英汉互译-语义翻译-直译意译培训资料

1、英英汉汉互互译译1JRJ英汉互译-语义翻译-直译意译英英汉汉互互译译2JRJu直译与意译直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free Translation英英汉汉互互译译3JRJEverybodys business is nobodys business.三个和尚没水吃三个和尚没水吃. .英英汉汉互互译译4JRJLiteral translationuLiteral translation, also called word-for-word translation, is ideally the segmentation of the source languag

2、e text into individual words and target language rendering of those word-segments one at a time. This ideal is often literally impossible. 英英汉汉互互译译5JRJLiteral translationuFor example, an inflected word in an agglutinative source language can almost never be replaced with a single word in an isolativ

3、e target language, and, even when literally possible, the result is often unreadable. 英英汉汉互互译译6JRJLiteral translationuHence most so-called literal translations are in fact compromises with the ideal: looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language word

4、s wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language (Baker 2001: 125).英英汉汉互互译译7JRJFree translationuFree translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes transfer of the meaning or spirit of a source text over accurate repro

5、duction of the original wording. 英英汉汉互互译译8JRJFree translationuThe purpose of sense-for-sense translation is to accommodate the needs of the target language reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture and which does not therefore so

6、und foreign (Shirttleworth & Cowie 1997:151).英英汉汉互互译译9JRJSummaryuBy the 1980s, Chinese scholars seem to have reached a general consensus which favors literal translation wherever possible and free translation whenever literal translation is not a good choice. Translation practice has proven that

7、 literal translation and free translation are not contradictory but complementary.英英汉汉互互译译10JRJu直译法：把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位，把忠实于原文的形式放在第二位，把通顺的译文形式放在第三位。英英汉汉互互译译11JRJu意译法：把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位，把通顺的译文形式放在第二位，不拘泥于原文的形式。英英汉汉互互译译12JRJu硬译法：如果不忠实于原文的内容，只忠实于原文的形式，那就不是直译，而是硬译，如鲁迅批评过的把 the milky way(天河，银河)译成“牛奶路”。英英汉汉互互译译13

8、JRJu滥译法：如果不忠实于原文的内容，只追求通顺的译文形式，那也不是意译，而是滥译，如把rub ones hands “搓自己的双手”译成“摩拳擦掌。滥译是翻译中的自由主义。英英汉汉互互译译14JRJu无论直译、意译，都要符合“忠实、通顺”的标准(许渊冲1984: 5)u当译文的形式和原文的形式一致的时候,就无所谓直译、意译。如把Disasters never come single 译成“祸不单行”，内容和形式都忠实于原文，既可以说是直译,也可以说是意译。u当译文的形式和原文的形式不一致的时候，就有直译或意译的问题，而且直译可以有程度不同的直译，意译也可以有程度不同的意译，如：英英汉汉互互

9、译译15JRJuHe had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago. (J. London)u(1)他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会几乎差不多。（直译的程度最大） u(2)他要找到工作简直跟要当选芝加哥市长同样困难。（直译的程度减少，意译的程度增加）u(3)他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。(意译的程度最大） 英英汉汉互互译译16JRJTo sum upu所谓直译，就是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。译文的语言（或目的语）与原文的语言(或始发语）常常用相同的表达形

10、式来体现同样的内容，并能产生同样的效果。在这种情况下，我们就采用直译。英英汉汉互互译译17JRJu所谓意译，就是只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。译文的语言(或目的语)与原文的语言(或始发语)在许多情况下并不用同样的表达形式来体现同样的内容，更谈不上产生同样的效果。在这种情况一般采用意译为好。英英汉汉互互译译18JRJu直译与意译的对象可以是包括成语在内的单词和词组，也可以是句下面我们就来分析直译与意译在单词、成话和句下翻译中的运用。英英汉汉互互译译19JRJ词语的直译意译词语的直译意译u1) the moon u直译：u月亮u意译：u玉兔（东升）；金兔；白兔；蟾宫（折桂）；

11、月桂一轮）；婵娟（但愿人长久，千里共宋苏轼词）；水镜；阴宗；夜光；素壁英英汉汉互互译译20JRJu2)月亮u直译：uthe moonu意译：celestial body, heavenly body, planet, secondary planet, planetoid; orb of night, moon goddess； green cheese; sailors friend; Diana，Luna, Phoebe, Cynthia; queen of heaven， queen of night (Shakespeare) ； queen and huntress, chaste

12、and fair (B. Johnson)英英汉汉互互译译21JRJu3) the sun u直译：太阳u意译：火轮(飞出客心惊唐韩愈诗）；金乌（西坠）；金轮；红轮; 红镜（炎炎东方升唐.李贺诗）；赤玉盘；玉弹（一丸东飞来宋杨万里诗）；阳乌英英汉汉互互译译22JRJu4)太阳 u直译：the sunu意译：star of day, day-star, solar disk, solar orb; orb, sphere, fireball, ball of fire; eye of heaven, luminary, great luminary, light of the day, lamp

13、 of the day, source of light, heavens bright light, giver of light; old sol; Helios, Apollo, Hyperion, Mithras, Sham ash ； the god of life and poesy and light (Byron)英英汉汉互互译译23JRJu5) thinu直译：瘦u意译：清癯【qu】（面容）；清减；尤羸【wang lei】（相貌）；干瘪（老头）；形销骨立；皮包骨头；一把骨头骨头架子英英汉汉互互译译24JRJu6)瘦u直译：thin， lanky , leanu意评：slim;

14、 skinny; scraggy; lank； spare; gaunt; bony; wan; rangy; skeletal; scrawny; delicate; wasted; haggard ；emaciated; rawboned; shriveled； wizened； rickety ；spindling; pinched； starved； starved-looking； flesh less; twiggy (像细枝的）；weedy ； as thin as a reed (芦秆）；英英汉汉互互译译25JRJuas thin as a lath (板条）；as thin

15、as six oclock; as slender as a thread; too thin to throw a shadow; be a bag of bones; skin-and-bones; looking like a plucked chicken; undersized; underweight； undernourished; undergrown; underfed英英汉汉互互译译26JRJu7) fat u直译:胖u意译：富态（胎）（长得；肥实；胖乎乎；胖墩墩；面团团；团头团脑；心广体胖pan；丰满；丰盈；丰腴【yu充盈；肉头（小手得很）；臃肿；痴肥；虛胖；大腹便【pi

16、an】便；脑满肠肥英英汉汉互互译译27JRJu8)胖u直译：fatu意译：portly (肥胖的；魁梧的常指年长者）；stout (矮胖的，强壮的）；obese (过度胖，；corpulent; fleshy; potbellied; beefy； brawny; abdominous; solid; plump (丰满的）；plumpish; rotund ( 圆胖的，圆状的)；burly； unwieldy ； heavy ； husky ； puffy ； weighty ； pursy ；英英汉汉互互译译28JRJuporcine; swollen ； tumid ； hypertro

17、phied ； inflated； ponderous; lumpish; dilated; distended; tubby 桶状的，肥圆的；矮胖的）；chubby; podgy (矮胖的）（podge-矮胖的人；round; paunchy (大腹便便的）（paunch ：肚子，大肚)；corporational (大肚子的）；well-fed; round-bellied; beer-bellicd; as fat as a pig; on the heavy； on the plump; in need of dieting; in need of reducing英英汉汉互互译译29

18、JRJ直译意译成语直译意译成语u1) to kill two birds with one stone u直译：一石二鸟u意译：一箭双雕；一举两得；一并两用儿u2) to flog a dead horse u直译：鞭打死马u意译：白费力；徒劳；白搭；枉然；徒然；事后在作无益的议论英英汉汉互互译译30JRJu3) a drop in the bucket u直译：一桶水中的一滴u意译：沧海一粟；太仓一粟；九牛一毛；微不足道；微乎其微；不足挂齿；不值一提；不起眼；渺小英英汉汉互互译译31JRJu4) to teach a pig to play on a flute u直译：教猪吹笛u意译：对牛

19、弹琴；做荒谬的事情；做不可能做到的事情u5) 过街老鼠u直译：(like) a rat crossing the streetu意译：the object of universal condemnation; a bad man hated by everybody英英汉汉互互译译32JRJu6) 门庭若市u直译：The courtyard is like a market.u意译：a much visited house； a busy town; bustling; crowded英英汉汉互互译译33JRJu7) 望梅止渴u直译：uto gaze at plums to quench on

20、es thirstu意译：uto console oneself with false hopes; to feed on fancies (illusion); imagined satisfaction； a Barmecide feast(一千零一夜中，一个口惠而实不至的人物）英英汉汉互互译译34JRJu8)危如累卵u直译：as dangerous as a pile of eggsu意译：hazardous in the extreme; great insecurity; in a precarious (critical) condition； at stake risk / ha

21、zard； in peril jeopardy / danger； dangerous; perilous; critical; hazardous; precarious; insecure; jeopardous; risky; unsafe ； touchy英英汉汉互互译译35JRJ直译意译谚语直译意译谚语u1) A nod is as good as a wink to a blind horse, u直译:点头也好，眨眼也好，示意盲马，同样无效。u意译：犟汉难劝，狂人难喻。u2) The worst wheel of a cart creaks most. u直译：最坏的车轮最会咯吱

22、响。u意译：（A)才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，抱怨最忙， (B)能猫不叫，叫猫不能英英汉汉互互译译36JRJu3）山雨欲来风满楼u直译：The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. u意译：A turbulent situation foretells a big event. /Coming events cast their shadows before.英英汉汉互互译译37JRJu4)树倒猢狲散：u直译：When the tree falls, the monkeys scatt

23、er. u意译：Members run away when the family constitution falls / When an influential person falls from power, his hangers-on disperse. / Rats leave a sinking ship.英英汉汉互互译译38JRJ直译意译句子直译意译句子u1) And I do not mistrust the future; I do not fear (1) what is ahead. For our problems are (2) large, but our (3)

24、heart is (4) larger. (5) Our challenges are (6) great, but our will is greater. And if our flaws are (7) endless, Gods love is truly (8) boundless.u直译（按字面词义）：而我不是不相信未来；我不害怕（1）即将来临的事情。因为我们的问题是（2）大的，但是我们的（3）心（4） 更大。（5）我们的挑战是（6）大的，但是我们的决心更大。如果我们的缺点是（7）没完没了的，上帝的爱是真正的（8）无穷无尽的。英英汉汉互互译译39JRJu1) And I do no

25、t mistrust the future; I do not fear (1) what is ahead. For our problems are (2) large, but our (3) heart is (4) larger. (5) Our challenges are (6) great, but our will is greater. And if our flaws are (7) endless, Gods love is truly (8) boundless.u意译(按实际同义）：我并非不信任未来；我并不害怕（1)我们面临的问题：我们的问题（2)很多，但我们的（3

26、)心胸（4)更宽广； (5)我们面临的挑战（6)很严峻，但我们的决心更大。如果说我们的弊病（7)层出不穷的话，那么上帝的爱更是真正的（8) 广袤无边。英英汉汉互互译译40JRJu2) The mantle of your high office has been placed on your shoulder at a time when the world at large and this Organization are going through an exceptionally critical phase.u直译（按原句型）；正当全世界和本组织处于一个异常危急的时期中，这个崇高职务

27、的重担落到了你的肩上。u意译（改动句型）：整个世界和本组织正经历着一个异常危急的时期。在这样一个时期中，这个崇高的职务的重担落到了你的肩上。英英汉汉互互译译41JRJu(在这一例句中，直译保留了原文上下句的鲜明对比，优于意译）英英汉汉互互译译42JRJu3)静夜思（李白）u床前明月光，u疑是地上霜。u举头望明月，u低头思故乡。英英汉汉互互译译43JRJu直译：In the still of the nightuI descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. uI suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. u

28、I watch the bright moon, as I tilt back my head. uI yearn, while stooping, for my homeland more.u(徐忠杰）译英英汉汉互互译译44JRJu死译：Quiet Night ThoughtuBedside bright moonlightuIs suspected to be frost on the floor.uRaising head to watch the bright moon,u Lowering head to think of the hometown.英英汉汉互互译译45JRJu意译：

29、NostalgiauA splash of white on my bedroom floor. Hoarfrost? I raise my eyes to the moon, the same moon. uAs scenes long past come to mind, my eyes fall again on the splash of white, and my heart aches for home. u（翁显良译）英英汉汉互互译译46JRJu（上面一共有3种译文，其中第二种译文过于机械死板，完全按照原文的字面一字一字地硬译，而第三种译文完全不顾原文的形式，故意把这首诗译成了散

30、文形式。虽信不达,其忠实程度远不及第一首既信又达的直译。）英英汉汉互互译译47JRJu4)革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。u直译；Revolution emancipates productive forces, so does reform.u意译：Revolution means the emancipation of the productive forces, and so does reform 。u(上面的直译是形似而神不似，而上面的意译是形不似却神似，而且是地道的英语，是一个优于直译的译文。）英英汉汉互互译译48JRJu一般说来，可以直译的成分可以意译，可以意译的成分也可以

31、直译， 但在特定的上下文中，直译与意译之间总会有一个优劣问题。译者往往可通过比较在两者中挑选比较合适的一个，但是，由于文化对语言的影响，有些语言成分只能意译，而不能直译，这主要体现在受本国文化影响最深的成语和谚语上面。在这种情况下，按字面意义翻译的就不再是直译，而是死译。请看下面的例子。英英汉汉互互译译49JRJu1) hand in glove withu意译：和一狼狈为奸u（死译：戴着手套和一合作)u2) once in a blue moonu意译：千载难逢u(死译：一个蓝色月亮里的一次）英英汉汉互互译译50JRJu3) 乱七八糟u意译：at sixes and sevensu(死译：s

32、even disorders and eight chaos)英英汉汉互互译译51JRJu4)招风惹草u意译：look for troubleu(死译：invite wind to exasperate the grass)英英汉汉互互译译52JRJu5) It is a long lane that has no turning.u意译：路必有弯；事情必有转机。(常用于安慰灰心丧气的人等场合。u(死译：没有转弯的小巷的确是一条很长的小巷。)英英汉汉互互译译53JRJu6) It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. u意译：家丑不可外扬,，u(死译：

33、弄脏自己巢的鸟的确是一只坏鸟。）u7) 表壮不如里壮 红楼梦，第六十八回u意译：A sound wife counts for more than a sound husband. u(死译：The external strength is not so much as the internal strength.)英英汉汉互互译译54JRJu外甥打灯笼照舅（旧）u意译：act according to the old waysu(死泽：The nephew carrying a lantern showing the way for his uncle (doing things in th

34、e old fashion)英英汉汉互互译译55JRJu直译与意译是翻译中一个非常基础的理论问题，也是各种翻译方法研究的出发点。 一个篇章、一部作品的翻译一般都要涉及直译与意译，不同的篇章、不同的作品在直译与意译的程度上自然会有所不同。一般说来，法律文献、政治文献、学术文献、新闻报道要求有更多字面对应准确性很强的直译，而歌词、诗词、抒情散文、舞台或电影剧本、小说、传记则要求使用更多不求字面对应，只求可读性的意译,在翻译中能否恰如其分地把握好直译与意译的程度显示了 一个译者翻译水平的高低。提高这方面的水平需要不断的实践和不断的理论学习。英英汉汉互互译译56JRJ英英汉汉互互译译57JRJu Fo

35、reignizing Translation (异化翻译）异化翻译）uand uDomesticating Translation (归化翻译归化翻译) 英英汉汉互互译译58JRJForeignizationuForeignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.英英汉汉互互译译59JRJForeignizationu

36、This method is an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad to have alien reading experience.英英汉汉互互译译60JRJForeignizationu（异化译法是偏离民族主义的，对译入语文化价值施加压力，使其关注外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受）。

37、英英汉汉互互译译61JRJForeignizationu换言之，异化译法要求译者向原文作者靠拢，采取原文作者使用的表达方式传达原文的内容，如把to kill two birds with one stone “一石两鸟”，把all roads lead to Rome译为“条条大路通罗马“英英汉汉互互译译62JRJForeignizationuSuch a strategy would entail not only a freedom from absolute obedience to target linguistic and textual constraints, but also

38、where appropriate the selection of non-fluent, opaque style and the deliberate inclusion of source language REALIA示教实物 or target language ARCHAISMS (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997: 59).英英汉汉互互译译63JRJDomesticationuDomestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to m

39、inimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. 英英汉汉互互译译64JRJuThis method is an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bringing the author back home英英汉汉互互译译65JRJu归化译法采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化 .换言之，归化译法要求译者向译文读者靠拢，采取译文读者习

40、惯的译语表达方式传达原文的内容。英英汉汉互互译译66JRJu如把kill two birds with one stone译为一箭双雕、一举两得，把grow like mushrooms译为雨后春笋，把All roads lead to Rome译为殊途同归等都是归化译法。英英汉汉互互译译67JRJu翻译中归化和异化不仅是不矛盾的，而且是互为补充的。文化移植需要多种方法和模式。应用翻译的目的论理论skopos theory，对翻译中涉及的各种因素作综合的分析，译者既可采用归化的原则和方法，也可采用异化的原则和方法。英英汉汉互互译译68JRJu至于在译文中必须保留哪些源语文化，怎样保留，哪些源语

41、文化的因素又必须作出调整以适应目的语文化，都可在对作者意图、翻译目的、文本类型和读者对象等因素分析的基础上作出选择。对译者来说，重要的是在翻译过程中要有深刻的文化意识，即意识到两种文化的异同。英英汉汉互互译译69JRJu必须指出两点。一是不论在当代或在历史上，以目的语文化为归宿的原则似乎是占了上风。这是因为评论家和出版商往往更注重译作的可读性，一般的读者也喜欢通顺易懂的译文，而且， 这一倾向也正好与翻译研究发展的趋向相一致。英英汉汉互互译译70JRJu二是随着两种文化接触的日益频繁，以源语文化为归宿的原则将越来越有可能广泛地被运用，最终可能会占上风。但不管怎么发展，归化和异化将永远同时并存，缺

42、一就不成其为翻译。英英汉汉互互译译71JRJSome useful tipsuTranslation is a continual tug-of-war between faithfulness and smoothness, literalism and liberalism, foreignization and translationese, loyalty to the author and appeal for the reader.英英汉汉互互译译72JRJuAll translation is a compromise the effort to be literal and the effort to be idiomatic (Benjamin J