MBA管理类英语联考英语语法词汇总结

1、名词1. 名词的数：修饰可数名字用many，much修饰不可数名词。2. 复合名词复数结构：the old lady hired three men-servants, after tomorrow,we will be growns-ups.3. 名词数的理解：he is running a furniture business.4. 名词的双重所有格：一般由数量词+名词of+名词性物主代词。I know that many friends of jerrys.5.名词所有格的特殊意义：a car came to a stop outside the jewelers(可表示具体的“店家”)

2、。6.名词在复合形容词中的用法+名词搭配He climbed this 3600-foot-high mountain on foot名词在复合形容词中且有连词符连接时，要保持原形的形式。代词1. 不定代词在否认句中的用法：scarely在句中起到否认作用，否认句中一般使用anything,anybody和anywhere这类不定代词。2. 不定代词的常用搭配：he is something of a musician.某种程度上。3. 不定代词的对应搭配：it is one thing to enjoy listening to good music,but it is quite anot

3、her to perform skillfully yourself.one another.搭配表示比照，与but形成对应，other，some，常修饰复数名词，不能与one形成予以搭配，any 常用于否认句中。4. some others=some other shoes.5. 代词辨析：william the conqueror built the tower of london to protect himself from those he had conquered.空格后是省略了关系代词that 或who、whom的定于从句，意思是他所征服的那些人，排除it指代物，them做代词

4、，有明确的指向，无需加定语从句再加以限定或明确，也排除。6. 双重所有格中的名词性物主代词：sam admired his friends frank and jerry.He imitated every action of theirs.双重所有格结构一般由数量词+名词+of+名词性物主代词。7. 相互代词辨析：之间的相互：each other,三者之间相互： one another8. 代词的格式与人称的次序：my father asked tom and me to help9. our home is finer than yours or his:than 之后需用名词性物主代词。

5、10. 代词辨析：when drinking from a well,one mustnt forget those who dug it.空格后是关系代词who引导的定于从句，it 指代物体，them做代词有明确指向，无需定语从句。排除。Those who。表示那些。人主谓一致1. not only I but also jane and mary are tires of having one examination after another.由or,nor,eitheror,neither.nor,not onlybut also,not.but等连接的并列主语，喂鱼动词通畅与最靠近的

6、主语保持一致遵循就近原则。2. 主谓一致。A library(with five thousand books) was offered to the nation as a gift.3. when and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.“疑问词+to do sth”是“复合不定式短语”，其做主语时，即使用多个疑问词，仍将其视为一个整体。所以谓语动词用单数形式。4. the numberof people invitedwas fifty，but(a number of)them were absent for diffe

7、rent reasons.the number后面谓语动词用单数，but后面分句中的啊numberof。则是固定短语，意思是some，一些，可接可数名词复数或代词，所以谓语动词用复数。5. a good deal of +不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。6. 由eitheror引导的名词短语做主语时，后面的谓语根据就近原则，应与它相近的名词保持一致。7. as well as连接的前后名词短语通畅将“前者”视为主语，谓语动词与前者保持一致。8. 一般“山脉”，“群岛”和“瀑布”可视为“复数形式”，谓语与其保持一致，也用复数形式。9. many a+名词单数，故谓语动词也用单数。10. t

8、he audience was so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.that从句中的谓语动词是was left，故主句保持一致，同用过去时。Audience是几何名词，既可以视为整体，也可表示成员构成，谓语动词可以相应的为单数或者复数。同样的有：family,team,class,crowd,government,crew,committee,public.11. everybody ,men and women,old and young,enjoys sports and games.主语时everybod

9、y，后面men and women,old and young是作为同位语存在，谓语需要和everybody一致。又是一般性的状况，所以谓语动词用一般现在时。12. ten minutes seems an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.一段时间做主语视为一个整体时间段，表示一般性情况，用一般现在时。13. the secretary and principal is speaking at the meeting now.前共用一个定冠词the,指代“同一个人兼有两种身份”，谓语动词用单数。14. it is not jane but h

10、er brothers who are to blame.本句中用到it is。who。构成的强调句型，撤掉此结构可以发现本句的实质是主系表结构，谓语动词遵循就近原则，通畅与后者保持一致。15. the number of+名词中，主语时number，谓语动词与其保持形式一致，也用单数。16. the rich are not always happy,although the poor pay for all.the+形容词，表示相应的“一类人”，其谓语动词用复数形式。17. it is reported that there are going to be heavy storms in

11、the coming month.题中that 引导的从句是there be 句型，该句型在本质上属于“倒装”结构，其主语是heavy storms，故谓语动词需用复数形式。18. more than one student has been reported missing.“more than one +名词”作主语时，核心词是one 后面的名词单数，故谓语动词也通常用单数。19. more students than one 主语have been reported missing.不止一个学生被报告失踪。中心词是students，所以谓语动词用复数。4动词时态1. always表示“一

12、般性状况”，谓语动词要用“一般现在时”2. while I was reading a book,I fell asleep.while 表示“在。发生期间”，谓语动词常用“进行时”形式。3. I began to watch tv at eight last night.mary came at eight thirty.i was watching tv when mary came.,when 引导的时间状语从句，其中came表示过去时间点，watch引导该过去时间点正在进行的动作。4. joan has already finished her homework.now she is

13、playing the piano.第一句中出现already，表示“截止到目前”已经完成的动作，故finish用现在完成时has finished。5. “告诉told”是过去时，发生在过去，其并于从句理应用“过去”，但考虑到后面都是在讲述有关月亮的“客观真理”，所以用一般时。6. so far 到目前为止。用现在完成时。7. perhaps it will be a long time before we see you again.本句是主从复合句，根据时间状语从句中谓语动词see一般时，指“将来”可知本句时间点是“将来”，谓语动词用将来时。It。will be+时间段+before句型

14、可以为“要过。时间才。”8. since january1st,there have been a lot of new tasks in the factory.根据时间状语引导词since,本句需要用完成时，而there be 倒装句型中的主语是后面的new tasks，因此主谓一致原则，动词需用复数形式。9. nobody likes him because he is always criticizing others.always与现在进行时连用时，表示强烈的主观或感情色彩，尤其是不满或厌烦的情绪，可以为“老是，一直”。表示经常性的，用一般现在时。10. it has been 4

15、years since I left my country.“it is+一段时间+since从句”是一个高频句型，表示“自从。以来已有。时间”since从句中的谓语动词瞬间性动词因表示“过去时间点”，故需用“过去时”，而前面的谓语动词be则比较灵活，既可以用“现在完成时”也可以简化为“一般现在时”11. just go ahead,I will cover you .尽管往前走，我会保护你。前句是祈使句，相关动作显然属于未发生的将来，后面用将来时。12. as soon as 引导的时间状语从句应是将来的时间概念动词时态与时间状语一致I“一般时”表示将来I dedided to go to

16、the library as soon I finished my work(“一般过去时”表示“过去将来”)13. do you like the material?yes,it feels very soft.句子中的feel是系动词，意思是摸起来，或者感觉起来，后面常接着形容词做表语，构成系表结构，用于说明主语状况、性质或特征。系动词不能用于被动形式，也不用于进行时。所以用一般现在时。14. for +时间段用完成时15. 自然现象，客观事实，用一般现在时，太阳升降，并非为人为，所以不能用被动语态。16. hardly had we started when it began to sn

17、ow.我们已出发，天就开始下雪了。否认词hardly置于句首做状语，修饰谓语动词时，常使用“倒装结构”hardly had s+ved when s+ved是常见句型，表示“一。就。” 17. No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.他一到，天就开始下雨了。No sooner hadS+Ved thanS”+Ved 与hardly had S+Ved when S+Ved 都是常见的句型，“一就.18. in the 19th century,it was the most handsome car that had ever been b

18、uilt.在19世纪，它是以往制造出的最漂亮的车。最高级一般由对应的比对范围，句尾that引导的定语从句五一表达出来，然后是过去完成时。19. 时间状语一般时表示将来，The girl even wont have her lunch before she finishes t have表示将来，所对应的before时间状语从句也应是“将来”的概念，但时间状语从句中应用“一般时”表示“将来”20. I thought he was on a diet.我认为他在节食。谓语动词是thought，其后面是省略了that的宾语从句，由于主句谓语动词是过去时，并于从句中的谓语动词也要用过去某种时态。2

19、1. tom died last summer.tom always liked reading poems to his family.汤姆去年夏天去世了，他省钱总喜欢给他的家人诵读诗歌。生前习惯，用过去时。然后always不能跟进行时连用，跟进行时连用，表示不满，强烈的主观色彩。22. by the time you read this article tomorrow evening,we shall have left for london.谓语动词所用时态取决于相关的时间状语，根据句首by the time。和tomorrow evening可知谓语动作的发出时间是“明晚读到文章前”

20、，即蕴含一个“将来的时间截止点”，故谓语动词需用“将来完成时”5. 被动语态1. the fire could not be put out until the next morning.被动关系，火被扑灭。2. those students are often seen playing football in the field.see常用两个搭配，see sb do sth。看见某人做了某事，see sb doing sth看到某人在做某事。其相应的被动形式为sb be seen to do sth和sb be seen doing sth.3. this kind of glasses

21、manufactured by experienced craftsmen sells well.注意：英语中某些动词在于特定副词连用时，可以“主动”形式表示“被动”含义，常用的这类动词有wash,write,sell,clean,后常接副词easily,well,quickly,和smoothly等。4. the cloth feels much softer.这种布摸起来很柔软。系动词不存在被动形式，经常用主动形式表达其被动语义，如look,sound,smell,taste,prove,feel.5. in order to attend a dinner party,she was w

22、ell dressed.dress可做及物动词，表示“给。穿衣服”或“打扮。”经常用被动语态的形式be dressed表示一种“衣着”或“装扮”状态。6. the professor didnt begin his lecture until all the audience were seated.seat是及物动词，意思是“使某人就座”主语是人，seat顺理成章就是被动，sb. Be seated注意：类似seat这样的动词还有interest、face、oppose、这些词共同特点就是常用被动形式表示主动含义，be interested in 对。感兴趣，be faced with 面对

23、，be opposed to 反对。7. after such a long journey,my shoes want mending.want 和need类似，共同用法：后接ving表示被动语义，相当于need/want to be done.6. 虚拟语气1. but for the fog,we should have reached our destination假设不是因为大雾，我们应该早就抵达我们的目的地了。后半句的should have done结构可看出这是一个虚拟语气，but for意为：“要不是”“倘假设不是因为”的意思，常用于虚拟语气。Because of 引导的原因状

24、语所对应的句子主干不用虚拟语气。In spite of引导的让步状语所育英的句子主干不用虚拟语气。In case of引导的条件状语从句所对应的句子主干也不用虚拟语气。2. supposing this ship were to sink,do you think therew would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?如果这艘船下沉，你认为是否有足够的救生衣给全部的乘客。Supposing意思是假假设，相当于if，根据后面对应的动词形式would be可推知他引导的是一个针对“将来时间段”的“虚拟条件句，”故其后从句谓语动词应使用

25、将来时间段的虚拟形式，sank，should sink或were to sink。3. your secretary told me that you wold be coming over.Otherwise I would have felt compelled to call you at home.您的秘书说您将要过来，否则我早就给您家里打 了。本剧中的otherwise表示对钱满“已发生事实told”的虚拟假设，意思是“否则”，即“假设夫哦您的秘书过去没有告诉我的话”，因此它属于对“过去时间段”的虚拟假设，空格中的谓语动词应相应的使用“would/should/could/might

26、 have done ”的一种形式。我将不得已。4. did you go to see the football match yesterday?no,I didnt feel well,but I would have gone if I hadwould have gone的形式可知but后的句义是针对“过去时间段”的虚拟假设，if从句的对应形式应是“had done”5. he told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I would have died of hunger and cold.他告诉

27、我他是如何给我提供庇护的，如果没有这些庇护恐怕我早就死于饥寒交迫了。Which引导的定于从句，which指代前面“他过去给予我的庇护”，介词without引导虚拟语气，以为“倘假设没有这些庇护”因此是针对“过去时间段”的虚拟假设，后面谓语形式应相应使用would/could/might/should+have done6. the idea is that the nation send an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.这个建议是，国家应该首先发射无人太空飞船去勘察这颗行星。一旦句中出现guggestion,proposal

28、,order,plan,idea,advise,decision等表示“命令”“建议”或“要求”的名词，且存在与其内容相关的表语从句或同位语从句，那么该从句的谓语动词形式“should do”或者省略should 原形的“do”7. 一旦句子中出现suggest,propose,order,plan,advise,decide和urge等表示“命令”建议或要求的动词，且存在语气内容相关的宾语从句，那么该宾语从句的谓语动词需用虚拟形式“should do”或者略should的原形do。8. frankly,Id rather you didnt make any comment on the i

29、ssue for the time being.坦率的讲，我希望针对当前这个问题你不要发表任何评论。Would rather 后常接that引导的宾语从句，表示宁愿或希望的内容，该that从句“一般过去式”的虚拟形式来表示对“当前”和“未来”的愿望，或使用“过去完成时”的虚拟语气表示对过去的愿望。具体到本剧，由句尾for the time being 可知是对“当前”的愿望，故用“一般过去式”的虚拟形式，其否认式是didnt+动词原形。9. if only I would not be there.if only 用于句首，表示不切实际的愿望，意思是“要是。就好了”，因此后面常接虚拟语气形式，

30、对现在的愿望是实用“did”，对将来的愿望实用“would do”，而对过去的愿望则实用“had done”10. I wish I had gone 斯德哥尔摩when I was in sweden,I hear its beautiful city.wish后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，以表示与事实相反的情况，针对现在时间段的愿望，宾语从句常用“过去时”的虚拟形式，针对将来时间段的愿望，宾语从句常用“过去将来时”的虚拟形式，而针对过去时间段的愿望，宾语从句则常用“过去完成时”根据我在瑞典，可以看出是最后这，表示与过去事实相反的情况。11. he would rather not have

31、kept his promise with his girlfriend.他宁愿当初没有遵守对女友的诺言。Would rather 意思是“宁愿。”表示与实施相反的愿望，后面要么接that宾语从句，要么接动词原形，即would rather do (对现在或未来的愿望)或would rather have done对过去的与愿望，其否认形式是would rather not do 和would rather not have done.12. sometimes I wish I were living in a different time a different place.有时我真新网生

32、活在不同的时间、不同的地点。Wish后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，以表示与事实相反的情况，针对现在时间段的愿望，宾语从句常用“过去时”的虚拟形式，针对将来时间段的的愿望，宾语从句常用“过去将来时”的虚拟语气，而针对过去时间段的愿望，宾语从句则常用“过去完成时。”13. the business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.无论售货还是运货，每天的业务都进展很顺利。本句双逗号的外委表达是句子主干主句，双逗号之间是whether.,or引导的让步状语从句，省略whether后，再将be移动到

33、句首得来的省略表达。注意：whether it be。or。中间的be是虚拟语气形式，其前面省略了should；另，该形式经常改写为“省略+倒装”的形式be it。or。以示进一步的强调。14. he is working hard for fear that he should fail to pass the exam.他在努力学习，以防考试失利。For fear that生怕，唯恐，和lest以防，所引导的目的状语从句中，常用“should+动词原形”或“动词原形”的虚拟形式，加强主观语气。15. its high time you started to work.你开始工作的时间到了。

34、It ishightime that 。后面的从句谓语常使用虚拟形式，动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，should可以省略。16. the driver looked over the engine carefully lest it go wrong on the way.那个司机仔细检查了发动机以防车载路上抛锚。注意：in case that以防后面则既可以接虚拟语气should+do也可以使用陈述语气即真是语气。具体选用何种形式，取决于主观需要，防止的“可能”发生率较小就使用虚拟语气，反之，防止的“可能”发生率交大，则使用陈述语气。7. 动词：情态动词1. used to do

35、 表示过去常常做某事，而现在往往不做了；be used to doing表示习惯于做某事。Be used to do表示。被用来做某事。2. 有根据的肯定推断用must，语气强烈，其对应的否认形式为“cannot”，而非mustnt。should not be/may not be都可以用于表示“推测”，但都不是“有根据的”推断。3. dare he come out at night？可做实义动词，也可用作情态动词，用于前者，其后的动词使用不定式形式，且有人称和数以及时态的变化。Dare 用作情态动词，后跟动词原形，主要用于疑问句，否认句，和条件句。8不定式1.i noticed the l

36、ady grab his wallet and run.我看见那位女士抢了他的钱包并且跑了。Notice作为感官动词，常接不带to的不定式或现在分词做并于补足语。Notice sb.do sth(注意到某人做了某事)和notice sb。Doing(注意到某人正在做某事)。此外还有watch2.have sb. do sth“让某人做某事”he had his daughter play the volin two hours every day.此外还有make，she was made to leave at once.3.the boy walked quietly into the d

37、ormitory so as not to awake his roommates.这个男孩悄悄的走进宿舍以防吵醒舍友。So as to和in order to均表示目的，其否认形式为to前面加not。4.“主语+be+形容词+to do”是英文中常见句式，后面的不定式与主语间存在动宾关系。I was wondering if the shoes are comfortable to wear.5.here we found little snow,as most of it seemed to have been blown off the mountain.在这里我们没有见到一点雪，因为他

38、们大多似乎从山上被吹走了。Seem用法1.seem to do。2.it seem thatS+V，此句应该是found之前发生，所以用完成时。注意：I would rather read than watch tv.the programs seem to be getting worse all the time.我宁可看书也不愿看电视，现在的电视节目似乎正变得越来越糟。To be doing不定式的进行时可以表示动作一直持续。12.“特殊疑问词+to do”是复合不定式，相当于名词性从句的省略。I have no idea when to leave the city.=when I s

39、hall leave the city.在句中做idea的同位语。13.They expected there to be many more interesting movies directed by chinese directors.他们期待有更多中国导演执导的有趣影片。There to be 也是复合不定式的一种，相当于there will be。句式的省略。9动名词1. avoid的搭配用法是avoid doing sth2. need 可做实义动词也可作情态动词，情态动词一般用于否认形式neednt do，表示“不必”，而肯定句中多做实义动词，表示需要，此事后面的动词需用不定式形

40、式或者动名词形式，而姐动名词形式时其语义是“被动”的。The flowers need watering,otherwise they will wither.动名词表示被动。3. cease doing sth表示“有意识地停止做某事”，而对。感兴趣。When jim had seen the film,he ceased being interested in the novel.4. without “如果不”，为介词，后接动名词或动名词做宾语。5. we were surprised at his not passing the exam.我们吃惊他没通过考试。介词at后面无疑要接名词

41、或动名词形式，构成介宾搭配。注意：动名词短语的动作发出这既可使用所有格形式如his也可使用宾格形式如him6. be regarded as“被认为是。”as是介词，后接名词或动名词短语做宾语。7. confress可做及物动词+doing，也可作不及物动词to+doing。Jack，scolded by his mother,finally confressed to having stolen the money.由于妈妈的斥责，jack最终承认偷了钱。注意：动名词的完成时常强调一个具体动作之前另一个具体动作的“已然完成。”10非谓语结构：现在分词与过去分词1. many things c

42、onsidered impossible in the past are common today.在过去看来不可能的事情，今天已经变得司空见惯了。Are是系动词，点睛：过去分词短语做后置定语。2. the great depression was the longest and most period of economic depressionever experienced by united states经济大萧条是美国所经历的持续时间最长，最严峻的经济危机。Theperiod of economic depression与the united states之间的语义关系显然是“被美国

43、经历的”而非“经历美国的”。点睛：过去分词短语做后置定语。3. the vacuum tube,(invented near the beginning of our century).gave us the use of radio waves,(an energy source)never before capturedand later opened the road for television.发明于本世纪初的真空电子管使得我们能够利用无线电波这种过去从未发现的能约，他为后来的电视机发明铺平了道路。本句的主干是the vacuum tubegave.and later opened;

44、第一处小括弧表达invented。是过去分词短语做后置定语，对前面的tube做补充说明；第二处小括弧表达an。是同位语，对前面的radio waves做解释说明；大括弧表达never。是后置定语，修饰限定其前面的energy source，考虑energy source与capture的被动关系。点睛：过去分词短语做后置定语。4. Television is an instrument of communication,permitting us to see us as well as to hear the performer.电视是一种通讯工具，不进可以让我们听到表演者的声音还可以让我们

45、看到自己。本句都好后面的表达可视为“非限制性定语从句的省略”，对前面“一种通讯工具的说明”即：which permits us to.as well as to=permitting. 点睛：现在分词短语做非限制性后置定语相当于非限制性定语从句的省略。例子：1.the amazon rain forest,functioning as the earths lungs,converts carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.非限制性定语从句which functions as the earths lungs可省略为function

46、ning as。 2. The name nebraska comes from the old indian word“nebrathka”,meaning(=which means flat water) flat water. 点睛：现在分词短语做非限制性后置定语相当于非限制性定语从句的省略。5. Judged the best in a recent science competition,the three students were awarded scholarships totaling$21000 由于最近的科技竞赛中这三个学生被评为最正确，他们被授予总计21000美元奖学金

47、。主语三个学生与核心词judge显然存在“被动”的语义关系。过去分词短语做原因状语。点睛：在doing，done，to do。，S+V结构中，逗号前面的do须与后面的S保持语义的一致。主动关系用doing。被动关系用done。表将来则用to do。同理：believing the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.首先句子主语many 和句首空格词believe之间显然是主动关系，排除被动，所以用believing，现在分词做原因状语，修饰谓语动词feared，表示其发

48、生的原因。6. Having eaten a hearty luncheon,the judge was ready to seriously consider the circumstances.吃完一顿丰富的午餐之后，这位法官准备认真思考这个问题。点睛“在having done,S+V结构中，逗号前面的having done 与V有着明确的先后关系，该结构语义等于After doing,S+V.7. 状语从句的省略：he opened his lips as if to say something.他张开嘴仿佛想说些什么似的。As if意思是好似，仿佛，作为连接词，后面常接从句，本来应该为

49、he opened his lips as if he were/was to say something.从句主语和主句主语一致，都是he，所以简化成as to say something。11独立主格结构1 名词+现在分词短语可以构成独立主格结构，在语义上相当于一个“状语从句”，其中名词充当逻辑主语，而现在分词短语则充当逻辑谓语：Other things being equal,a man(who expresses himself effectively) is sure to succed more rapidly than a man(whose command of languag

50、e is poor)在其他条件等同的情况下，一个语言表达能力强的人必定要比一个语言表达能力弱的人更快成功。实际上相当于一个条件状语从句：If other Things are equal.2 Some many directors being absent,the board meeting had to be put off.由于许多董事缺席，这次董事会不得不推迟。现在分词短语可以构成独立主格结构，在语义上相当于一个状语从句，其中名词充当逻辑主语，而现在分词短语则充当逻辑谓语。相当于as so many directors were absent.3 All things considere

51、d,the planned trip will have to be called off.综合考虑所有的因素，原定的旅行计划将不得不取消。鉴于all things和consider是被动的语义关系，过去分词与前面的all things可以构成“名词+过去分词”的独立主格结构，在语义上相当于一个状语从句，其中名词充当逻辑主语，而过去分词短语则充当逻辑谓语，它相当于一个条件状语从句：if all things are considered.4 The speech having been delivered,a lively discussion started.演讲结束后，开始了激烈的讨论。鉴

52、于逗号后面的句子是主干，前面在缺乏连接词的情况下不可能是句子形式，名词+现在分词短语的独立主格结构，但考虑到deliered和started两个动作行为的发生时间，可知两者并非“同时发生”，而是有明确的“先后”顺序。语义上相当于一个时间状语从句：after the speech was delivered.5 A new technique having been worked out,the yieds as a whole increased by 20 percent.由于研发出了新的技术，总产量增长了20%。鉴于技术与研发是被动关系，考虑独立主格结构，但是worked out和incr

53、eased两个动作行为有先后顺序，且前者是后者发生的原因，语义上：相当于一个原因状语从句：as a new technique had been worked out.6 All flights having been cancelled,because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.由于暴风雪，所有的航班被迫取消了，许多旅客不得不改乘火车。原因状语从句：As all flights had been cancelled because of the snow7 All the task

54、s having been fulfilled ahead of time,they decided to go on holiday for a week.所有任务已经提前完成，所以我们决定度假一周。分析句子可以知道，逗号之后是个句子，故逗号之前不能为句子。词句相当于一个原因状语从句：As all the tasks had been fulfilled ahead of time8 As for the winter,it is inconvenient to be cold,with most(of what furnace is allowed)saved for the dawn.至

55、于冬天，寒冷使得人们生活不方便，因为大部分拨给的燃料须节省下来留待黎明时使用。本句划线表达是“with+名词most+过去分词saved”构成独立主格结构，做原因状语，对前面的句子主干做原因解释：理解难点是括弧表达，他是“介词of+名词从句”构成的介宾短语做前面most的后置定语，介词of后面的名词从句只能由what引导，该词的本质是what+名词=the名词+定语从句，具体到本句what furnace fuel is allowed=the furnace fuel(which is allowed),由此可知，本句的独立主格结构是：with most(of what furnace is

56、 allowed)saved for the dawn.，即with most of the furnace which is allowed)saved for the dawn。9 介词with引导的独立主格结构做伴随状语，修饰前面的谓语动词was brought in，表示伴随的状况，The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.那个杀人犯被带进来时，双手被反绑在后面。10 Just as the value of a telephone network increase with each new pho

57、ne added to the system,so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.正像 网络的价值会随着每部新增 的增加而增加一样，电脑系统的价值也会随着每个程序的出现而增加。句子中with引导独立主格做原因状语，又是被动关系。11. with引导的独立主格结构做伴随状语，修饰前面的谓语动词：The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience seated on benches,chairs,

58、or boxes.还有：After the Arab states won independence,great emphasis was laid on expanding education,with girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school.12定语从句：1. The manwhom/who/that/省 you saw jogging over thereis my father.You是主语，saw是谓语动词，jogging。是宾语补足语，考虑先行词，指人whom,who和that，此外鉴于他充当宾语角色，还可以省略。2. The best mealthat/省 I have ever hadis onewhich/what/省I h