高中英语with复合结构与独立主格结构讲解

1、高中英语with复合结构与独立主格结构讲解时间：2011-10-16 10:57 来源：天天高中学习网 点击：画241次区2012寒假提高成绩50-150分秘诀：高一视频，高二视频，高三视频回寒假名师辅导推荐视频年级高一课程推荐高二课程推荐高三课程推荐初中课程推荐课程高一 “寒假点睛班”！高一 “寒假单科补弱班”高二“寒假点睛班”！高二“寒假单科补弱班” 高三“寒假双重提高班”！ 高考二轮寒假提高班！初一 “寒假双重提高班”！ 初二“寒假双重提高班” 初三“寒假中考双重强化班”炉更多初中高中辅导课程推荐，点击进入>>不少学生对with结构的用法比较复杂，不少英语学习者总感觉不甚清楚

2、，现将一介词with、二with复合结构、三独立主格结构、四动词独立主格结构、五with/without引导的独立主格结构总结如下。with结构也称为with复合结构，首先要与介词with的用法区别开来。先让我们全面了解介词with的用法。、介词with的用法with prep.其主要词义包括 有，以，用，同,由于，和一致，赞成，关于 等”21种词义。1 . the company of; accompanying:和，陪伴： 在 陪伴下； 随同：2 .Did you go with her?你跟她一起去吗 ？Next to; alongside of:在旁边,同 在一起:stood with

3、 the rabbi; sat with the family.与教士站在一起，与家人坐在一块儿3 .Having as a possession, an attribute, or a characteristic: 带着，带来：作为所有物、属性或特点 具有：arrived with bad news; a man with a moustache.带来坏消息；留络腮胡子的男人4.In a manner characterized by:以方式：performed with skill; spoke with enthusiasm.很有技巧地表演；热情地说话5.In the performa

4、nce, use, or operation of:使用：在 的表现、 使用或运行中：had trouble with the car. 汽车出了毛病6.In the charge or keeping of: 负责，照料：left the cat with the neighbors. 把猫托邻居照顾7.In the opinion or estimation of: 以一 的观点或估计：if it's all right with you. 如果你没异议的话8.In support of; on the side of: 支持，赞同：I'm with anyone who

5、wants to help the homeless. 我支持任何想帮助流浪汉的人7.Of the same opinion or belief as:和一致：与 有相同观点或信仰：He is with us on that issue. 在那个议题上他和我们观点一致8.By the means or agency of:用：通过 的方式或媒介：eat with a fork; made us laugh with his jokes. 用叉子吃饭；以他的笑话引我们发笑9. In spite of: 尽管：With all her experience, she could not get a

6、 job. 尽管很有经验，她还是找不到工作10. In the same direction as:与 一 同向：sail with the wind; flow with the river. 顺风起帆；顺河而流11. At the same time as:与一 同时：gets up with the birds. 与鸟儿同时起床12. In regard to: 关于，对于：We are pleased with her decision. They are disgusted with the situations. 她这样决定，我们很高兴；他们对现状很厌恶13. Used as a

7、function word to indicate a party to an action, a communicative activity, or an informal agreement or settlement:和：用作功能词表示某个动作、交流活动或非正式协议或 决定的一方：played with the dog; had a talk with the class; lives with an aunt. 与狗玩；和班上的同学谈一谈；与姑母住在一起14. In comparison or contrast to:与相比； 与 对照：a dress identical with

8、the one her sister just bought. 和她姐姐刚买衣服同一款式15. Having received: 收到，获得：With her permission, he left. I escaped with just a few bruises. 获得她允许后，他离开了。我逃跑时只受了一些擦伤16. And; plus: 和；加上：My books, with my brother's, make a sizable library. 我的书加上的弟弟的书能够办成一个不小的图书馆了.17. Inclusive of; including: 包括：It comes

9、 to $29.95 with postage and handling. 包括邮资和手续费总共是29.95 美元18. In opposition to; against: 反对；对抗：wrestling with an opponent. 与对手摔跤19. As a result or consequence of: 结果，后果：trembling with fear; sick with the flu. 害怕的发抖；感染了流行性感冒20. So as to be free of or separated from:分离，离开：为脱离，为与 分开： parted with her hus

10、band. 与她丈夫分手21. In the course of:在 的过程中：We grow older with the hours. 我们随时光流逝而长大二、 with 复合结构with 复合结构是由with+ 复合宾语组成，常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形：1 with + 名词（或代词） + 现在分词，此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语）Wit

11、h the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况）2 with + 名词（或代词） + 过去分词，此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。例如:I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes fixed on the ceiling. 我在房间坐了一会儿，眼 睛盯着天花板。（伴随情况）She had to walk home with her bike stolen. 自行车被偷，她只好步行回家。（原因状语）3 with + 名词（或代词）

12、 + 动词不定式，此时，不定式表示将发生的动作。例如:With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. 由于没人可以说话的人，约翰感到很悲哀。（原因 状语）With a lot of work to do, he wasn't allowed to go out. 因为还有很多工作要做，他没有被允许外出。（原因状语）4 with + 名词（或代词） + 形容词I like to sleep with the windows open. 我喜欢把窗户开着睡觉。（伴随情况）With the weather so close and stuffy, t

13、en to one it'll rain presently. 大气这样闷，十之八九要下 雨。（原因状语）5 with + 名词（或代词） + 介词短语With the children at school, we can't take our vacation when we want to. 由于孩子们在上学，所 以当我们想度假时而不能去度假。（原因状语）The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵让他背朝着他的父亲站在那儿。（行为方式）6 with + 名词（ 或代词） + 副词He fell asle

14、ep with the light on. 他睡着了，灯还亮着。（伴随情况）The boy stood there with his head down. 这个男孩低头站在那儿。（伴随情况）请见下面的高考试题中出现的几个相关句子：1 The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.2 And thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast.3 With nothing to burn, the fire became we

15、ak and finally died out. 4 With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.with 复合结构与独立主格练习1 ：请选择最佳答案1） ） With nothingto burn ， the fire became weak and finally died out.A.leaving B.left C.leave D.to leave2） The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyeson the wall.A.f

16、ixing B.fixed C.to be fixing D.to be fixed3） I live in the house with its doorto the south. （这里 with 结构作定语）A.facing B.faces C.faced D.being faced4） They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights.A.burn B.burnt C.burning D.to burn练习2：用with 复合结构完成下列句子1 ） （有很多工作要做），I couldn't go to s

17、ee the doctor.2） She sat（低着头）。3） The day was bright. （微风吹拂）4） ，（心存梦想）he went to Hollywood.答案及分析答案（练习1 ）：1） ） 答案是 B.with 的宾语 nothing 和动词 leave 是被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。2）答案是B.短语fix one's eyes on sth是 盯着看”的意思，所以句中her eyes和动词fix是被动关系，所以用过去分词。3）答案是A.face 朝、向 “ ”，是不及物动词，所以和its door 是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式。4）答案是

18、C.burn 点燃、发亮、“发光 ”，是不及物动词，所以和their lights 是主动关系，所以用现在分词。答案（练习2）：2） ） With a lot of work to do3） with her head bent4） with a fresh breeze blowing5） With a dream in heart1. Ford tried dividing the labor ， each worker a separate taskA assigning B assigned C was assigned D would be assigned2. The lectur

19、e， he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leavingdisturbed the speakerA began B beginning C having begun D being beginning3. Such the case ， there are no grounds to justify your complaints A being B is C was D to be4. Darkness in ， the young people lingered on merrymaking A set

20、B setting C has set D was set5. With all factors ， we think this program may excel all the others in achieving thegoal A being considered B considering C considered D are considered6. A new technique ， the yields as a whole increased by 20 percentA to have been worked out B having worked out C worki

21、ng out D having been worked out7. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still ， ears， alert， listening A pointed B pointing C are pointed D are pointing8. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ， but our work ， we declinedthe offer A not being finished B not havin

22、g finished C had not been finished D was not finished9. There are various kinds of metals ， each its own properties A has B had C to have D having10. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports ， each one majorpoint in contrast with the other A makes B made C is to make D maki

23、ng11. BBC English broadcasts programmes for China explanation in Chinese.A. in B. for C. with D. as12. The young woman a baby sleeping in her arms was wandering in the street.A. with B. because C. on D. like13. Everyone should go to sleep with the light turned off.A. as B. with C. for D. on14. so mu

24、ch homework to do, Mary won t have time to play with her friends thismorning.A. Without B. With C. By D. Because15. the door open, the noise of the machines is almost deafening.A. Because B. As C. With D. Because of16. his mother out, he had to stay at home alone.A. As B. For C. Because D. With17. a

25、ll things considered, her proposal is of greater than hisA. Like B. With C. On D. Without18. time permitting, we will visit the SummerPalace.A. By B. On C. With D. As19. With nothingto burn ， the fire became weak and finally died out.A. leaving B. left C. leave D. to leave20. The girl sat there quit

26、e silent and still with her eyeson the wall.A. fixing B. fixed C. to be fixing D. to be fixed 答案练习1： 1-5 BCABC 6-10 DAADD11-15 CABBC 16 -22 DBCBBAC四、独立主格结构什么是独立主格结构？它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成的结构。它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体，在句中作状语，并具有如下两种功能：（1） 解释原因或情景（2） 提供主句中重点部分的

27、相关细节。非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。一）非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关 系。1 不定式“独立主格结构”在 “逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。例如：1 ） I send you 100 dollars today, the rest in a year. （2005

28、 湖南 ）A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed选Co此题考查 名词+不定式”构成独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示动作未完成，其中the rest 与 follow 存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。此句可以改为：I send you 100 dollars today, andthe rest is to follow in a year.2 -ing 形式 “独立主格结构”1 ）表示时间的-ing 形式作 “独立主格结构”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准

29、备好后，老师开始上课。（相当 于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready）The chairman began the meeting, everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）2）表示原因的-ing 形式作 “独立主格结构”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy l

30、ed the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当 于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him ）3）含有being 的独立主格结构。It being National Day today ， the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further busine

31、ss to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家 了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.4）表示条件的-ing 形式作 “独立主格结构”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits）My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工

32、作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows ）5）表示方式的-ing 形式作 “独立主格结构”The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 学生们快 乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a cardin front of his chest ）The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着

33、天空。（相当 于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）3. 不用 “独立主格结构”的情况动词的 -ing 形式作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时，逻辑主语通常省去。例如：1 ） in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.（2004 北京 ）A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited选Co此题考查动词的-ing形式作时间状语，因为

34、逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致，所以逻 辑主语 Tom 省去了。此题可以改为：After Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour, Tomsuddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.2）the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.（2004 广东 ） A. Notcompleting B. Not completedC. Not having completed D. Having not complete

35、d选Co此题考查动词的-ing形式作原因状语，因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致，所以逻 辑主语they省去了，根据动作的先后关系，因为先没有完成，所以不得不再呆2周，故用完成时态。此题可以改为：Because they have not completed the programme, they have to staythere for another two weeks.4 -ed 形式 “独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing 形式一样，如果 -ed 形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用 -ed 形式的独立主格结构。The book written in simple Eng

36、lish, English beginners were able to read it. （独立主格结构在句中作原因状语）= As the book was written in simple English ， English beginners were able toread it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. （独立主格结构在句中作方式状语）= He was listening attentively in class, and

37、 his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。The task completed,he had two months' leave. （独立主格结构在句中作时间状语）=When thetask had been completed,he had two months' leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。5 不用 -ed 形式 “独立主格结构”的情况动词的 -ed 形式作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时，逻辑主语通常省去。例如：1 in thought, he almost ran into t

38、he car in front of him. （NMET 1996）A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose选Co此题考查过去分词作原因状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了。 此题可以改为：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.2. the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.（2000

39、spring）A. Given B. TO give C. Giving D. Having given选Ao此题考查过去分词作条件状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是him,逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为：If he is given the general state of his health, it may take him a while torecover from the operation.3. time, he'll make a first-class tennis player. （2003 北京 ）A. Having given B. To give C. Gi

40、ving D. Given D选D。此题也是考查过去分词作条件状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为：If he is given time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, （2004 上海春季）A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted选 B 。此题也是考查过去分词作结果状语，而其逻辑主语与句

41、子的主语一致都是RichardJones,逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为两个并列句：After his journey from abroad, RichardJones returned home,and he was exhausted 。5. and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. （ 2006 全国（ 1、 2） ）A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising选 B. 此题也是考查过去分词作状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Tony， 逻辑主

42、语省去了。 此题可以改为两个并列句：Tony was surprised and happy, and he stood up and acceptedthe prize.比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed 形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried ， many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.

43、许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed 形式 settled 表示动作已经结束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）五、动词独立主格结构一） 逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的 逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在 这种结构中，being 往往可以被省去，这种省去being 的结构， 称之为无动词“

44、独立主格结构”。1 逻辑主语+名词Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了 being）注意：独立主格结构中的being 在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在 “ There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, a

45、ll the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。2逻辑主语+形容词He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺怯地转向我。 （his eyes 和 sleepy 之间省去了 being） =He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（ his mouth 和 wide open 之间省去了being） = He stood there, and his mouth was wide op

46、en.3逻辑主语+副词School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（school 和 over 之间省去了being） =School was over, and we all went home.He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（ his shoes 和 off 之间省去了being）= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.4逻辑主语+介词短语He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back

47、 towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。=He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。= The new teacher camein and she had a smile on her face.The teacher came into the classroom， a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。=The teacher

48、 came in and a ruler was in his hand.提示：在 “逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand. 音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（ =The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand. ）六、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构介词 with/without + 宾语 +宾语补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。1） with+ 名词代词+形容词He does not like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。= He doesn t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in