesting.2. I felt a bit tired.3. My younger sister grew up in the country.4. This hos

35、pital was set up in 1950.5. He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast.6. He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly.7. By the way, has she paid you the money?8. Who will teach you biology next term?9. He always keeps his bedroom clean.10. What made you think so?二、参考答案：1. Youd better allow him to stay here.2. In order to improve his spoken English, he goes to the sound lab to practise it every af