uinit 4 英国政体

1、2022-4-151Uinit fourBritish Government System2022-4-152ContentsnConstitutional MonarchynBritish constitutionnBritish ParliamentnBritish Government nBritish Judicial Body2022-4-153Constitutional MonarchynWhat is Constitutional Monarchy?nDevelopment of Constitutional MonarchynThe Right and Role of the

2、 MonarchnElizabeth II and Her Royal Family2022-4-154 The power of the monarch is limited by the countrys constitution, the legal authority is given to parliament, and the executive authority to the government.2022-4-155Anglo-Saxons kings the Great Council (410-1066)Norman kingsWithout the Great Coun

3、cil (1066-1215) Magana Charta (1215)Limitation of the Kings powerfirst parliament of nobles(1264)evolution of constitutionGlorious Revolution(1688)More powerful of the parliamentWeakening of the Monarch2022-4-156The Right of the MonarchKing or QueenHead of legislature, executive, judiciaryHead of St

4、ateCommander-in-chief of all armed forcesAppointment of OfficialsHead of the Church of England and Scotland2022-4-157The Role of the Monarch The monarch is the personal embodiment of the British government and a of British unity, representing the continuity of the whole political system. So the stab

5、ility of the British government owes much to the monarchy. symbol2022-4-158Succession of the MonarchAct of SettlementSon has precedence over daughters.Daughters take the precedence over the brother of the monarchy.2022-4-159the eldest son wife of the eldest sonthe eldest daughterhusband of the queen

6、 Prince of WalesPrincess of WalesRoyal PrincessDuke of Edinburgh2022-4-1510Queen Elizabeth II Her title in the United Kingdom is Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth

7、, Defender of the Faith. 伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“伊丽莎白二世天佑大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他所属领土女王、英联邦元首、英国国教首领”2022-4-15112022-4-1512Buckingham Palace2022-4-15132022-4-15142022-4-15142022-4-15152022-4-1516The Royal Family2022-4-1517Queen ElizabethThe Prince Philip, Duke of EdinburghPrince CharlesPrince AndrewPrince EdwardPri

8、ncess AnnePrince William Prince HarryThe Royal Family2022-4-1518Queen Elizabeth IInbeing Crowned in 1952 none of the longest-reigning monarchs in British historynwidely respected for the way in which she performs her duties2022-4-1519Married in 19472022-4-1520Prince Charlesnheir to the thronenPrince

9、 of WalesnPrincess Diana (1981)nPrincess Camilla (2005)2022-4-15212022-4-1522Princess AnnenPrincess Royalnwidely respected for her charity work2022-4-1523Prince AndrewPrince Edward2022-4-1524Prince William2022-4-1525Prince Harry2022-4-15262022-4-1527.The Constitutionn.Britain doesnt have a constitut

10、ion written down in a single document. The constitution flows from(出自，来自出自，来自)6 sources: 1) The Royal Prerogatives 皇家特权皇家特权2) *Statute Laws 成文法成文法3) *Common Laws 普通法普通法, 判例法判例法4) *Conventions 习惯法习惯法5) Authoritative Opinions 权威意见权威意见6) European Union Laws 欧盟法欧盟法 2022-4-1528nIsrael and Britain are the

11、 only two countries without written constitutions.n英国宪法不是一个具体的法律文本，但实际上其大部分内容还是英国宪法不是一个具体的法律文本，但实际上其大部分内容还是以成文法的形式出现的，包括由议会通过的法例、法院的判例和以成文法的形式出现的，包括由议会通过的法例、法院的判例和国际公约等等。除此之外，英国宪法的法律渊源还包括英国议会国际公约等等。除此之外，英国宪法的法律渊源还包括英国议会惯例和国王特权。惯例和国王特权。2022-4-1529British Parliamentnthe centre of the political system

12、in the UKnthe supreme legislative bodynThe Government is drawn from and answerable to it.2022-4-1530House of Lordsthe monarchHouse of CommonsLegislative bodyThe Upper HouseThe Lower House2022-4-1531Westminster Palace: the House of Parliament2022-4-15322022-4-1533The House of Lords2022-4-15342022-4-1

13、535Members of the House of Lords The Lords Spiritual (神职贵族神职贵族)The Lords Temporal(世俗贵族世俗贵族)over 1,000 non elected membersTwo Archbishops of the Church of England24 bishopsHereditary peersLife peersLord Chancellor（御前大臣（御前大臣 ）2022-4-1536The hereditary peersDuke (公爵公爵)Marquis (侯爵侯爵)Earl (伯爵伯爵)Viscount

14、(子爵子爵)Baron (男爵男爵)The life peersa reward for public service2022-4-1537Functions of the House of Lordsnto examine and revise bills from the House of Commonsn as the supreme court of justice and the highest court of appeal for both criminal and civil cases from the lower courts2022-4-1538Weakening of

15、the Function of the House of LordsnParliament Act of 1911nThe House of Lords could not prevent for more than two years a bill from passing into law.nThe interval was reduced to one year by a further Act passed in 1949.2022-4-1539The House of Commons2022-4-15402022-4-1541Members of the House of Commo

16、nsnAny British man and woman aged over 18 years may be elected in parliament elections.n635 constituencies 635 MPsnA general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals. Speaker2022-4-1542 Functions of the House of Commons nto pass lawsnto examine government p

17、olicy and administrationsnto supervise finance2022-4-1543nCurrently a 30 minute session held on Wednesday after 12:00nThe Leader of the Opposition has six questions.nOther backbench opposition MPs also have the right to question the Prime Minister.43Prime Ministers Question Time2022-4-1544 The gover

18、nment cannot legally spend any money without the permission of the House of Commons.2022-4-1545British Government British government is controlled by a parliament which has been elected by the people. The highest positions in the government are filled by members of the directly elected parliament (M

19、Ps). 2022-4-1546Division of the Government Central Government Local GovernmentThe Prime MinisterThe CabinetThe Privy CouncilCivil Servants2022-4-1547Central Parliament25 departmentsministerThe TreasuryThe House of officeThe Foreign and Commonwealth officeMinistry of Defense财务部财务部内务部内务部外交部外交部国防部国防部20

20、22-4-1548The Prime MinisternLeader of the majority party in ParliamentnHead of the Cabinetnthe head of the Civil ServicenThe right to suggest the dissolution of ParliamentnThe right to appoint ministersnThe ability to declare war2022-4-1549The CabinetnCenter of the British political systemnThe supre

21、me decision-making body in the British governmentnThe leading core of the government where the policies and strategies are worked out and implemented2022-4-1550Members of the Cabinet The Prime Minister The Lord President of the Privy Council The heads of the most important departments together with

22、a few ministers without departmentnot fixed15-20 members2022-4-1551nThe cabinet and its committees work in greatnThey meet once a week on Thursday mornings at the Prime Ministers Housesecrecy.No.10 Downing Street2022-4-1552Functions of the CabinetnTo make final decisions on the policy presented to t

23、he parliamentnTo exercise the ultimate executive power on the Parliamentary policynTo divide and adjust powers among the administrative departments2022-4-1553The Privy Council (枢密院枢密院)The Kings Council( 王室评议院)Give advice to the KingFormal2022-4-1554Members of the Privy Council390Archbishop of Canter

24、burySpeaker of the House of CommonsLords of Appealthe Lord Chief Justiceretired High Court Justiceshigh-ranking ambassadorsLord President2022-4-1555 The Privy Council meeting are held in Buckingham Palace.2022-4-1556Civil Servantsn541800 civil servants in British governmentnCivil Servants are recrui

25、ted mainly by competitive examination. nCivil servants do not belong to any political party and a civil servant should be political neutral and confidential.nChanges of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff.2022-4-1557 Local Governmenttwo main tierscountydistrictEngland and WalesTh

26、e County CouncilThe District CouncilScotlanddistricts regions 2022-4-1558EnglandEight RegionsGreater London84 Counties34 Counties32 BoroughsDistrictsCity of LondonLocal Government in England 2022-4-1559British JudiciarynConstitutional System nJudiciary Organization nJury System2022-4-1560British Con

27、stitutionThere is no systematically codified document of lawStatutory LawCommon LawConventions2022-4-1561Statutory law (Act of Parliament) It is the most important one referring to those that have actually been passed by Parliament.Magna Carta(1215)The Bill of Right(1689)The Reform Act(1832)Reform o

28、f the parliamentary electoral system.2022-4-1562Common law & ConventionsnCommon Law refers to the custom or legal precedents and interpreted in court cases by judgesnConventions are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are regarded as vital to the working of government.2022-4-1563British Judiciary DivisionnTwo Levels: central courts and local courts.nIn case of the nature of cases: