英语语法独立主格结构

1、英语语法专题独立主格结构一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为规律主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为规律谓语构成。 二、独立主格结构的功能 “独立主格结构”在句子中作用相当于非限定状语从句。但是此结构有自己的主语，并起到多种作用。如：表缘由、表条件、表方式、表伴随状况、表时间等，在句中一般作状语。有时也可作定语。 1.作时间状语Spring coming on, the trees turn green. The meeting over, everyone talked about its positive result.  2.作条件状语Weather

2、permitting，they will go on a picnic tomorrow假如天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。Everything taken into consideration，this plan seems to be workable假如从各方面考虑，该方案好像可行。 3.作缘由状语The earthquake having destroyed their home, they had to live in a tent.由于地震把他们的家摧毁了，他们只能住在帐篷里。There being no further business to discuss

3、, we all went home. 没有别的事可争辩，我们都回家了。4.作伴随状语或补充说明He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。We doubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的。5.作定语He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with

4、 的复合结构作定语,修饰the person他就是有很多问题要解决的那个人。三、独立主格结构基本构成形式： 独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分出名词或代词担当，其次部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担当。按其结构形式分为：ing 分词独立主格结构；ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词ingTime permitting, I will go to see you。假如时间允许，我就去看你。There being no bus, we had t

5、o walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2. 名词(代词)+过去分词edThe experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 试验做完后，同学们连续在试验报告上做记录。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.   他上课认真听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它

6、前面的名词或代词假如存在着规律上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；假如是动宾关系，则用被动形式。The last guest to arrive, our party will start. 最终一名客人到后，我们的晚会就开头。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上很多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 4. 名词(代词)+形容词The closes dirty, you must wash it

7、 soon。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5. 名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能连续工作了。 6. 名词(代词)+名词His first shot failure，he fired again他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two

8、 hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有很多儿童。 7. 名词(代词) +介词短语The English teacher walked in to the classroom, papers in hand. 英语老师走进教室，手里拿着作业。There is a river in the valley, flowers on the bank. 山谷中有一条小河，两岸长满了鲜花。8. with、without 引导的独立主格结构介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以

9、构成独立主格结构，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词肯定要用宾格。上面争辩过的独立主格结构的几种状况在此结构中都能体现。Awith+名词代词+形容词He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open. 他不宠爱开着窗子睡觉。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.留意：在“with+名词

10、代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人绝望,老人感到很不欢快。With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。Bwith+名词代词+副词Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 全部的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。= Our school looks ev

11、en more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.Cwith+名词代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。= He stood at the door, and

12、a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.Dwith+名词代词+动词的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。= When his homework was done,

13、Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信号发出了，火车开头起动了。= After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。= I wouldnt dare go home because the job was not finished.Ewith+名词代词+动词的-ing形式The man felt very happy with so ma

14、ny children sitting around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他四周，那男子感到很兴奋。= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped throu

15、gh the window. 他趁没人留意的时候，从窗口溜走了。= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.Fwith+名词代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不快活。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interes

16、t to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很感动。The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：在with/without 的复合结构中，多数状况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）四、举例：1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做，他们离开了

17、。（代词ing; 表缘由）2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词ed; 表状态）4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了，我们开头玩篮球。（名词副词；表时间）5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字，他捡起那张纸。（借此结构；表

18、伴随）6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最终一位客人到了，我们的晚会开头了。（名词不定式；表时间） 7、You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。（with+名词+过去分词）五、应用留意事项1. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried，many things

19、to settle. 经理看上去很焦急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 很多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）2有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to b

20、e honest（狡猾说），to be sure （的确），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search

21、of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 状况更糟的是，很多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下四周村庄的妇女来连续担当修复工作。3. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种状况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：(1) 独立主格结构的规律主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.由于是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2) 在There being名词的结构中。如：There being

22、no bus, we had to go home on foot.由于没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。4. 独立主格的时态问题独立主格结构作时间或缘由状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开头了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板格外绝望。【典例精析】 1. （08北京）_ that she was goin

23、g off to sleep, I asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.  A. Seeing           B. To see            C. See          D. Seen【解析】A非谓语动

24、词see构成的短语与句子的主语I即其规律主语之间是主动关系,用在句首,中间与句子用逗号分开,表示伴随状况,用作伴随状语,因此用现在分词。2.(08全国卷I)I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _.    A. to be breathed    B. to breathe        C. breathing     D. be

25、ing breathed 【解析】B在主系表结构中,当表语形容词为good, light, heavy, difficult等时,其后常用不定式作状语,表示时间,缘由,结果等,且常用主动形式表示被动意义,因此选B。此处为特殊状况。3.(08北京)-Did the book give the information you needed?   -Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book.  A. to find        &#

26、160;  B. find              C.to be finding  D. finding【解析】 A 非谓语动词短语与主句之间用逗号隔开,作状语。依据句意:为了找到需要的信息,我不得不看完整本书的内容,表示目的。不定式常在句首作目的状语,且此处不表示动作正在进行,因此用一般式,选A。4.（09湖南）Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier

27、for it _ .A. reusing  B. reused  C. reuses  D. to be reused【解析】D 考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很简洁被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选D。5.（09江西）_ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.  A. Giving    

28、0;        B. Having given     C. To give       D. Given  【解析】D 考查非谓语动词。假如把句子补充完整就不难看出：If they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。依据主、从句主语全都可省略从句

29、主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players6.（09江西）The government plans to bring in new laws _ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.  A. forced            B. forcing

30、           C. to be forced    D. having forced  【解析】B 考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws ,相当于which forces .7.（09海南）The children all turned_the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A. looked at    B. to look a

31、t        C. to looking at   D. look at【解析】B。 句意为：当那位有名的女演员走进了教室，全部的孩子都转过头去看她。turn to 表示“转向，求助”的意思。8.(09海南) Now that weve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ?A. taking    B. take   C. taken D. to take【解

32、析】C。 考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在,我们已经争辩了问题,是人们最满足的打算？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动9.（09山东）We are invited to a party _in our club next Friday.   A. to be held         B. held          

33、0;    C. being held        D. holding   【解析】A 考查非谓语动词的用法，由next month可知时间是在将来，party是被进行，故选A。10（09陕西）I still remember   _   to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.   A. to take     

34、;       B. to be taken         C. taking           D. being taken  【解析】D 考查非谓语动词。此处非谓语动词做remember的宾语，而remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时，可以用v-ing形式，v-ing表示的动作已经完成，也可用动词不定式，表示的动作还未发生，依据后文的saw

35、可知此处非谓语动词动作已经完成，且与规律主语是被动关系，用v-ing的被动式，选D。11.（09福建）    not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.   A. Reminding      B. Reminded      C. To remind     D. Having remin

36、ded【解析】B 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，规律主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选B。12.（09福建）In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao,    the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.   A. marking     

37、0;      B. marked        C. having marked  D. being marked  【解析】A 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与规律主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选A。13.（09湖南）When he        the door, he found his keys were nowhere.  

38、;     A. would open  B. opened  C. had opened  D. was to open【解析】D 考查非谓语动词。动词不定时的用法。句意为：当他要打开门的时候,他发觉他的钥匙不见了。动词不定时表示将要发生的动作。14.（09湖南）9At the age of 29, Dave was a worker,        in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do ab

39、out his future.A. living; wondering   B. lived; wonderingC. lived; wondered   D. living; wondered【解析】A 考查分词的用法。句意为：29岁的大卫,是一个工人,住在一间小公寓在波士顿四周,不知怎么办关于他的将来。现在分词作定语修饰a worker，and 为并列连词，连接相同的成份。15.（07山东）The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at t

40、he end of last March.A. has been launched B. having been launchedC. being launched D. to be launched【解析】B 考查独立主格结构的用法。由于句子中没有连词，所以不能选A。又由于动作于去年的三月底就已经发生，所以不能选表示将来动作的D和表示进行动作的C。【考题小练】 1. I have a lot of books, half of _ novels.A. which      B. that   

41、 C. whom            D. them2. _ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.A. becauseB. asC. WithD. Since3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of _ carrying heavy bags and baske

42、ts full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there.A. themB. whoC. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of _ over 600 years old.A. which B. that C. them D. it5. The cave _ very dark, he lit some candles _ light.A. was; giv

43、en B. was; to give C. being; givenD. being; to give6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _ a gun and his face _ with sweat. A held; coveredB. holding; covering   C. holding; coveredD. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _. A. flowed in the breeze      B. was flowing in t