翻译的语言对比规律I

1、第五章 翻译的语言对比规律 （1）英汉语言差异n一、语义差异n二、词法差异n三、句法差异n四、思维差异语义差异词义的构成n一个词的词义不是单一的个体，而往往是由多方面组成的统一体。词义可以分成概念意义（Conceptual Meaning）和关联意义（Associative Meaning）。n1）概念意义（Conceptual Meaning）：概念意义是词义的核心，它直接地、明确地表示所指对象。实际上也就是词典给词下的定义。n2）关联意义（Associative Meaning）：关联意义是词的附带意义，包括词的内涵意义（Connotative Meaning），文体意义（Stylisti

2、c Meaning），感情意义（Affective Meaning）等等。nA. 内涵意义（connotative meaning）：词的概念意义的属性。如比喻意义，象征意义，联想意义等。E.g. Woman （概念） +人，-男人，+成年（内涵）女性所有特征，品质及属性，生理，心理，社会，家庭角色等。Anyway, she is a woman. 这句话在不同的场合有不同的含义。nB. 文体意义（Stylistic Meaning）：语言中，有的词可以用于所以场合，而有的词只能用语特定的场合。前者具有中性文体意义，后者具有特定的文体意义（正式，非正式，方言土语，行业用语，俚语）。 e.g.

3、poor:colloquialgeneralliterarybroke, hard uppoorpoverty stricken n感情意义： 即词的褒贬色彩，有中性词，褒义词，贬义词之分。 nslim, thin, skinny 语义差异英汉词义的对应关系 1）完全对应2）部分或大部分对应3）完全或大部分不对应1）完全对应 英语的词语所表示的意义在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词语来表达，两者的意义在任何上下文中都完全对等。（通用的科技术语和少数专有名词）e.g. aluminum铝 America 美国 CIA（美国）中央情报局 zoology 动物学2）部分或大部分对应 译语和原语词在意义上部

4、分或大部分重叠，这是英汉词语意义对应的主要表现。e.g. parent 父亲或母亲 brother兄、弟 milk 奶（抽象）；人奶，牛奶，羊奶（具体） morning 早晨、上午3）完全或大部分不对应 英语中一些带有浓厚的社会文化、风土习俗色彩的词语，在汉语中找不到现成的对应词；反之亦然。e.g. teenager 十三至十九岁的男女 十几岁的孩子，青少年 plumber （形成于“五角大楼文件”泄密事件后白宫设立的专门特工机构。原意“铅管工”，用以指特工，是借用“铅管工”堵漏、防漏之含义）美国政府雇员调查泄密事件的特工一词多义n1 I believed then that I would

5、die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. n2 The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. n 3 When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were beforen4 What a fine thing for our girls! n1. I believed then that I would

6、 die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. 这时我觉得我要死在那儿了，而下面山谷里的景致景致却看得异常清晰。n2. The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. 大型哺乳动物的大脑，就其体积而言， 是我们所知晓的最复杂的机体机体。n 3. When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were befor

7、e 每次完成之后，一切一切都依然如故n 4. What a fine thing for our girls! 真是女儿们的好福气福气啊！Practice n1. Oh, what a story!n n2.Her story is one of the saddest. n n3. It is quite another story now.n n4. A young man came to the police office with a story. n n5. I have tried all I could do to silence such a story.n n6. It wa

8、s reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.Reference n1. Oh, what a story!n哦，好个谎言！(呵，你就编吧！)n2.Her story is one of the saddest. n 她的遭遇最惨.n3. It is quite another story now.n现在情形完全不同了。n4. A young man came to the police office with a story. n一个年轻人来到警察局报案。n5. I have

9、tried all I could do to silence such a story.n我已经想尽办法去压下这个谣传了。n6. It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.n据说将军已死，但官方拒绝证实这个消息。词法差异n综合性语言（synthetic language）n主要特征：综合型语言主要通过词汇本身的形态变化来表达语法意义、词与词的关系,如括性（gender）、数（number）、格（case）、时（tense）、体（aspect）、语态（voice）、

10、语气（mood）、人称（person）、比较级（degree of comparison）等 。n分析性语言（analytic language）n主要特征：分析型语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词汇自身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词（助词）、词序等手段来完成的 词法差异n1. 词的分类n2. 词的形态1. 词的分类n1) 动词n2)量词n3)语气词n4)代词n5)名词n6)介词n7)冠词n8)连词1) 动词nA. 时态问题：n英语中的动词有词形变化，以表示动作的人称、时态和语态；汉语中的动词没有词形变化。汉语要表示动作发生的时间、需要加上表示时间概念的名词或副词。nB. 相比英语，汉语中动词使用

11、频率较高，动词可与名词或代词构成主谓词组，担任句子的各种成分。n1）前置的时态副词: 过去、曾经、刚刚、已经、现在、正在、一直、将要n（2）附着的时态助词: 过、着、了、起来n（3）后置的时态语气词:了，来着nMrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it. （p.71）n nI was and still am working as an English teacher in the school.n nWhat was I talking of?” said she, beginning again when they

12、were all in the street.n nMrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it. （p.71）n朗太太刚刚来过，她把这是一五一十地全告诉我了。nI was and still am working as an English teacher in the school.n我过去是，现在仍然是这所学校的英语教师。nWhat was I talking of?” said she, beginning again when they were all in the street.n“我刚才说什么来着？”等大伙

13、来到了街上，她又说起来了。nI was thinking, they could be saying all of this over my dead body, and I still feel that stiffer sentences wouldnt change a thing.nI was thinking, they could be saying all of this over my dead body, and I still feel that stiffer sentences wouldnt change a thing.n我当时在想，假如我被开枪打死了，那他们就只能

14、对着我的尸体大发宏论，而我至今仍然认为从严惩处毫无用处。2)量词n汉语量词：a.名量词：一个人，两只鸡 b.动量词：去一次，等一下n英语中没有专门的量词，多是用名词表量词的作用。 nBefore I arrived in sight of it, all that remained of day was a beamless, amber light along the west; but I could see every pebble on the path, and every blade of grass, by that splendid moon. (p.71)n我还没有望见那座住

15、宅，天早已暗下来了，只有西边天际还剩下一抹朦胧的琥珀色的余辉，但是我仍可借助皎洁的月光，看清小路上的每一颗石子，每一片草叶。n“No, read it over first correctly, without a single mistake.”n不行，先给我准确的念一遍，不许有一个错。3)语气词n汉语语气助词分类类：na. 陈述语气词: 的、了、呢（呐）、罢了、而已、啦等nb. 疑问语气词: 吗、吧、呢、啦、啊、么等；nc. 祈使语气词:吧、罢、呀、啊、啦等。n“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tireso

16、me! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”n“亲爱的贝内特先生，”太太答道，“你怎么这么令人讨厌！告诉你吧，我在琢磨他娶她们中的一个做太太呢。”nJust look at her face, red as an apple.n nJust look at her face, red as an apple.n你瞧她的脸哟，红的跟个苹果似的。Note n语气词使用差异性别差异nE.g. M: 走,吃饭。 F: 走吧，吃饭吧。4)代词na) 英语代词有性、数、格的变化；汉语代词有性（她，他）和数（*们）的变化

17、，但没有主格和宾格的变化。nb) 英语喜欢使用代词，尤其喜欢使用人称代词和物主代词；汉语中代词使用频率相对较低，尤其是物主代词。英译汉时，常将英语中的人称代词还原成它所取代的名词，而物主代词大多省略不译。nA. Read books; they will give you knowledge and power. nB. She covered her face with her hands as if to protect her eyes. nC. He that cockers his child provides for his enemy. nA. Read books; they

18、will give you knowledge and power. 读书吧，书籍给你知识和力量。nB. She covered her face with her hands as if to protect her eyes. 她用手捂住脸，像是要保护眼睛。nC. He that cockers his child provides for his enemy. 骄纵孩子，就是培养敌人。“Can you deny that you have done it?” she repeated.With assumed tranquility he then replied, “I have no

19、 wish of denying that I did everything in my power to separate my friend from your sister” (p.72)“你敢说你没干吗？”伊丽莎白又问了一遍。达西故作镇定地答道：“我不想否认，我的确竭尽全力拆散了我的朋友和你姐姐的姻缘”n代词常见处理法： 一、如实保留 二、删去不译 三、换成它所指代的名词 四、改成“其”、“之”之类的汉语代词5)名词A. 相比汉语，英语中名词的使用频率更高，表示动作时常使用具有动作含义的名词；而汉语则更喜欢使用动词。B. 名词的数： 汉语中一般不特指出单复数。需要特别指出复数时，须在名

20、词前加上表示复数概念的数词、量词，或在名词前加上“们”（仅用于指人）。nThe love of money is the root of all evil. nThe first acts were finally hammered out by the Western countries led by France to explore the possibilities of a rapprochement with that country.n nThe love of money is the root of all evil.爱财之心是万恶之源.nThe first acts wer

21、e finally hammered out by the Western countries led by France to explore the possibilities of a rapprochement with that country.n以法国为首的西方国家终于拟就了第一批行动计划，目的在于探索与中国修好的种种可能性6)介词na) 英语中介词非常活跃，可以和其它词类搭配成介词短语，在句子中作状语、定语或表语。汉语中的介词通常只跟其后的词搭配做状语。nb) 英译汉时，英语中的介词常常变成汉语的动词，尤其是英语介词短语做表语时。nWesterners have their me

22、als with knives and forks, while the Chinese with chopsticks.n 西方人吃饭用刀叉，中国人吃饭用筷子。n His invention is of theoretical background as well as of practical use. n他的发明既有理论依据，又有使用价值。7)冠词n英语有冠词，汉语中没有。翻译时千万不要忽略冠词的意义。a) 不定冠词a, an 与one同源，表示“一”的概念时，常常需要翻译出来。She picks up a magazine and began to read.她拿起一本杂志开始读起来。

23、b) 不定冠词泛指某一种类，翻译时不必译出。We all thought him a suitable person for the job.我们都认为他很适合这项工作。 8)连词n英语使用大量连接词构成句子；汉语句子一般靠逻辑关系和词序表现词与词、句与句之间的关系。英译汉时，英语句子中的连接词大多可以省略不译。nHe fell in love with her, and she with him.n n You scratch my back and Ill scratch yours.n n Just drop in whenever you have time.n n Never giv

24、e advice unless asked.n nHe fell in love with her, and she with him.n 他爱上了她，她也爱上了他。n You scratch my back and Ill scratch yours.n 你替我说话，我为你帮腔。n Just drop in whenever you have time.n 有时间过来坐坐。n Never give advice unless asked.n 别人不请求，千万别给人出主意。2. 词的形态n1）英语中词是句子的最小单位。而“字”是汉语特有的概念。“字”本身就具有一定意义，可以直接用来造句。n2）

25、叠字 汉语中常见的叠字现象有四种：nAA：人人、天天、个个、年年nAAB：呱呱叫、哈哈笑、隆隆响、拍拍手nABB：黑压压、亮晶晶、凉丝丝、热乎乎nAABB：明明白白、堂堂正正、干干净净、清清楚楚nABAB：商量商量、研究研究、意思意思n广泛运用叠字叠词以表达各种意义是汉语的一大特色。在英汉翻译中，是当地运用汉语的重叠形式可以加强译文的表现力，使之更加符合汉语的习惯。nThe road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.nWalking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look.The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。Walking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look.房间空空荡荡，他