词汇与语法(4非谓语动词)2009年11月

1、Non-infinitiveNon-infinitive一、分类：1、动词不定式（to）do2、分词 doing/ done3、动名词 doing二、特点：1、不能单独作谓语2、没有人称和数的变化形式形式句法功能句法功能否定形式否定形式不定式时态时态主 动被 动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing否定式not /never + (to) do不定式的形式不定式的形式 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能 n1.作主语： To make a speech here

2、 is an honor. To lose heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，如上两句可用如下形式： It is an honor to make a speech here. It means failure to lose heart. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-主语主语n常用结构： It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth. It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth. nIts necessary for us to h

3、ave a good knowledge of English. nIt is foolish of you to make such a mistake.n=You are foolish to make such a mistake. 与of连用的形容词nclever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etcn（事物本身具备的某种特质）不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n2.作表语： Her wish is to become a novelist. He appears

4、to have caught a cold.n不定式一般紧跟在系动词如be, seem, remain, appear等后面,用来说明主语的内容。n这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc. neg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-表语n有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句nTo be strict with students is to be responsible for them. What I want

5、to do is (to )tell you the truth. n如果主语中含有如果主语中含有do的任何形式的任何形式, 那么不定式可那么不定式可以省去以省去to. The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n3.作宾语：nA. 动词+ to do常见动词: hope, wish, long, want, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, intend,

6、desire, etc.nI longed to become an artist. He helped (to) bring up the orphan. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-宾语nB.动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+ to don常见动词: know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, find out, etc. n I dont know what to say to comfort her. The farmer showed us how to milk the cow. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-宾语nC.

7、动词+ it+宾语补足语+( for sb.)+ to don常见动词:find, consider, think, make, feel, n通常不说： I think to recite some English articles is important for you. nI think it important for you to recite some English articles. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-宾语nD.介词but, except后可接to do作宾语n 注意句中谓语或非谓语部分含有do，那么不定式可省去to nSeeing the room crow

8、ded, I had no choice but to stand in the dark. nSeeing the room crowded, I could do nothing but stand in the dark. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n4.作宾语补足语： A. 动词/动词词组+宾语+to don常见动词: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite, urge, encourage, prepare, call

9、 on, would like, wait for, etc. nThey are waiting for the school bus to come. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-宾语补足语nB. 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式 n常用动词: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二听); make, let, have(三让); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看) ;help (半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc. n但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to. n I saw him cross the road. He was

10、 seen to cross the road. n比较: nI saw him crossing the road. He was seen _the road. nI saw him carried downstairs. He was seen _ downstairs. to be crossingto be carried不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n5.作定语：nA.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系： n I have a meeting to attend. He found a good house to live in. (如果不定式是vi，其后应有适当的介词.)n 如果不定式修

11、饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem.不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-定语定语nB. 与被修饰名词构成主谓关系： nHe is the right person to do that job. He is the first to get here. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n6.作状语： A.表目的： n He worked day and night to pay off the debt . n注意不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要

12、一致：nTo save money, every means has been tried. To save money, he has tried every means. ()()= He has tried every means in order to/so as to save money.= In order to save money, he has tried every means.不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-状语nB.表结果： nI visited him only to find him out. The patient is strong enough to wa

13、lk about. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-状语ntooto结构 nIts too dark for us to see anything. The question is too simple for him to answer. n注：对少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词，如：glad, ready, pleased, willing, anxious, happy, satisfied, etc.用于tooto结构时表示肯定意义。 nThey were too anxious to leave. I am only/but too glad to do you the favor.

14、 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-状语nC.表原因： nThey were very excited to hear the news that their team had won the game. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n7.作插入语和同位语： n常见插入语:nto tell (you) the truth/to be frank实不相瞒nto start/begin with; to conclude; to make matter worsen to be more exact确切地讲nto make a long story short长话短说，简而言之nto be f

15、air公平地说，凭心而论nto be sure肯定地，毫无疑问地 nTo tell (you) the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 不定式的不定式的时态时态n一般式 ：to don进行式 : to be doingnThe play is said to be made into a film soon (所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后)nThe boy pretended to be working hard .(所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生)n(常用于seem, appear, happen, p

16、retend等动词的结构中) 不定式的不定式的时态时态完成式：to have doneI regretted to have told a lie. (表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词动作之前 )不定式的不定式的否定形式否定形式 not/never + (to ) 不定式 They hurried along in order not to be late. The boy promised never to play tricks again. 不定式符号的省略与保留 n1. 在had better, would rather, would ratherthan, would soonerth

17、an, cannot but, why (not) 等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。如: nYoud better tell her the truth. n2. 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语，且介词之前有行为动词do或其它形式时，不定式符号to通常被省略。 n What do you like to do besides swim?nMy mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.nNow he had given himself no choice but to tell

18、her. n3. 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时，后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略；如果表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。 n They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop. （对比关系）n She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back. （并列关系） 分词n现在分词和过去分词nV-ing, v-edn在句中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。 分词句法功能 n1. 作表语nv-ing:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人”的意思, 主语多数情况是sth.

19、nV-ed作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到的”,主语多数情况是sb. n以-ing结尾的形容词表达事物给人的感觉，以ed 结尾的形容词表达人对事物的感觉。 nexciting, excitednannoying, annoyednamazing, amazednamusing, amusednastonishing, astonishednboring, borednconfusing, confused ndisappointing, disappointednencouraging, encouragednembarrassing, embarrassednfri

20、ghtening, frightenedninspiring, inspired nThe result was _ (surprising, surprised) nThey were _ (surprising, surprised) at the news. 分词句法功能n2.作定语： 现在分词表示正在进行的动作;过去分词表示已经完成的动作。 boiling water, boiled water; developing country, developed country; falling leaves, fallen leaves rising sun, risen sun, etc

21、. 分词n注意分词所表示动作的发生时间: n 表示正在进行的动作 Tell the children playing there not to make too much noise. n 表示经常性动作或现在/当时的状态 I used to live in a room facing south. n其他情况,一般不用现在分词短语作定语,而用定语从句 nThe man who came this morning is our headmaster. (过去时) nThe students who will attend the meeting will arrive here tomorro

22、w. nIs there anyone who can answer this question? nThose who have finished their work can go home now. (完成时) ing结构做定语后置 nDo you know the woman talking to Tom?nWho were those people waiting outside? nThe road joining two villages is very narrow.nThere were some children swimming in the river. 以-ing o

23、r ed 结尾的形容词做表语 nJane is bored because her job is boring.nJanes job is boring, so Jane is bored. n以-ing结尾的形容词表达事物给人的感觉，以ed 结尾的形容词表达人对事物的感觉。nJulia thinks politics is very interesting.nThe film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better. nWe were shocked when we heard the news.nEverybody was su

24、rprised that he passed the exam. 3. 动词-ing形式做宾语补足语nI saw him walking along the street at night yesterday.nI could hear it raining.nI found Sue in my room reading a letter.n类似的词还有：feel, listen to, look at, notice, watch, observe, etc 4. ing 从句做状语 nA man ran out of the house shouting. (=he ran out of

25、the house and he was shouting)nHaving finished her work, she went home. (=after she had finished her work, she went home)nFeeling tired, I went to bed early. (=because I felt tired, I went to bed early)动 名 词 (The Gerund) n动名词可以起名词的作用n在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语n同时，它还保留着动词的一些特征，如有完成式和被动语态，可以有自己的宾语和状语. 动名词的形式：以wr

26、ite为例 主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written句法功能 n1 作主语 nReading books makes one wise. Collecting stamps is interesting. 句法功能-主语 n与不定式区别: n动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的抽象动作;n不定式作主语表示具体的特别是将来的动作。 n _ (Walking, To walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. _ (Finishing, T

27、o finish) the work in a week is impossible. n用于结构: nThere is no doing sth. No doing. nhave a good (hard ) time/ difficulty/ problem/trouble /fun/ pleasure (in) doing sth.n There is no _ (know) what will happen in the future. No _ (spit) in public places. With the boy _ (lead) the way, we had no diff

28、iculty _ (find) his house. 动名词句法功能n2.作表语：(be, remain, taste, sound, smell等link-v.后) nIn the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.nMy job is _(type) letters. (抽象、习惯性、经常性的动作)动名词句法功能n3.作定语： 动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别: n动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的用途,而不表示动作.n现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作. na walking stick= a stick for walkin

29、g a dancing hall= a hall for dancing n比较: a sleeping car， a sleeping boyna sleeping car= a car for sleeping ( _ ) na sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping ( _ ) 现在分词动名词动名词句法功能n4.作宾语：(动宾,介宾)n 有些动词及短语后跟动名词作宾语： na) 常见动词: advise, avoid（避免）, appreciate(感激), admit（承认）,consider(考虑), complete, delay, deny（否认）,

30、 enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, keep, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk（冒险）, suggest(建议), understand, etc. nI enjoy dancing.nWould you mind closing the window? nAmy suggested going to the cinema.nDont keep interrupting me while I am speaking. nb）介词(in, for, about,

31、 before, )+ingnWhat are the advantages of having a car?nHow about playing tennis tomorrow?nI bought a new bicycle instead of going away on holiday.nBefore going out, I phoned Sarah.nWhat did you do after leaving school? c）动词+介词的词组+ingnI am thinking of buying a house.nDo you feel like going out for d

32、inner tonight?nI am used to driving on the left because Ive lived in Britain for a long time.nAre you looking forward to seeing Ann again?nI prefer driving to travelling by train.n这类的词组有give up, put off, carry on, succeed in, dream of, insist on 等 n常见短语:nbe busy, be worth, burst out, ninsist on, fee

33、l like, cant help (忍不住), nset about开始, succeed in, persist innbe/get used/accustomed to, look forward to,nobject to, be opposed to, pay attention to, nget down to开始，着手 ndevote oneself/ones life ( energy, effort, time) tonbe reduced to (沦为), admit/ owe to（承认） 后接名词,一般不接动名词的词组nlead to, stick to, listen

34、 to, nrefer to, turn to, thanks tonowing to, due to, be open to (愿意接受), nin addition to (除外), be familiar tongive ones mind to (专心于), be sentenced tonbe equal to，keep to坚持坚持, 遵守遵守npoint to, give rise to (引起), nstand up to (勇敢面对), nsee to （注意，处理，照料）, trust to (依靠，凭), nlook up to（尊敬） nallow, advise, c

35、onsider, forbid, permit等动词 +doing sth. + sb. to do sth. n The doctor advised _ (take ) a good rest. The doctor advised the patient _ (take ) a good rest. n某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式.n常见动词: nbegin/start, continue;n love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; nneed, want, require; nforget, remember, regret; nmean, try

36、, go on, stop, nbe used to, cant help forget, remember, regretnThe light in the office is still on. I forgot _ (turn) it off. Ill never forget _(see) the musical comedy in New York. Remember_( meet) me tonight. I remember _(take) to Beijing when I was a child. I regret _ (inform) you that you are di

37、smissed. I regret _( not take ) his advice. 这类动词：stop, forget, remember, regret, try, need等，V-ing往往表示过去的动作；动词不定式表示将来的动作或过去未做的动作。nI regret saying that you spend too much money.nI regret to say you spend too much money. nRemember to lock the door before you leave.nI clearly remember locking the door b

38、efore you leave.nLisa stopped buying candy.nLisa stopped to buy candy.动名词句法功能-同位语nHis habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged. need 的用法n后跟动名词，注意两点： 1.主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义； 2.该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。例如： The door needs painting. = The door needs to be painted. 那扇门需要油漆一下。n need后面需要接带to的动词不定式,表示有义务或责任去做某事。 You need to take good care of your mother. 你要好好照料你妈妈。 Exercises n1.Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.nA.