unit1 Art Grammar

1、2022-4-9虚拟语气虚拟语气Subjunctive MoodGRAMMAR 语法语法英语组英语组 吴荔华吴荔华一一. 语气的分类语气的分类英语动词一般可带三种不同的语气英语动词一般可带三种不同的语气:陈述语气陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气祈使语气和虚拟语气.不同的语气用动词的不同的语气用动词的不同形式来表示。不同形式来表示。1.陈述语气陈述语气(The indicative Mood)用来陈述一个事实用来陈述一个事实,或或提出一种看法提出一种看法,有肯定，否定，疑问或感叹等形式。有肯定，否定，疑问或感叹等形式。 I am not interested in what you said. Ha

2、ve you ever been to France? What a splendid palace!2.祈使语气祈使语气(The Imperative Mood)用来表示请求，邀请，用来表示请求，邀请，命令，警告或劝告等命令，警告或劝告等. Lets have a talk. Dont jump in the queue.2022-4-93.3.虚拟语气虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)(The Subjunctive Mood)一是表一是表示说话人所说的话不是事实示说话人所说的话不是事实, ,而是一种假设而是一种假设, , 愿望愿望, , 怀疑或推测怀疑或推测( (在条件

3、从句中或让步状语在条件从句中或让步状语从句中从句中) )；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等令、建议等 ( (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句语从句) )。If I were a bird, I would fly high.Our teacher suggested that we go to lab this afternoon.Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气在虚拟语气在if 条件句中的用法（分四点）条件句中的用法（分四点）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法（分四点）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法（分四点）

4、虚拟语气其他的用法（分四点）虚拟语气其他的用法（分四点）虚拟语气在虚拟语气在if条件句中条件句中一、在条件句 (叫虚拟条件句)中，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以 do 为例)：表示与事实情况相反表示与事实情况相反 条件从句的谓语形式条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式1.表示现在情况表示现在情况 过去式过去式(did)(be常用常用 were) would / could / might /should+do2.表示过去情况表示过去情况 过去完成式过去完成式(had +done)4个情态动词个情态动词+have done3.表示将来情况表示将来情况 过去式过去式 (did)

5、should + do were to do 4个情态动词个情态动词 + do1）表示与现在事实相反）表示与现在事实相反 条件从句 主句 一般过去时一般过去时（bebe多用于多用于were) were) would/should/could/might动词原形动词原形eg. If I had time,I would go there. 如果我有空，我就去那儿。如果我有空，我就去那儿。What would you do if you won the lottery?If I won the lottery, I wouldIf I had a lot of money now, I would

6、 travel around the world.If I won the lottery, I would buy an expensive car. If I had a lot of money I would buy a villa.a. If they _ (be) here, they _ (take) your advice.b. If the world-war _ (burst) out again, what _ (happen) to our people on earth?werewould takeburstwould happenPRACTICE 1: Fill i

7、n the blanks.c. If the policeman _ (be not) in that room, it _ (be) very dangerous.d. If I _ (be) in your position, I _ (ask) for the teachers help.were notcould bewerewould ask2）与过去事实相反）与过去事实相反 条件从句 主句 过去完成时过去完成时 would/should/could/mighthave done eg. If you had come earlier, you couldn t have misse

8、d the bus.如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。If he _ more carefully, he _ the car accident yesterday.had driven would not have had If I _ how to swim,I _ trapped in this island.had learnt would not have been a. If Tom _ (be) more careful in the exam, he _ (pass) it already.b. If you _ (get) u

9、p earlier, you _ (catch) the first train.had beenwould have passedhad gotwould have caughtPRACTICE 2: Fill in the blanks.c. If I _ (meet) you yesterday, we _ (go) to the concert together.had metwould have gone3）与将来事实可能相反）与将来事实可能相反 条件从句 主句 一般过去时一般过去时（be多用多用were） should + do were to + do would/should/

10、could/might动词原形动词原形 eg. If he were to come, what should we say to him? 假如他来了假如他来了, 我们对他说什么呢？我们对他说什么呢？ If he got up early, he would be on time.假如他来了假如他来了, 我们对他说什么呢？我们对他说什么呢？If he were to come, what should we say to him.假如他看见我假如他看见我, 就会认识我。就会认识我。If he should see me, he would know me.a. If there _ (be)

11、 no natural resource any more, we _ (make) use of nuclear power .b. What _ (happen) if you _ (get up) too late tomorrow?should beshould makewould happenshould get upPRACTICE 3: Fill in the blanksc. If Robots _ (control) the world some day, here _ (be) no friendship.were to controlwould be条件条件从句从句If

12、从句的谓语从句的谓语形式形式主句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式现在现在 过去时过去时(were)would/could/should/might +V. (原原)Review:虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法。虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法。条件条件从句从句If 从句的谓从句的谓语形式语形式 主句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式过去过去 过去完成时过去完成时would/could/should/might + have+ p.p.条件条件从句从句If 从句的谓语从句的谓语形式形式主句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式未来未来1.过去时过去时2.should+V.3. were to dowould/could/ sho

13、uld/ might +V. (原原)例句例句1. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。2. If it were sunny tomorrow, I would come to see you. 明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。3. If I were you, I would go at once. 假如我是你的话，我会马上走。二、混合条件句二、混合条件句: :主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间, , 这时主这时主从句位于动词的虚拟语气

14、形式因时间不同而不从句位于动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同。同。例句中从句与过去事实相反例句中从句与过去事实相反, 主句与现在事实相反主句与现在事实相反If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.If the staff had been more careful, the mall would not be on fire now.也称错综时间的条件句也称错综时间的条件句1. If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，

15、现在干的就会容易些。 2. If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。 三、三、ifif的省略的省略 如果条件句中有如果条件句中有were,had,shouldwere,had,should 等助动等助动词，可将词，可将ifif省略，而把省略，而把were,hadwere,had或或shouldshould置于句首置于句首, ,来表达以来表达以ifif引导的条件句的相同引导的条件句的相同意思。意思。eg. Should it rain/were it t

16、o rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. Had he seen you yesterday, he would have returned your book.四、含蓄条件句四、含蓄条件句 即用but for(要不是), without, otherwise(否则), in that case(如果是那样的话), 表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气 eg. Without/But for his help, we wouldnt have made such great progress. If there hadnt been/we h

17、adnt got his help, we wouldnt have made such great progress.Practice:I.I.Fill in the blanks with proper forms:Fill in the blanks with proper forms:1. He _ (tell) you if he _ (know), Im sure.2. If I _ (have) more time, I _ (learn) another foreign language.3. If he _ (be) here, he _ (show) us how to p

18、erform the experiment.4. If I _ (be) you, I _ (pay) more attention to English idioms.5. I _ (help) you if I _ (can).6. If I _ (receive) your e-mail, I _ _ (answer) it long ago.would tellknewhadwould learnwerewerecouldwould showwould paywould helphad receivedwouldhave answered7. If you _ (start) the

19、work earlier, you _ (finish) it by now.8. If we _ (not rely) on our own streng-th we _ (die) of starvation.9. If I _ (know) your address, I _ _(write) to you then.10. If I _ (not be) busy, I _ (come) to help.11. If we _ (start) out five minutes later, we _ (miss) the train.12. You _ (meet) the famou

20、s scientist if you _ (come) yesterday.had startedwould have finishedhadnt reliedwould have diedhad knownhadnt beenwould have missedwouldwould have comehad startedhad comewould have methave written13. If I _ (tell) him, he _ (be) greatly surprised.14. If I _ (do) it, I _ probably _ (do) it in the sam

21、e way.15. If he _ (be) here tomorrow, you _ (ask) him about it yourself.16. We _ (be) very pleased if you _ _ (attend) the gathering tonight.17. I _ (ask) him to ring you up if I _ (see) him.18. If you _ (can get) back next week, we _ (go) camping together.were to tellwould bewouldwere / should bewe

22、rewould askcould askwould beto attendsaw / should see / were to seecould getwould gowere to dodo真实条件句真实条件句时态关系时态关系句型句型: 条件从句条件从句 主句主句 一般现在时一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形动词原形eg.If he comes, he will bring his violin.a.虚拟条件句虚拟条件句 表示条件是无法实现或几乎无法实现的表示条件是无法实现或几乎无法实现的, 采采用虚拟语气。用虚拟语气。 b. 真实条件句真实条件句表示条件是真的或有可能实现的表示

23、条件是真的或有可能实现的, 采用陈述采用陈述语气。语气。The volleyball match will be put off if it _. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained答案答案B 真实条件句主句为将来时真实条件句主句为将来时, 从句用一般现在时。从句用一般现在时。注意：注意：1) 在真实条件句中在真实条件句中,主句不能用主句不能用be going to表示将来表示将来,该用该用shall, will. (错错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (对对) I

24、f you leave now, you will never regret it.2) 表示表示真理真理时时,主句主句谓语动词便不用谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形动词原形,而直接而直接用一用一般现在时的动词形式。般现在时的动词形式。虚拟语气在名词性从句中虚拟语气在名词性从句中一、用于主语从句中一、用于主语从句中: :(1)用在用在 It is suggested / requested / demanded ordered/desired/proposed/advised/insisted + that 从句中从句中, 从句用从句用 (should) + 动词原形动词原形

25、: eg: Its suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. It was ordered that the wounded soldiers be sent to the field hospital at once.主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句(2)用在用在 It is necessary / important / strange / odd / natural / surprising / essential / best / vital/shocki

26、ng/sad/regrettable/a pity/a shame/ no wonder + that 从句中从句中, 从句经常用从句经常用 (should) + 动词原形动词原形 : eg. It is necessary that the customs of all national minorities be respected. It is strange that he should have said so. Its a pity that I should do it again. It is a great pity that he should be so careless

27、. It is not surprising that Alfred should have married Amy.但但(2)部分也可不用虚拟语气部分也可不用虚拟语气: eg. It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. It is strange that he didnt come yesterday.二二. .用于宾语从句中：用于宾语从句中：（1 1）在动词）在动词wishwish后的宾语从句中后的宾语从句中, ,表示与现表示与现在或过去的事实相反在或过去的事实相反, , 或对将来的主观愿或对将来的主观愿望望, , 从句通常省略连词从句

28、通常省略连词thatthat。1) 表示对现在情况的虚拟表示对现在情况的虚拟: 从句动词用过去从句动词用过去式或过去进行式式或过去进行式 (be动词一般用动词一般用were) 。I wish I were as tall as you.I wish I were a bird.I wish every day were my birthday.I wish/wished I hadnt eaten so much watermelon.2) 表示对过去情况的虚拟表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用从句动词常用“had过去分词过去分词”。The party was terrible, I wish

29、 I had never gone to it.3) 表示对将来的主观愿望表示对将来的主观愿望: 从句动词形式为从句动词形式为 “ would动词原形动词原形”。注意注意: 主句的主句的主语主语与从句的主语与从句的主语不能相不能相同同, 因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿愿(非动物名词除外非动物名词除外)。但愿你立刻来。但愿你立刻来。I wish you would come soon.I wish it would rain tomorrow.eg.1. I wish she would be o

30、n my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。 2. I wish I were 30 years younger. 我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。3. I wish (that) you would get a good job. 我希望你能找到一个好职业。4. He wished he hadnt done it. 他想要是他没这样做该多好。Summary: wish接宾语从句有三种情况： 1) 现在：用过去式 2) 过去：用过去完成式 (had done) 3) 将来：用情态动词(would / could) + do(2) 表示建议(suggest, advice, propose, reco

31、mmend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command)等动词后面接的宾语从句用should + do 构成, should 可以省略。eg.He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。注意：注意：insist/suggestinsist/suggest各有两种意思各有两种意思, ,要用不同的语气要用不同的语气 insistinsist表示表示“坚决要求坚决要求”时时, ,用虚拟形式用虚拟形式,

32、 ,即即 should + do;should + do; insist insist表示表示“坚称，坚持说坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。时，用陈述语气，表示事实。 suggestsuggest表示表示“建议建议”时，用虚拟形式。时，用虚拟形式。 suggestsuggest表示表示“表明、暗示表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。时，用陈述语气。eg.1) The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 2) He insisted th

33、at all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。 3) He insisted that he was right.（3 3）would/had rather(would/had rather(宁愿宁愿) )引导的宾语从句中引导的宾语从句中 当从句表示现在或将来的时间时当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用谓语动词要用一般过去时一般过去时;表示过去时间时表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去谓语动词要用过去完成时。完成时。eg. I would rather he cam

34、e tomorrow than today. I would rather you hadnt done it.(1) 在在advice, demand, order, proposal, request, suggestion 等后面的表语从句中等后面的表语从句中:eg. My advice is that he wait till next week. Her suggestion is that we should learn all the texts by heart.(2) 当当as if, as though 引导表语从句时引导表语从句时:eg. He looks as if h

35、e were an artist. They appear as though they had been friends for years. 三、用于表语从句中：三、用于表语从句中： 同位语从句的先行词常是advice, demand, order, proposal, request, suggestion（表示说话人愿望、建议、要求、命令）等名词。eg. The suggestion that students (should) learn something practical is worth considering. Do you know the order that you

36、(should) keep watch.(值班)四、用于同位语从句中：四、用于同位语从句中：虚拟语气其它的用法虚拟语气其它的用法一、由一、由as if(asas if(as though) though)或或even though(eveneven though(even if) if) 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时, ,从句谓语形式从句谓语形式为动词的过去式为动词的过去式(be(be用用were)were)或或 “ “hadhad过去分过去分词词”。eg.She talks about Rome as though she had been there her

37、self.He treats me as if I were a stranger.Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.He behaves as if he owned the house.注意注意: 如果表示的事情可能会发生如果表示的事情可能会发生, 那那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。述语气。eg. It looks as if it is going to rain. Even if I have to walk all the way, Ill get there. 二、

38、二、 当当in case, lest, for fear thatin case, lest, for fear that等引导状等引导状 语从句时语从句时, , 从句用从句用(should)+(should)+原形动词。原形动词。eg. Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. I shall ring you up lest you (should) forget to come. I took an umbrella along with me for fear that it should/might rain. 在此类情况中在此类情况中,

39、in case引导状语从句也可不用虚拟引导状语从句也可不用虚拟语气语气, 如如: eg. Take your umbrella, in case it rains. 三、三、if only if only 意为：若是意为：若是.那该多好啊那该多好啊 表示现在的情况表示现在的情况, ,应用过去式应用过去式; ; 如果是过去的情况如果是过去的情况, ,应用过去完成时态应用过去完成时态 eg. If only she didnt drive so fast. If only I were a bird! If only I had arrived in time! If only I hadnt l

40、ost it!四、四、在在It is (high) time that 句型中句型中, 定语从定语从句的谓语动词用过去时句的谓语动词用过去时, 或或should + 动词原动词原形形(should不能省略不能省略):egeg. . It is (high) time that you went to school. Its time you did something about it. It is (high) time that we should start out.虚拟语气高考链接虚拟语气高考链接1.Alice,why didnt you come yesterday? I _,but

41、 I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET) A.had B.would C.was going to D.did析析: :此题此题A A、D D明显不合上下文，因为乙方没有去。明显不合上下文，因为乙方没有去。B B选项若为选项若为would havewould have则成立，可以理解为则成立，可以理解为I would have come if I I would have come if I hadnhadnt had an unexpected visitor.t had an unexpected visitor.的简略式。但此处是的简略式。但此处是woul

42、d,would,故应排除。只有故应排除。只有was going towas going to可得体地表达可得体地表达“我原本打我原本打算去的，但是有不速之客造访算去的，但是有不速之客造访”这一意思。这一意思。 2.If there were no subjunctive,English_much easier. (NMET) A.will be B.would have been C.could have been D.would be析：观察题干，可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。析：观察题干，可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。故答案为故答案为D D。 虚拟语气高考链接虚拟语

43、气高考链接3. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody _ the rules. (NMET) A.obeys B.obey C.will obey D.would obey析：根据析：根据insist后的宾语从句谓语要用后的宾语从句谓语要用(should) do形式规律，可形式规律，可定正确答案是定正确答案是B。虚拟语气高考链接虚拟语气高考链接4. I wish I _ you yesterday. A.seen B.did see C.had seen D.were to see 析：此题表与过去事实相反的原望，答案应为析：此题表与过去事

44、实相反的原望，答案应为C C。 5. Without electricity human life _ quite different today. (NMET) A.is B.will be C.would have been D.would be 析：析：withoutwithout引出一个含蓄条件句，主句表述的是与现在事实引出一个含蓄条件句，主句表述的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为相反的虚拟语气，故答案为D D。 6. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it look as if it _. (NMET) A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken析；放入水中的铅笔看上去是断的，但实际上并非如此，因此析；放入水中的铅笔看上去是断的，但实际上并非如此，因此是与现在的事实相反，这时是与现在的事实相反，这时as ifas i