Contain和include都有包含的意思

1、Common confused wordsBy Peiling HsiaAll about $ bonuswageincomesalaryrevenuecommissionallowancepayment subsidypensionearningbenefitprofit ExamplesConfused wordsMeaning / Example1.Respectively (adv)= in the order given.nThe board of directors appointed Hank, Bonner, and Ken, respectively, as manager,

2、 comptroller, and secretary of the firm.Respectfully (adv)= showing respectnThe salesman nodded respectfully to the manager.2.Precede (v)= To be or go before something or someone in time or space.nThe secretary preceded the supervisor out the door.Proceed (v)= To advance or move forward, to continue

3、 as planned.nThey proceeded through the front door of the courthouse.nPreparations for the festival are now proceeding smoothly.3.altogether (adv)= wholly, thoroughly, in total, completelynHes bad-tempered, selfish and altogether (= including everything) an unpleasant man.all together = in a group,

4、collectively.nThey went all together to the graduation. (The packages were tied together so that they would be easier to carry.)4.amount (n)= quantity, is used with reference to things that cannot be counted.nWe have a tremendous amount of work to do.number (n)= refers to items that can be counted.n

5、A large number of motorists were held up by the parade.5.affect (v)= to influence.nHis action wont affect my decision.effect (n)= result.nThe report had a bad effect on the moral of the office.6. imply (v)= to suggest or hint to someone. (the person speaking implies.) n Ben implied to me that he wan

6、ted a ride home. infer (v)= to perceive what is being suggested. (the person listening infers.)nI inferred from what Ben said that he wanted a ride home. 7. fewer (adj)= used with plural nouns, refers to the number of items.nThe plant produced fewer cars in August than in July. less (adj)= refers to

7、 the amount (cannot be counted)nThere was less concrete in the mixer than he had estimated. 8. got (v) = obtained or acquired.nThe technician got a raise. have (n)= to possessnThe technician will have a raise by next week.9.Use (v)= to employ something for a purpose/ to bring something into purposen

8、Researchers often use questionnaires in their work. utilize (v)(formal) = make practical use of / to use something that is available to you / to use something for a particular purpose(But dont use “utilize” unless youve tried “use” first and theres something wrong with it in context. In 99 cases out

9、 of 100, “use” works fine, and it always sounds more down to earth.)nAs you suggest, you might utilize a heavy book as a doorstop.nWe must consider how best to utilize what resources we have.nEmployers must utilize their workers more effectively if the region is to become an economic success.Impleme

10、nt (v)Use; to put a plan or system into operationnWe need money to implement the program. nThe changes to the national health system will be implemented next year. employ (v)To use something (formal) / provide job / spend timenSophisticated statistical analysis was employed to obtain these results.n

11、More people are now employed in service industries than in manufacturing.nHow do you employ your spare time.10.Be composed of (v)= to be naturally formed from a group of substances, parts, or people = consist ofnThe earths atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.nThe hu

12、man body is composed of billions of tiny cells.nThe legal system is composed of people, and people make mistakes.Consist of something (v)= be made up of= to be formed from two or more things or peoplenThe buffet consisted of several different Indian dishes.nThe audience consisted mainly of teenagers

13、.nLornas whole wardrobe consisted of jeans, tee shirts, and sweaters.nThe executive board is made up of public officials, citizens, and businesspeople. make use ofto use a method, skill, or piece of information that is available to you nPeople asked her why she didnt make use of her musical talent a

14、nd give singing lessons.nWe might as well make good use of his expertise while hes here.apply (v)to use something such as a method, idea, or system in a particular situation, activity, or process nNew technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.nYou cant apply policies designed fo

15、r a big country like the United States to a small country like Cuba.Be made of (v)= if something is made of a particular substance, that substance was used for making it nThe candlesticks are made of brass.nShe mixed a batter made of flour, eggs, and water. Whats this carpet made of?Be made out of (

16、v)= if something is made out of something else, it was made by changing a substance or object into something different nThe eight-string guitar he played was made out of a roasting pan.nTyra Banks wore a bikini made out of toilet paper.nAt my grandparents we would take turns riding on a swing nmade

17、out of an old tire.Comprise (v)Be comprised of(formal)= to consist of a number of parts, groups, organizations etc nThe house comprises 2 bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room.nThe citys population comprises mainly Asians.nThe committee is comprised of well-know athletes. Combine (v)To (cause to) e

18、xist together, or to join together to make a single thing or group.If someone combines two or more qualities, they have both of those qualities.nSickness, combined with (=together with) terrible weather, contrived to ruin the trip.nThese normally harmless substances combine to form a highly poisonou

19、s gas.nAs a writer, he combined wit and / with passion.nSome films combine education with recreation.Include (v)= Use include to mention only some of the things that something has as its parts. If one thing includes another, the second thing is part of the first.nThe price includes lunch.nThe curric

20、ulum includes courses in computing.Contain (v)= if a substance contains something, that thing is part of it / have something in it.nThis product may contain nuts.nAll computer manuals should contain a list giving addresses of suppliers.Involve (v)To include someone or something in something, or to m

21、ake them take part in or feel part of it.nThe second accident involved two cars and a lorry.nThe operation involves putting a small tube into your heart.nResearch involving the use of biological warfare agents will be used for defensive purposes.Contain和include都有包含的意思，但contain可用於表示包含所含之物的的全部或部分，有封閉於

22、一個整體的感覺 ，而include則只能用於表示所包含之物中的一部分，指在整體中能明確界定的幾個部分。 involve: 必須包含某種結果，牽涉，包含， include 和contain都指具體的物質的實體和它們的各部分，involve側重於非實體的事物及要素。例如：nThe parcel _ a dictionary. 那包裹裡也包括了一本字典。nThe parcel _ a dictionary. 那包裹裡裝的是一本字典。nThe health club _ a gym, swimming pool , and locker room. nThe bowl _ a variety of f

23、ruit. nTaking the job _ abroad for three years. nI did not realize putting on a play _ so much work. Special notes:includedcontainedincludescontainsinvolvedinvolvesPhrases / wordsMeaning / Example11.in order to + V in order to + V 和 so as to + V 基本涵義相同都表示 “目的”. 但是前者比較正式nIn order to calculate the amo

24、unt of power, work is divided by time.so as to + Vin order that, or with the result that nStudents should take notes so as to make revision easier.in order that +子句with the stated aim or purpose nAnd I have come all the way from Japan in order that you should thoroughly understand me.12.not onlybut

25、alsoused to say that two related things are true or happened, especially when this is surprising or shockingnNot only did he turn up late, he also forgot his books.nNot only can she speak English fluently, but she can also speak French well.nShe can not only speak English fluently but (also) speak F

26、rench well. nIf this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole organization.so that (conj)In order thatused before you give an explanation for the action that you have just mentionednI deliberately didnt have lunch so (that) I would be hungry tonight.nLeave the keys ou

27、t so (that) I remember to take them with me. 13.Based onIf you base something on facts or ideas, you use those facts or ideas to develop it: nBased on the analysis, technical communicators use certain strategies to create message.nAll persuasive strategies are based on establishing a connection with

28、 an audience and providing something that the audience will related to and respond to.According to (prep)as stated by nAccording to Sarah, theyre not getting on very well at the moment.(following) in a way that agrees withnStudents are all put in different groups according to their ability.Due to (p

29、rep)Resulting; because of; on account ofnA lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.nDue to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.nHer absence was due to the storm.14.Note (v)to notice something (slightly formal)nNote, however, that functional resumes are less common than chron

30、ological resumes. nThey noted the consumers growing demand for quicker service.nPlease note (that) we will be closed on SaturdaynNote that the length and complexity of the second step of a deductive strategy will depend on the context and the message. 15.In addition tocombined or associated with nIn

31、 addition to running text, such text elements as heading, lists, cross-references, extracts, and bibliographic notes usually require special attention. nIn addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.besides= in addition to; also nDo you play any other sports bes

32、ides football and basketball?nShe wont mind your being late - besides, its hardly your fault. 16.Instead ofin place of someone or something else nTheres no coffee - would you like a cup of tea instead?nYou can go instead of me, if you want.rather thanIn preference to; instead ofnI think Id like to s

33、tay at home this evening rather than go out.rather than vs. instead ofnMany young people today work hard to travel around the world _having children ,or even starting a family. (a) instead of (b) rather than 17.Although (conj)despite the fact that nShe walked home by herself, although she knew that

34、it was dangerous.nHe decided to go, although I begged him not to.Despite (prep)Despite is used to introduce a contrast, and is followed by a noun or an ing verb.nDespite these tragic events, festivals are more popular than ever.nDespite being poor, Mr. Lee is always happy.nDespite these arguments, t

35、he number of parents choosing to have only one child is increasing in many parts of the world18.Be able tobe able to do somethingto have the necessary physical strength, mental power, skill, time, money or opportunity to do somethingnIm sorry that I wasnt able to phone you yesterday.nIts so wonderfu

36、l being able to see the sea from my window.Enable (v)to make someone able to do something, or to make something possiblenComputerization should enable us to cut production costs by half.nThe program will enable a large increase in student numbers.Phrases / wordsMeaning / Example19.regard (uncountabl

37、e n)(formal) attention or consideration that is shown towards someone or somethingnThe present administration has demonstrated little regard for environmental issues.nAll students must have access to quality education without regard to wealth or class.in this/that regard(formal) relating to somethin

38、g you have just mentionednThe companys problems, in this regard, are certainly not unique.regard (v)regard as not in progressive to think about someone or something in a particular way.nEdith was widely regarded as (=considered by many people to be) eccentric.nHis work is highly regarded (=regarded

39、as very good) by art experts.nThough 20 years old, the book is still regarded as the authority on the subject.as regards + something(formal) relating to a particular subject - use this when you want to talk or write about a particular subject:nAs regards a cure for the disease, very few advances hav

40、e been made.regarding (prep)In regard to = concerning. (formal) a word used especially in letters or speeches to introduce the subject you are writing or talking about = concerning, with regard tonRegarding your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure.nIf you have any questions re

41、garding any of our services, please feel free to call me. nThank you for your letter regarding the annual subscription to our magazine.nI am writing in regard to the job of administrative assistant listed in Sundays paper.nRichard was called in by the police to answer questions concerning the disapp

42、earance of Thomas Ripley. with regard to (prep)used especially to introduce a subject that you want to talk about in a speech, formal report, meeting etcnWith regard to the proposed new shopping mall, I would like to add a few remarks to those of the previous speaker.nWith regard to your letter conc

43、erning my January payment, this matter has now been settled.20.display (v)to show something to people, or put it in a place where people can see it easily:If a computer or something similar display information, it shows it on its screen.nAll the exam results will be displayed on the notice board.nI

44、pressed return” and an error message was displayed.Indicate (v)if an instrument for measuring indicates information, it shows that information nThe temperature gauge indicated zero. nThis dial indicates oil pressure in the engine.register (v)if a piece of equipment registers a particular speed, dist

45、ance, time etc, that speed, distance etc has reached a particular point on the equipments scale. nThe jelly is ready for bottling when the thermometer registers 165 degrees. nWind speeds registering between 70 and 100 mph have been recorded. nThe biggest quake registered 5.2 on the Richter scale.21.

46、as well (phrase)alsonIm coming to London and my sisters coming as well.nThere are other features as well.as well as (phrase)In addition to; and; not onlybut alson I want to visit Andrew as well as Martin.n My sister is a talent singer as well as a popular writer. n He has classes in the morning as w

47、ell as in the afternoon. 22.operate (v)to (cause to) work, be in action or have an effectnThe machine is not operating properly.nDoes the company operate a pension scheme?nFor several years she operated a dating agency from her basement flat.nChanges are being introduced to make the department opera

48、te more efficiently.nWe have representatives operating in most countries.Practice (n)action rather than thought or ideasnIt seemed like a good idea before we started, but in practice it was a disaster.nOfficially, Roberts in charge, but in practice Hannah runs the office.nI cant see how your plan is

49、 going to work in practice.nHow do you intend to put these proposals into practice?23.execute (v)(formal) Do; to do or perform something, especially in a planned way; to execute a deal/plannThe whole play was executed with great precision.nThe government had difficulty in executing the policy.enforc

50、e (v)to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted:nIt isnt always easy for the police to enforce speed limits.nThe new teacher had failed to enforce any sort of discipline.24.define (v)Explain; to say what the meaning of something, especially a wordnIn this dict

51、ionary reality is defined as the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be.nBefore I answer your question, could you define your terms a little more (= explain what you mean by the words you have used)?consider (v)View as; regard as; to believe someone or something to be, o

52、r think of them as; 認為，把視為(consider +O. +N/adj) (+that) (passive + O. + to infinitive)nDo you consider her suitable for the job?nHe is currently considered (to be) the best British athlete. nI consider it (to be) a great honor to be invited to join the club. nIt is considered bad manners in some cul

53、tures to speak with your mouth full of food. nIm considering changing my job. nHe is considered an expert in computer science.nHe considers me as his best friend. He considers me his best friend.nThese workers are considered as a high-ranking group. These workers are considered a high-ranking group.

54、nI consider him as clever. I consider him clever.nI consider activities such as jogging and weightlifting as unnatural. I consider activities such as jogging and weightlifting unnatural.consider asnI wished to consider marriage as the ideal human relationship.nGlove puppetry is considered as one of the most representative folk arts in Taiwan.Editor Emily Brewster responds:In all four cases, the sentences without as are mor