加拿大的历史

1、加拿大 1 Pre-Columbian era 2 European contact 3 New France 15341763 4 the government of British and the establishment of federal state 5 Recent development1 Pre-Columbian era primitive stage The first inhabitants are believed to have come to Canada from Asia about 12000years ago. Some likely crossed a

2、temporary land bridge that joined Siberia and Alaska.The name of the country, Canada, was derived from the Huron-Iroquois “Kanata”, meaning a village or settlement.2 European contact-contact and conflict There are several reports of contact made before Christopher Columbus and the age of discovery b

3、etween First Nations, Inuit and those from other continents. The earliest known documented European exploration in Canada are described in the Icelandic Sagas, which recount the attempted Norse colonization of the Americas The Norse were the first to arrive around the year 1000. However, the Norse a

4、dventures in Canada came to an end well before 14th and 15th century.3 New France 15341763 -age of colonization in 1608 Conflicts in New Francedefinition It refers to the one of the oldest European settlements in North America Champlains founding of in 1608, by Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlai

5、n (1567 or 1580 December 25, 1635) began exploring North America in 1603 the first European to explore and describe the Great Lakes, and published maps of his journeys and accounts of what he learned from the natives and the French living among the Natives. formed relationships with local peopleIn 1

6、620, devoted himself to the administration of the country.established trading companies that sent goods, primarily fur, to France, and oversaw the growth of New France in the St. Lawrence River valley until his death in 1635. Conflicts in New France New France English colonies An uneven contest, in

7、which the French in Canada were greatly outnumbered.Reason for conflicts Resulted deeply from competition for the wealth of the fur trade in the Northwest. (present-day Manitoba and beyond)Historic facts Britain ,France launch a struggle for Canada, the auk occupied some surrounding regions around t

8、he French territory , thus besieged the latter. Bit by bit , this conflicts between two powers came into Seven Years War(1756-1763) was a major military conflict that lasted from 1756 to1763. It involved all of the major European powers of the period. The results of the Seven Years War Under the Tre

9、aty of Paris, which ended the war in 1763, France officially ceded New France to Britain. Britain issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which established the province of Quebec out of the inhabited portion of New France located in the lower St.Lawrence Valley. In 1774, the British passed a law (the

10、 Quebec Act) that guaranteed the French protection of their language and religion.Treaty of Paris often called the , was signed on 10 February 1763 . by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years War. The treaty marked

11、the beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside Europe.4 the government of British and the establishment of federal state-age of up and downProcess 1. Divided Quebec2. Constitution Act of 17913. Struggling in Canada: 3.1 Colonial rebellion 3 .2 Reformers rebellion 3.3 Charlottetown

12、 meeting 3.4 British North America Act1 Divided Quebec Reason: American Revolution American colonists who remained loyal to the British fled north to Quebec and Scotia The pupulation of the two colonies grew overnight divided into two colonies Upper Canada: up the riverBoundary: Ottawa RiverLower Ca

13、nada: along the lower section of St.Lawrence2 Constitution Act of 1791 An Act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America Gave each of Canadas provinces a lieutenant-governor, an executive, a legislative council, and a legislative assembly. Only

14、 the assembly was elected by the people.3 Struggling in Canada:3.1 Colonial rebellion3.2 Reformers rebellion3.3 Charlottetown meeting3.4 British North America Act3.1 Colonial rebellion Development: The French Canadians struggled to preserve their culture and to adapt to a new system of government. I

15、n 1826, formed the Parti Patriote, which was led by Louis-Joseph Papineau. The Partiotes drew up a list of demands for change, which was rejected by the British. In 1837, the Partiotes tried to overthrow the government by force.3.1 Colonial rebellion The rebellion was very quickly put down by Britis

16、h troops. Papineau fled the country and 850 Partiotes were arrested; 12 were hanged.3.2 Reformers rebellion led by William Lyon Mackenzie demanded an American form of government and separation from Great Britain. quickly be put down by militia and British soldiers.Effects of Reformers rebellion Brit

17、ain sent Lord Durham to Canada to investigate the troubles in the two Canadas. He recommended that Upper Canada and Lower Canada be united and that they be given a system of government that would give more power to the elected members of the Assembly. “responsible government”A government system in w

18、hich the government is responsible to the people, and the Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament.Came into effect in 1841 with formation of the Province of Canada. The Province had two sections: Canada East and Canada West. Each has the same number of seats in the governmen

19、t.3.3 Charlottetown meeting1、DelegatesGrits: led by BrownTories: ed by MacdonaldBleus: led by Cartier2、Aims: proposed federalism: Canada East and West would become separate provinces, either in a loose union between them or in a federation of all of British North America.3、results: reached an agreem

20、ent on supporting the idea of union; agreed to meet again at a larger, longer meeting in Quebec.3.4 British North America ActPassed by the British Parliament in October 1864major provisions: 1、 federalism is to be implemented in Canada; 2、the British King is also the king of Canada with Governor Gen

21、eral as his representative; 3、Canadian Parliament has two houses: the senate whose members are nominated by the British King, the House of Representatives whose members are elected according to the population of each province. of the British North America Act On 1 July, 1867, , with four provinces Q

22、uebec (formerly Canada East), Ontario (formerly Canada West), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia came into being. Ottawa was chosen as the national capital. Macdonald was appointed as the first Prime Minister of the Dominion, and an election was set for August.of British North America Act1. Although Cana

23、da carried out federalism, the practice of federalism in Canada is different from that in the United State. 2. In the United States, more emphasis is put in the powers of states, even including the power not clearly specified in the British North America Act. 3. However, the confederation for Britis

24、h retained control of foreign affairs and could theoretically veto Canadian legislation. 4. Nevertheless, Canadas status as a dominion became the model for the future evolution of the British commonwealth of nations.5Recent development- the pursuit of well-being 5.1 Macdonalds govern5.2 Wilfrid Laur

25、iers govern5.3 World Wars and Interwar Years 19151945 5.4 The Post-war Era 19451960 5.5 The Gold Rush of 19875.1 Macdonalds govern 11 January1815 6 June 1891 and the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation. Macdonalds tenure in office spanned 18 years, making him the second longest serving Prime M

26、inister of Canada .5.1 Macdonalds govern Bring together different colonies from east to west in North America both economically and politically through the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.5.2 Wilfrid Lauriers govern(1841-1919) First French-speaking Canadian Prime Minister. well known fo

27、r his policies of conciliation, expanding Confederation, and compromise between French and English Canada. predicted “The 19th century belongs to the United States, while the 20th century belongs to Canada.Wilfrid Lauriers govern One of renewed growth and prosperity. the West was cultivated to such

28、an extent that two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, were established, becoming major wheat-producing provinces. issues involving hard choices between maintaining the traditional Anglo-Canadian friendship and keeping the independence and sovereignty of Canada, between keeping the solidarity o

29、f domestic ethnic groups and making concession to French Canadians, and between improving the US-Canadian relationship and solving relevant border and tariff disputes.5. 3 World Wars and Interwar Years 19151945 World Wars and Interwar Years 19151945 The Canadian Forces and civilian participation in

30、the First World War helped to foster a sense of British-Canadian nationhood. The reputation Canadian troops earned, along with the success of Canadian flying aces helped to give the nation a new sense of identity. As a result of the war, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less defere

31、ntial to British authority. In 1931 the Statute of Westminster gave Canada the opportunity for almost complete legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom.uWWI (1914-1918)Second World War(1939-1945) Canadas involvement in the Second World War began when Canada declared war on

32、Nazi Germany on September 10, 1939 By the end of the war, Canada had, temporarily at least, become a significant military power. changed Canadas focus and orientation in foreign affairs and Canada became closer to the United States in the fields of politics, economy, defense and culture 5.4 The Post

33、-war Era 19451960 Prosperity returned to Canada during the Second World War and continued in the proceeding years . national policies increasingly turned to social welfare . The foreign policy of Canada during the Cold War was closely tied to that of the United States, which was demonstrated by memb

34、ership in NATO 5.5 The Gold Rush of 1987 Cause: gold was discovered on the Klondike River in the far western Yukon Territory. The most publicized Gold Rush in history. the unpopulated prairie lands were further explored and cultivated; led to the discovery of other minerals in the Canadian history.

35、这个部分 很突兀The Call for National Dignity and Unity1. National consciousness rose2. “Another National Crisis”3. The Charlottetown Accord4. Quebec Jean Chretiens governNational consciousness roseA red and white maple-leaf flag (in Dec.1964)“O Canada ” National Anthem (On July 1, 1980)In 1982, British North America Act was replaced by a new constitution for the government of Canada“Another National Crisis” Quebec party pledged to Quebec separatism. (won the 197