新标准大学英语综合教程课文翻译和课后习题答案 Unit 3

1、整理课件1UNIT 3ART FOR ART FOR ARTS SAKARTS SAKE E整理课件2How We Listen 1 We all listen to music according to our separate capacities. But, for the sake of analysis, the whole listening process may become clearer if we break it up into its component parts, so to speak. In a certain sense we all listen to m

2、usic on three separate planes. For lack of a better terminology, one might name these: (1) the sensuous plane, (2) the expressive plane, (3) the sheerly musical plane. The only advantage to be gained from mechanically splitting up the listening process into these hypothetical planes is the clearer v

3、iew to be had of the way in which we listen.Text 整理课件32 The simplest way of listening to music is to listen for the sheer pleasure of the musical sound itself. That is the sensuous plane. It is the plane on which we hear music without thinking, without considering it in any way. One turns on the rad

4、io while doing something else and absent-mindedly bathes in the sound. A kind of brainless but attractive state of mind is engendered bythe mere sound appeal of the music.Text 整理课件43 The surprising thing is that many people who consider themselves qualified music lovers abuse that plane in listening

5、. They go to concerts in order to lose themselves. They use music as a consolation or an escape. They enter an ideal world where one doesnt have to think of the realities of everyday life. Of course they arent thinking about the music either. Music allows them to leave it, and they go off to a place

6、 to dream, dreaming because of and apropos of the music yet never quite listening to it.Text 整理课件54 Yes, the sound appeal of music is a potent and primitive force, but you must not allow it to usurp a disproportionate share of your interest. The sensuous plane is an important one in music, a very im

7、portant one, but it does not constitute the whole story. 5 The second plane on which music exists is what I have called the expressive one. Here, immediately, we tread on controversial ground. Composers have a way of shying away from any discussion of musics expressive side. Text 整理课件6Did not Stravi

8、nsky himself proclaim that his music was an object, a thing, with a life of its own, and with no other meaning than its own purely musical existence? This intransigent attitude of Stravinskys may be due to the fact that so many people have tried to read different meanings into so many pieces. Heaven

9、 knows it is difficult enough to sayprecisely what it is that a piece of music means, to sayit definitely, to say it finally so that everyone is satisfiedwith your explanation. But that should not lead one to the other extreme of denying to music the right to be expressive.Text 整理课件76 Listen, if you

10、 can, to the 48 fugue themes of BachsWell-Tempered Clavichord. Listen to each theme, one after another. You will soon realize that each theme mirrors a different world of feeling. You will also soon realize that the more beautiful a theme seems to you the harder it is to find any word that will desc

11、ribe it toyour complete satisfaction. Text 整理课件8Yes, you will certainly knowwhether it is a gay theme or a sad one. You will be able, in other words, in your own mind, to draw a frameof emotional feeling around your theme. Now study thesad one a little closer. Try to pin down the exact qualityof its

12、 sadness. Is it pessimistically sad or resignedly sad; is it fatefully sad or smilingly sad?Text 整理课件97 Let us suppose that you are fortunate and can describe to your own satisfaction in so many words theexact meaning of your chosen theme. There is still no guarantee that anyone else will be satisfi

13、ed. Nor need they be. The important thing is that each one feels forhimself the specific expressive quality of a theme or, similarly, an entire piece of music. And if it is a great work of art, dont expect it to mean exactly the same thing to you each time you return to it.Text 整理课件108 The third pla

14、ne on which music exists is the sheerly musical plane. Besides the pleasurable sound of music and the expressive feeling that it gives off, music does exist in terms of the notes themselves and of their manipulation. Most listeners are not sufficiently conscious of this third plane. Text 整理课件119 It

15、is very important for all of us to become more alive to music on its sheerly musical plane. After all, an actual musical material is being used. The intelligent listener must be prepared to increase his awareness of the musical material and what happens to it. He must hear the melodies, the rhythms,

16、 the harmonies, the tone colors in a more conscious fashion. But above all he must, in order to follow the line of the composers thought, know something of the principles of musicalform. Listening to all of these elements is listening on the sheerly musical plane.Text 整理课件1210 Let me repeat that I h

17、ave split up mechanically the three separate planes on which we listen merely for thesake of greater clarity. Actually, we never listen on oneor the other of these planes. What we do is to correlatethem listening in all three ways at the same time. It takes no mental effort, for we do it instinctive

18、ly.Text 整理课件1311 Perhaps an analogy with what happens to us when we visit the theater will make this instinctive correlation clearer. In the theater, you are aware of the actors and actresses, costumes and sets, soundsand movements. All these give one the sense that thetheater is a pleasant place to

19、 be in. They constitute thesensuous plane in our theatrical reactions.Text 整理课件1412 The expressive plane in the theater would be derivedfrom the feeling that you get from what is happening on the stage. You are moved to pity, excitement, or gaiety. It is this general feeling, generated aside from th

20、e particular words being spoken, a certain emotionalsomething which exists on the stage, that is analogousto the expressive quality in music.Text 整理课件1513 The plot and plot development is equivalent to our sheerly musical plane. The playwright creates and develops a character in just the same way th

21、at a composer creates and develops a theme. According to the degree of your awareness of the way in which the artist in either field handles his material will you become a more intelligent listener.Text 整理课件1614 It is easy enough to see that the theatergoer never is conscious of any of these element

22、s separately. He is aware of them all at the same time. The same is true of music listening. We simultaneously and without thinking listen on all three planes. Text 整理课件17我们是怎样听音乐的我们是怎样听音乐的1 我们都按照各自不同的能力来听音乐。但为了便于分析，如果把听的整个过程分成几个组成部分，那么这个过程会更清晰一些。从某种意义上来说，我们听音乐有三个不同的层次。由于缺乏更好的术语，我们姑且把它们命名为：（1）感官层次；（

23、2）表现层次；（3）纯音乐层次。把听的过程机械地分割为以上三个假想的层次，唯一的好处是让我们更清楚地了解自己是怎样听音乐的。Text 整理课件182 听音乐最简单的方式是为了去获取乐声带来的纯粹的愉悦感，这是音乐的感官层次。在这个层次上，我们只是听音乐，不做任何思考。我们打开收音机，一边做着其他的事情，一边心不在焉地沉浸在音乐中。乐声本身的魅力带我们进入一种无需思考的美妙心境。Text 整理课件193 令人意外的是，许多自认为是合格的音乐爱好者在听音乐时过多地使用了这一层次。他们去听音乐会是为了忘却自我。他们把音乐当成一种慰藉，一种逃避，由此他们进入了一个可以忘却日常生活的理想世界。当然，他们

24、也没有在思考音乐。音乐允许他们离开现实，到另一个地方去做梦，因为音乐而做梦，做有关音乐的梦，却从没有真正欣赏过音乐。Text 整理课件204 的确，乐声的魅力是一种强大而原始的力量，但是你不该让它占据你过多的兴趣空间。感官层次是音乐的一个重要层次，非常重要，但并不是音乐的全部。5 音乐存在的第二个层次就是我所说的表现层次。一提到这个问题，我们马上就进入到一个颇具争议的领域。作曲家总是设法避开有关音乐表现方面的讨论。Text 整理课件21斯特拉温斯基不是曾经声称他的音乐是一个“物体”，是一件有自我生命的“东西”，除了纯音乐性的存在之外没有任何别的含意吗？斯特拉温斯基这种不妥协的态度可能源于这样的

25、一个事实：有那么多的人尝试着从众多的音乐作品中读出完全不同的含意。确实，要准确地说出一部音乐作品的含意已经很难了，要肯定并确定地说出来，还要使每个人对你的解释都感到满意，是难上加难。但我们不该因此走到另一个极端，不能去剥夺音乐“表现”的权利。 Text 整理课件226 可能的话，你不妨听听巴赫的平均律钢琴曲集中的48个赋格主题。依次地、一个个地听听其中的每一个主题，你很快就会意识到每个主题都反映了一个不同的情感世界，你很快也会意识到你越觉得某个主题美妙，就越难找到令你完全满意的字眼来描述它。Text 整理课件23 是的，你当然知道那个主题是欢快的还是悲伤的。换句话说，你能够在脑海中勾勒出那个主

26、题的情感框架。那么就更仔细地听一下这个悲伤的主题吧，要明确悲伤的性质。是悲观厌世的悲伤，还是无可奈何的悲伤？是时运不济的悲伤，还是强颜欢笑的悲伤？ Text 整理课件247 假设你很幸运，能用许多词句充分表达你对选中主题的确切理解。但这仍然无法保证其他人对你的理解都感到满意，他们也完全没有必要感到满意。重要的是，每个人能亲自感受某个主题的表现力，或以同样的方式去感受一部完整的音乐作品独特的表现力。如果是一部伟大的音乐作品，就别指望每次去听它都能给你带来相同的感受。 Text 整理课件258 音乐存在的第三个层次是纯音乐层次。除了令人愉悦的乐声及其所表现的情感之外，音乐也因其音符本身以及对音符的

27、处理而存在。多数听众都没有充分认识到音乐的这第三个层次。 Text 整理课件269 对我们所有人来说，更加充分地认识这个纯音乐层次非常重要。毕竟乐曲使用的是实实在在的音乐材料。聪明的听众一定要做好准备，随时提升自己对音乐材料以及这些材料的使用的理解。他必须要更加有意识地倾听音乐的旋律、节奏、和弦及音色。但最重要的是，为了能够跟上作曲家的思路，他还必须了解一些音乐形式方面的知识。去听所有这些成分就是在纯音乐层次上欣赏音乐。 Text 整理课件2710 让我重复一遍，我仅仅是为了讲解得更清楚才把听音乐的三个层次机械地分割开来的。事实上，我们从来都不会只在其中的一个层次上听音乐。我们其实是把它们联系

28、起来，同时在三个层次上听音乐。这并不需要付出多少脑力，因为我们是凭本能这么做的。 Text 整理课件2811 也许，用去剧院看戏来作类比，能使这种本能的联系更加明白易懂。在剧院里，你能注意到男女演员、服装和布景、声音和动作。这些东西组合在一起，会让我们觉得剧院是一个令人愉悦的地方，它们构成了我们欣赏戏剧的感官层次。Text 整理课件2912 戏剧的表现层次来自于你看舞台表演时获得的感受。它激起你的怜悯、兴奋或是愉悦。正是这种笼统的感觉，除了听台词所感受到的，主要是存在于舞台上的某种情感的东西，与音乐的表现性相类似。 Text 整理课件3013 剧情以及剧情的发展相当于我们所说的纯音乐层次。剧作

29、家塑造和发展戏剧人物的方式，和作曲家创造和发展主题的方式是一样的。你能否成为一个聪明的听众，取决于你对剧作家或音乐家处理艺术材料的手段的了解有多深。Text 整理课件3114 显然，看戏的人从来就不会单独注意到这其中的一个元素。他是同时注意到了一切。听音乐的道理也是一样的，我们同时地、不假思索地在三个层次上倾听音乐。Text 整理课件32Words & Phrasessakeplaneterminologysensuousexpressivesheerlymechanicallyusurp potentaproposconsolationqualifyqualifiedengender

30、resignedlypessimisticallysadnessfuguepreciselyintransigentpurelyhypotheticalabsent-mindedlybrainlessproclaimcomposerconstitutework of art smilinglyfatefully整理课件33Words & Phrasespleasurablesufficientlymelodyrhythmclarityinstinctivelyinstinctivesimultaneouslyseparatelytheatergoerplaywrightgaietyth

31、eatricalanalogyanalogouscostume整理课件34Words & Phrasesso to speaksplit upshy away frompin downgive off derive fromaside from整理课件35Words & PhrasesStravinsky 斯特拉温斯基Bach 巴赫Well-Tempered Clavichord 平均律钢琴曲集整理课件36sake n. C (usu. sing) (for the of / for sb.s )1) used to indicate sth. that is done as

32、an end in itself rather than to achieve some other purpose 目的 e.g. 1. New ideas amount to change for changes sake. 新的思想会为变化而变化。2. I hope youre not doing this just for the sake of the money. 我希望你做这件事不光是为了钱。2) the benefit or regard of someone or something 利益；好处e.g. We hope for her sake that the weddin

33、g goes as planned. 看在她的份儿上，我们希望婚礼按计划进行。Words & Phrases整理课件37plane n. C a level of thought, development, or existence 层次；水平e.g. 1. It was at United that Goram would reach a higher plane of achievement. 格拉姆在联队里才能达到更高的成就。2. The two books are on completely different intellectual planes. 这两本书完全在不同的知识

34、层面上。Words & Phrases整理课件38terminology n. U the words and phrases used in a particular business, science, or profession 术语；专门用语e.g. 1. chemical terminology 化学术语 2. I dont understand any of scientific terminology. 我对科学术语一无所知。Words & Phrases整理课件39sensuous a. 1) relating to or affecting your phys

35、ical senses rather than your emotions or thoughts 感官方面的；影响感官的e.g. He likes sensuous music. 他喜欢刺激的音乐。2) suggesting physical pleasure 肉体享受的；性感的e.g. She was attracted by that actors sensuous lips. 她被那个演员性感的嘴唇所吸引。Words & Phrases整理课件40expressive a. 1) clearly showing what your thoughts or feelings ar

36、e, especially by your behavior （尤指行为）富于表现力的，明确表露（想法或情感）的e.g. He gave an expressive shudder when asked to hold the snake. 当他被要求拿起那条蛇，他不寒而栗。2) ( of) (very fml) showing the essential features of an emotion, idea, or quality 表现的；表达的 e.g. The letter was expressive of his sincere regret. 这封信表达了他真诚的歉意。Word

37、 family: express v. expression n.Words & Phrases整理课件41sheerly ad. purely; utterly; absolutely 纯粹地；全然地；绝对地e.g. 1. That most exact and convincing of all sciences, mathematics, is sheerly metaphysical. 科学中最严谨而令人信服的一门，数学，就是纯粹形而上学的。2. When we got out of the museum we went back to our hotel sheerly on

38、 foot which was a little bit tiring but on the way back to the hotel we did have a great time. 从博物馆出来后，我们完全是徒步返回酒店的，虽说有点累，但回酒店的路上，我们的确很开心。Words & Phrases整理课件42mechanically ad. in a mechanical manner 机械操作地；机械地mechanical a. using power from an engine or machine to do a particular kind of work ; af

39、fecting or involving a machine 机械操作的；机械的e.g.1. The flight has been cancelled due to mechanical failure. 由于机械故障，这趟航班被取消了。2. This door opens mechanically. 这扇门是自动打开的。3. Even cars that were mechanically sound started rusting. 机械性能方面并无问题的车子也开始生锈。 Words & Phrases整理课件43hypothetical a. based on situatio

40、ns or events that seem possible rather than on actual ones （基于）假设的，假定的e.g. 1. I dont want to talk about hypothetical situations. 我不想谈论假设的情况。2. Uniform motion is only hypothetical. 匀速运动只是一种假设性的运动。Word family: hypothetically ad. hypothesis n.Words & Phrases整理课件44absent-mindedly ad. preoccupiedly;

41、in an absent-minded manner 健忘地；心不在焉地absent-minded a. likely to forget things or to think about something different from what you should be thinking about 健忘的；心不在焉的e.g. 1. Im getting more absent-minded as I get older. 随着年纪变大，我变得更健忘了。2. She absent-mindedly played some hairs which clung to the comb.3.

42、She talked to the stranger while walking, as if absent-mindedly. 她和那个陌生人边走边聊，似乎心不在焉。Words & Phrases她心不在焉地摆弄梳子上粘附着的几根头发。整理课件45brainless a. 1) not using intelligence 不必动脑筋的；不用花费脑力的e.g. Do you think typing is a brainless task? 你觉得打字是不费脑子的活儿吗？2) stupid; foolish 无头脑的；愚笨的e.g. She was in no mood for th

43、eir brainless gabble this afternoon. 这个下午她没有心情听他们愚蠢的闲聊。Words & Phrases整理课件46engender vt. (fml) cause a feeling or attitude to exist 造成；导致e.g. 1. Crime is sometimes engendered by jealousy. 犯罪有时是由妒忌导致的。2. Sympathy often engenders love. Do you know any synonyms of engender?Words & Phrasescreate

44、give rise to arouse bring about lead to cause同情经常引发爱情。generate整理课件47qualified a. able to do sth., because you have the knowledge, skill, or experience that is needed 有资格的；有能力的e.g. 1. She is well qualified to give an opinion. 她有资格发表意见。2. They have difficulty finding qualified personnel at home. (CET4

45、-2006-06) 他们在国内难以找到胜任的员工。Word family: qualification n.See also: qualify.Words & Phrases整理课件48qualify v.1) ( as / for) have the right qualities or be in the right situation to be considered as sth. or to receive or do sth. 有资格e.g. Our team has qualified for the semi-final. 我队已有资格进入半决赛。2) ( as / i

46、n) become a member of a particular profession after a period of training or study （经过一段时间的训练或学习后）取得资格e.g. Andrew qualified as a teacher in 1995. 安德鲁1995年取得教师资格。Antonym: disqualifySee also: qualified.Words & Phrases整理课件49consolation n. C, U sth. that makes you feel less unhappy or disappointed 安慰

47、；慰藉e.g. 1. It was some consolation to know that no one else had passed the test. 得知没别人通过这个测试是一种安慰。2. The only consolation for the team is that they get a chance to play the game again. 球队唯一的安慰就是他们有机会再赛一场。Word family: console v.e.g. No one could console her when Peter died. 彼得去世后，没人能安慰她。Words & P

48、hrases整理课件50apropos prep. ( of) ( fml) relating to: used for saying sth. else about the subject you are talking about （用于提及相关话题）与相关，附带 e.g.1. He had nothing to say apropos of the latest development. 关于最新的进展，他无可奉告。2. Apropos of nothing, he suddenly asked me if I liked football! 他突然没头没脑地问我是否喜欢足球！Words

49、 & Phrases整理课件51potent a. powerful, or effective 强大的；有力的；有效的e.g. 1. I was convinced by his potent arguments. 他那有力的论据把我说服了。2. A good company pension scheme remains a potent weapon for attracting staff. 好公司的养老金计划在吸引员工方面依然是有利的武器。Words & Phrases整理课件52usurp vt. (fml) take a job or position that b

50、elongs to someone else without having the right to do this 篡夺；侵占e.g. 1. The king resented anyone trying to usurp his authority. 国王憎恨任何想要篡位的人。2. Henry IV usurped the throne of England. 亨利四世篡夺了英国的王位。Words & Phrases整理课件53constitute v. (fml) (linking verb) if several people or things constitute sth.

51、, they combine to form it 组成；构成；形成e.g. 1. Twelve people constitute a research group. 12个人构成了一个研究小组。2. The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。3. Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract. 未能完成工作被视作违反员工合同的行为。Word family: constitution n. Word

52、s & Phrases整理课件54Cf: constitute & consist of B, C and D constitute A. / A consists of B, C and D. A由B、C和D三部分组成。e.g. 1. The committee consists of scientists and engineers. 委员会由一些科学家和工程师组成。2. Seven days constitute a week. 一周有七天。Words & Phrases整理课件55composer n. C someone who writes music, e

53、specially classical music （尤指古典音乐）作曲家e.g. Word family: compose v.Words & Phrases1. Hes a composer of serious music. I like his music a lot. 他是个庄严音乐的作曲家，我非常喜欢他创作的曲子。2. The composer kicked the music around for a while, trying it out. 作曲家把这个曲子随便哼了一会儿，看看行不行。Beethoven整理课件56proclaim vt. 1) state somet

54、hing publicly 公开声明；宣布e.g. They still proclaim that their policy was successful. 他们依然声称自己的政策是成功的。2) announce something officially 正式宣布e.g. 1. In 1882, Brazil proclaimed itself independent from Portugal.2. The president proclaimed that a new currency would be issued.Words & Phrases1882年，巴西宣布脱离葡萄牙独

55、立。总统宣布将发行新货币。整理课件57purely ad. completely, or as the only issue or reason 纯粹地；完全地e.g. 1. Michael said that his planned 10-day visit would be a purely private affair. 麦克说他原计划10天的访问是一次纯私人的事件。2. The question is purely academic. 这是一个纯学术性的问题。3. His conclusions are purely speculative. 他的结论完全是推测而来的。Words &a

56、mp; Phrases整理课件58intransigent a. (fml) refusing to change your ideas or behaviour with no good reason 固执己见的；顽固的e.g. 1. His intransigent attitude really annoys the people around him. 他顽固的态度真让周围的人感到讨厌。2. The Iran rulers will be more intransigent to U.S. after bombing. 轰炸会使伊朗统治者对美国持更加强硬的态度。Words &

57、Phrases整理课件59precisely ad.1) exactly 确切地；明确地；准确地e.g. 1. Tell me precisely what you want, please. 请明确地告诉我你想要什么。2. Temperature can be measured precisely. 温度可以精确地测出。2) clearly 清楚地；清晰地e.g. Dartman spoke very precisely. 达特曼说得非常清楚。Word family: precise a. precision n.Words & Phrases整理课件60fugue n. C (te

58、chnical) a piece of classical music that repeats a simple tune and develops it into a complicated pattern using different instruments or voices 赋格曲（一种重复简单的曲调并用不同乐器或声音赋予复杂曲式的古典音乐）e.g. Can you transpose this fugue into G major? 你能把这个赋格曲转换成G大调吗？ Words & Phrases整理课件61sadness n. sing, U a feeling of

59、being unhappy, especially because sth. bad has happened 悲伤；伤心；难过e.g. 1. Joans childhood was filled with pain and sadness. 乔安的童年充满了痛苦和伤心。2. Yesterdays joy will become todays sadness; yet todays sadness will grow into tomorrows joy. 昨日的快乐变成今天的哀愁；今天的悲伤又转为明日的喜悦。 Word family: sad a.Words & Phrases整理课

60、件62pessimistically ad. in a pessimistic manner 悲观地pessimistic a. expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a bad result悲观的，悲观主义的e.g. 1. She concluded pessimistically that it would not happen.2. Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. (CET4-2002-01) 一些悲观的专家觉得汽车肯定会被废止。Antonym：optimistically Words & Phrases她悲观地得出结论：这一切都不会发生。整理课件63resignedly ad. with resign