人教版高中英语选修八Unit1Alandofdiversity-语法篇(教师版)

1、第 2 讲 A land of diversity 语法篇1 . 掌握名词性从句的结构与功能；2 .能够熟练选用合适的引导词。一 . 概述：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses) 。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、 表语、 同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。二 . 分类(一)主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。引导主语从句的连词有：that，whether，who， whom ，wha

2、t，whatever， whose1. 常规主语从句，既复合句在句中充当一个主语，那么这个句子就是主语从句(1)That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.(2)Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.(3)Who will be our monitor hasn t been decided yet.(4)Whom we must study for is a question of great impo

3、rtance.(5)What caused the accident remains is unknown.(6)What we need is time.注：连词位于句首不能省略2. It 作形式主语和it 引导强调句的比较(为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it 放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末)It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom 。例如：a) It is a pity that you didn' t go

4、 to seethefimi B场电影真可惜。b) It doesn ' t interest me whether you succeed or not.寸你成功与否不感兴趣。用 it 作形式主语的结构:(1) It is 名词 从句It is a fact that 事实是.It is an honor thatIt is common knowledge that非常荣幸是常识第 1页 /共 12页(2) It is + 形容词 + 从句It is natural that很自然It is strange that奇怪的是It is + 不及物动词 + 从句It seems th

5、at 似乎.It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It +过去分词 + 从句It is reported that 据报道.It has been proved that 已证实It is said that 据说.3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：(1) if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2) It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.(3) It happens/occurs 结构

6、中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(4) It doesn ' t matter how/whetheT构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: It doesn ' t matter whether he is wrong or not.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?4. what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语

7、.宾语.表语，而that则不然。例如：a） What you said yesterday is right.b） That she is still alive is a consolation（二）宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。（1）由that引导的宾语从句（that通常可以省略），例如：I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略：that从句位于句首时，that不可省略：That he ever s

8、aid such a thing I simply don我简直Pbeiev做曾说过这样的话。that宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。I promised that if anyone could set me free , I would make him king over the earth. 我曾许诺如果有人把 我放了，我就让他成为全世界的国王。当主句的状语部分位于that宾语从句前时。Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went to school a little now and a little then.亚伯拉罕 琳

9、第2页/共12页肯自己后来说他只不过是时断时续地接受教育。that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略：I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. 对他我无所知，只知道他是南方人。主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。When he got to England, he found, however, that his English was too limited. 然而当他至U英国时，他 发现他的英语很有限。当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。(只有第一个可省略)Then he sai

10、d (that)French was the most beautiful tongue in the world , and that we must keep it amongus and never forget it.他说，法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须坚持说法语，永远也不要忘记它。宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。宾语从句的主语是this/that,或用this/that修饰主语时。He said that that was a good i

11、dea.他说那是个好主意。在直接引语中，主句和宾语从句被隔开时。"I' m sorry to tell ypif he said “that you didn ' t watch carefully enough what I did.”我很遗憾的告诉大家，你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl.那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套。(2)从属连词if/wh

12、ether。连词whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，不可省。 if引导宾语 从句。一)宾语从句是肯定句时，whether, if可互换；但whether常和or not连用，if 一般不与or not连用，宾语从句是否定句时，一般用 if引导。如：I don' t know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否应告诉你。I wonder whether it is true or not. 不知这是不是真的。I don' ； t care if it doesn' ； t rain.天下不下雨我不会在乎。二)用if引导宾语从

13、句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为清告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声三)作介词宾语时，只能用 whether,不能用if。(介词常可省略)如：Everything depends (on) whether we have enough experience.切都取决于我们是否有足够的经 验。(3)连接代词 who, whom, whose,

14、 what, which , whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：Who or what he was , Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what he ' s writing to me abU和知道他要给我写信说什么事。I ' ll tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。有关宾语从句的其它一些要点：

15、宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。如：Do you know why winter is colder than summer? 你知道为什么冬季比夏季冷吗？如宾语从句有自己的宾语补足语，则用 it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句后置。其句型为：主语+谓语+it+补足语 + 宾语从句 ”。如： We think it important that we should master at least one foreign language.我们认为掌握至少一门外语是重要的。注意：(1)连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在 except, but和in等少数几个介词 后。其它一些介词的宾语从

16、句如由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是个好学生，只不过有点粗心。See to it that children don' ； t catch cold.当心孩子别感冒了。(2)that引导表语从句时，在句中无词义，只起连接作用，但不可省去。His idea is that we should go there at once.他主张我们立即去那儿。.宾语从句的否定转移。在 think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fanc

17、y, guess, imagine等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：I don ' t think you are righ俄认为你错了。I don ' t believe they have finished their work yet我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I don ' t suppose he caresdoes he?我想他不在意，是吗？某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased,happy, afraid, surp

18、rised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。That引导的从句还常跟在下列形容词 后作宾语：Anxious , aware, confident, convinced , determined, proud, worried , sorry, thankful , ashamed, disappointed, annoyed,pleased,hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。如：I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。I ' m afraid you do

19、n ' t understand wha堤sa尔没领会我说的意思。I ' m surprised that I didn ' t see all thaFbefore.我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了 考试而感至 U高兴。有关that的忌讳：后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有 Allow , refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, h

20、elp, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：I admire their winning the match.第5页/共12页 不可用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that 从句 “结构中，常见的有Envy，order，accuse，refuse，impress， forgive ， blame，denounce，advise，congratulate 等。例如：He impressed the manager as an honest man.介词宾语从句. 宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。有

21、时介词可以省略。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。I don ' t care (for) who marries hiM;不管

22、谁跟他结婚。Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in, besides后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that 引导，则需用it 先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.( that 一般不省)他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用which 来

23、引导，而要用what 来引导。如：Are you sorry for what you ' ve done?做的一切感到内疚吗？介词宾语只能用 whether,不能用if。(介词常可省略)Everything depends (on) whether we have enough experience. 一切都取决于我们是否有足够的经验。补充："if"、"whether"在名词性从句中的使用介词的宾语从句，不定式作宾语，都可用whether 引导。 whether 也可引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，这时却不能换成if。

24、 引导条件从句时，只能用 if， 而不能用whether。不用if,用whether的情况： 在标语从句和同位语从句中。例如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown. 在主语从句中，只有用 it 作形式主语时，whether 和 if 都能引导主语从句，否则， 也只能用whether。例如：whether we shall attend the meeting hasn t been decided yet.It hasn， t

25、 been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting . 后面直接跟动词不定式。例如：He doesn t knowwhether to stay or not .还有关联词只能用 whether或if,不能用that的情况如下：若doubt一词作 怀疑“解接宾语从句时，主语为肯定句用 wether或if,主句为否定句或疑问句用that。例如：第 7页 /共 12页I doubt whether he will come soon.I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt tha

26、t he will come soon?注意: （1）下面这个例句中doubt 的含义为“认为 不必可能”。 I doubt that he will come. （我认为他不可能来）（2）whatever 可以引导名词性从句，同时起先行词和关系代词的作用。相当于 anything that 或 all that，有任何一切这类意思。此时不能用no matter what 替换。三、表语从句表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语系动词有：be，keep，remain，stay，seem，appear，l

27、ook，feel，smell，sound，taste，become，grow, turn,get, go,等。构成 : 主语 + 连系动词+表语从句（一个句子作表语）表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，充当表语的是一个句子，那么这个句子就叫做表语从句。连接表语从句的连接词有:连词：that （不作成分，没有词义；不能省略）whether （不作成分）连接代词：what，who， which，whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever 等关系副词：when，where， why，howHe has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。He has bec

28、ome what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10 年前想成为的。His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。注意事项:A. 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.B.不可以用if,而用whether连接表语从句（as if例外）。引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether ,位于介词后要用 whether,位于句首时要用 wh

29、ether.引导主语从句时，whether 引导的从句可以放在主句前和后，而if 从句只能放在主句后。引导表语从句，同位语从句时要用whetherThe question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. 对C. 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. 对D . that 在表语从句中具有三个特点：不作成分；不能省略；没有意义。E. 表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是连系动词。例如

30、： The problem is how we can get the things we need. 问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。That is what I want to tell you. 那就是我想要对你讲的。（what 在表语从句中充当直接宾语）That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。（why 在表语从句中作原因状语）第 6页 /共 12页C. what第 7页 /共 12页D. whyF. "That is why.是常用句型，意为 这就是的原因/因此: 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，

31、该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，如:That is why you see this old woman before you know ， Jeanne.珍妮， 这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。G. “ That is why.” “ That is the reason why.”辨析： “ That is because.”(1) “ That is why.与. “ Th” at is the reason why.同义，”从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why中why引导的是一个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与 “ Tha

32、t is why.结构一样，” 例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。(2) “That is because.句型中从属连词 because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为这就是为什么/因为“ That is because.与. “ Th” at is why.之间的不同在于：”“ That is because.指原因或理由，.”“ That is why.则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，”例如：He did not see the film last night. That is because

33、he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨天晚上没有去看。H.当主句的主语为reason,或者是由why引导的从句时，与它们相关的表语从句用that,而不能由because引导；because引导表语从句时只能用于It/That/This is /was because句型中.1 .The reason wh

34、y I was late was that I missed the train.2 . I was late. It/That/This was because I missed the train.1. 名词(主语)+系动词+表语从句主语名词常常是表示事实，真理的名词，如： fact， truth 表示看法，观点、 问题、 麻烦的名词，如：idea， opinion ， belief， view， news， advice， feeling， suggestion， plan， trouble， question， problem，1 .The fact is that our team

35、has won the game.2 .The truth is that she was the very person we are looking for.必须记住:1. that引导表语从句时不能省.2. if 不能引导表语从句.3. 除that外的所有引导词都有自己的意义。4. 除that,whether外的所有引导词都须在从句中充当相应的成分5. what在表语从句中译成“东西；事情； 内容”1. (2019 北京高考)I truly believe beauty comes from within.A. ThatB. where答案 : A解析：此题为宾语从句，从句中成分完整，所

36、以用不充当成分的 that,所以选Ao2. （2019 北京高考）we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.A. WhereB. How答案 : BC. WhyD. WhenD. whoeverwhat,所以选择A。D. HowD. HowD. WhomD. WhatD. howD. HowD. That ； whatD. That解析 : 此句是主语从句，根据句意从句部分缺少方式状语，how 引导，所以选B。3. （2019 重庆高考）We must find out Karl is coming ， so we can b

37、ook a room for him.A. WhenB. howC. whereD. why答案: A解析: 此题考查宾语从句，从句中缺少状语，根据句意为时间，所以选A。4. （2019 湖南高考） You have to know you re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.A. whatB. thatC. whereD. who答案: C解析: 此题考查宾语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，用where 引导，所以选C。5. （2019 浙江高考）If you swim in a river or lake ， be

38、sure to investigate is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.A. whatB. whoC. that答案: A解析: 此句考查宾语从句的引导词，从句部分缺少主语，根据句意应该填基础演练1. the earth is round is true.A. WhatB. ThatC. Where2. you need is more practice.A. WhatB. ThatC. All which3. leaves the classroom last w

39、ill turn off the lights.A. WhateverB. WhoeverC. Who4. was said here must be kept secret.A. WhateverB. WhoeverC. Who5. It is said his father will come back from Japan.A. whatB. thatC. all whichKey: 1 -5 BABAB巩固提高6. you don t like him is none of my business.A. WhatB.ThatC.Who7. alltheinventions have i

40、n common is theyhave succeeded.A. What ；whatB.That；thatC.what；that8. appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A. WhatB.ItC.All that第 8页 /共 12页9. It is widely that smoking can cause cancer.A. believedB. thinkC. sayD. hoped10. caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. WhatB. ThatC. H

41、owD. Where11. It worried her a bit her hair was turning grey.A. whileB. thatC. ifD. for12. When and why he came here yet.A. is not knownB. are not knownC. has not known D. have not known13. Tom liked to eat was different from A. That that you had expectedB. What that you had expectedC. That what you

42、 had expectedD. What what you had expected14. we go swimming every day us a lot of good.A. If.doB. That.doC. If.doesD. That.does15. It s uncertain the experiment is worth doing.A. ifB. thatC. whetherD. howKey: 6-10 BCBAA 10-15 BACDC1. he does has nothing to do with me.A. WhateverB. No matter what C.

43、 ThatD. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer howB .the quarrel had come aboutD. had the quarrel come aboutC. anythingD. thatA. did the quarrel came aboutC. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is makes thing work.A. whatB. something4. Information has been put forward more middle school g

44、raduates will be admitted into universities.A. whileB. that5. This is _the Shenzhou V Spaceship landedA. thereB. in which6. They have no idea at all.A. where he has goneC. which place has he gone7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patientA. thatB. whichC. whenD. asC. whereD. whenB. where did he go

45、D. where has he gone s fear he would die of the disease.C. of whichD. of that8. The order came _the soldiers the small village the next morning.A. that ； had to leaveB. that；should leaveC. /； must leaveD. when； should leave9. _is no possibility Bob can win the first prize in the match.A. There； that

46、B. It； thatC. there； whetherD. It ； whether10. The question came up at the meetingwe had enough money for our research.A. thatB. whichC. whetherD. if11. Is he said really true?A. thatB. whatC. whyD. whether12. the meeting should last two days or three days doesn t matter.A. ThatB. WhetherC. IfD. Whe

47、re13. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.A. whileB. ifC. thatD. for14. more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A. WhetherB. ThisC. whoD.If15. he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A. WhatB. ThatC. WhetherD.IfKey: 1 -5 ABABC6-10 AABAC1

48、1-15 BBCAB. 单项选择1. that they found an unusual plant in the forest.A. It is saidB. They are said C. It saidD. It says2. caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. WhatB. ThatC. HowD. Where3. surprised me most was such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.A. That ；whatB. What ；

49、 thatC. That；thatD. What； what4. helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A. WhoB. AnyoneC. WhoeverD. The person5. he passed the important but difficult exam is a very good thing.A. WhatB. AsC./D. That6. he saw in his office the day before yesterday is still a puzzle.A. ThatB. WhoseC. Whic

50、hD. Whom7. will be in charge of our company is still being discussed by the leaders of our city.A. WhoB. WhomC. Which8. they settled that social problem interests every one of us.A. HowB. WhatC. Which9. we ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. IfB. WhetherC. That10. makes mistakes must co

51、rrect them.A. WhatB. ThatC. WhoeverKey: 1 -5 AABCD 6-10 DAABCD. WhoeverD. ThatD. WhereD. Whatever第 #页 /共 12页二.完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项 （A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。About a year ago ,I went to stay at a Detroit hotel. I didn't want to _1_ too much money with me , soI asked the desk cler

52、k to put a hundred -dollar bill in the safe for me.The next morning ,2 , the clerk said that he knew nothing about my money. I didn't have any proof3 I had given the man the money. There was clearly nothing left to do but go to the_4_ lawyer.The lawyer 5 me toreturn to the hotel with him and giv

53、e another hundred dollar bill to the desk. So wedid. An hour later,I went 6 to thedesk and asked for my money.7 I had the lawyer as aneyewitness to the _8_hundred dollar bill ,the clerk could not say he _9_nothing about it.Another hour later ,I put the second part of the lawyer's 10 into action.

54、 This time both the lawyerand I went to the hotel to 11 for the hundred -dollar bill once again , and12 the clerk insisted that hehad given 13 to me,I said it was not true. The lawyer said to him ," I1 14 this gentleman give youa hundred-dollar bill. If you don't hand it _15 immediately , I

55、 will be forced to call the 16 " . The clerkrealized he had been _17 , so he gave me back the first hundred -dollar bill."I don't know 18to thank you enough for 19 my money back. ”I said to the lawyer. And what doyou suppose he answered? He said, “ Oh don't 20 me. That will be one hundred dollars , please.”1. A. carryB. lendC.spendD. hold2. A. butB. yetC. howeverD. instead3. A. whereB. whichC. whyD. that4. A. nearestB. farthestC.goodD. native5. A. advisedB. promisedC. agreedD. followed6. A. upB. downC. backD. along7. A. ThoughB. WhenC. UnlessD. Since8. A. oneB. anoth