WTO概论复习资料

1、Let'sTalkaboutTradePolicyandTradeIssuesMD,whoelse?1 IPreliminaryKnowledgeTariffSpecificTariff(从量关税)Weight,quantity,volumeAdValoremTariff(从价关税)Apercentageoftheprice2 CompoundTariff(复合关税)AmixtureofspecifictariffandadvaloremtariffNon-tariff(1) QuotaLicense(进口许可证)Generallicenseandspecificlicense;usu

2、allycombinedwithquota,bidding(3) CustomValuation(4) TechnicalBarriers(5) Environmentissues3 GMO(GeneticallyModifiedOrganism,转基因生物)VER&VIE(1) VER(VoluntaryExportRestriction)(2) VIE(VoluntaryImportExpansion)Aimingattradebalance,eitherdomesticorforeign.1 IIGATT&AgreementsHistoricalPerspectiveof

3、WTOa) HavanaCharter(GATT1947)Background:protectionismafterWWII,GreatDepression,needtoestablishITO(InternationalTradeOrganization);Thecharterismainlyabouttradeandcommercialpolicies,employment,economicactivities,economicreconstruction,investment,restrictivebusinesspractice;Failedtomeetsomecountries?in

4、terest,butmuchcontentofCommercialpolicysurvivedinGATT1947,provisionalratherthanlegal;a) MarrakeshAgreements(establishingWTO)TheimportanceofUruguayRoundonMarrakeshAgreementsandtheestablishmentofWTO;IncludingAgreementsabouttradeincommodity,GATS,TRIPs,DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSe

5、ttlementofDisputes),TPRM,PTA(PlurilateralTradeAgreements);Enteredintoforceon1Jan.1995,128GATTsignatories;160memberssince26Jun.2014GATT1947BasicPrinciplesofWTONondiscrimination(MFN,NT),GraduationClauseTradeLiberalization(tariff,non-tariff,marketaccess)TransparenceFairCompetitionMFNclause-ArticleIMost

6、-Favored-NationTreatment(MFN):anyadvantage,favor,privilegeorimmunitygrantedbyanycontractingpartytoanyproductshallbeaccordedimmediatelyandunconditionallytothelikeproductofallothercontractingparties;Accordthebasicprinciples,nondiscrimination,promotetradeliberalizationasit?sMultilateral;Exceptions:GSP,

7、FTA,Anti-dumping.safetyissues,etc.a) China?sbenefits:double-edgedsword;NationalTreatment-ArticleIIINationalTreatmentonInternalTaxationandRegulation:thecontractingpartiesshouldtreatimportedproductsanddomesticproductsequallyintermsofinternaltaxesand/orotherinternalcharges,laws,regulations,andrequireme

8、nts;Exceptions:governmentprocurement,domesticsubsidies,etc.a) PreferencePolicyandNT:dependingondifferentindustries;Anti-dumping-ArticleVIDumping:productsofonecountryareexportedtoanothercountryatapricelessthanthenormalvalue,andiscausesorthreatensmaterialinjurytotheimporter?sindustry;normalvalue”isdef

9、inedbythecomparableprice,inthearyordincourseoftrade,forthelikeproductforconsumptionintheexportingcountry;orifdomesticpricenotavailable:thehighestcomparablepriceforthelikeproductexportedtoathirdcountry,orthecostoftheproductplusareasonableadditionalforsellingandprofit;Determinantsindumping:DumpingMarg

10、inandMaterialInjuryRuleofOrigin(RoO)-ArticleIXMarksofOrigin:marks,characters,patterns,etc.thatindicatetheoriginalcountry/regionofanimportedproductorservice;Article7:contractingpartiescooperatetominimizethedifficulties,andtopreventmisrepresentofthetrueorigin;Determiningoriginandwhethersubstantialtran

11、sformationvalue-added,processtest,changeintariffclassification(CTC);Controversialissueontradebalance:differentstandardstodetermineoriginandprocessingtrade;MFNornotdeterminedbytheoriginoftheproduct;AdministrationofTradeRegulations-ArticleXPublication:laws,regulations,judicialdecisionsandadministrativ

12、erulingsofgeneralapplicationaboutinternationaltrade(e.g.customclassificationandvaluation,ratesofduty/taxes,requirements,restrictions,etc.)shallbepublishedpromptlytoenabletradersbecomeacquaintedwiththem;Administration:contractingpartiesshallmaintain,orinstitutejudicial,arbitral,oradministrativeproced

13、urestodealwithcustommatters,andadministratelaws,regulationsinauniformandreasonableway;QRs(QuantitativeRestrictions)-ArticleXIEliminationofQRs:exceptduties,taxesorothercharges,contractingpartiesshalleliminaterestrictionsmadeeffectthroughquotas,licensesorothermeasures.a) Exceptions:food,agricultureorf

14、isheriesproduct.(shortageorsurplus)GeneralExceptions-ArticleXXProtectpublicmorals;Protecthuman,animalorplantlifeorhealth;Traderelatingtogoldorsilver;Securecompliancewithlawsorregulationsconsistentwiththeprovisions(ellectualproperty);Prisonlaborproducts;Nationaltreasures;Exhaustibleresources;I

15、ntergovernmentalcommodityagreementthatareapproved;Ensureessentialdomesticquantities;Generalorlocalshortsupply;StateTradingEnterprise-ArticleXVIIContractingpartiescanestablishormaintainstateenterprises,buttheyshallactinamannerconsistentwithgeneralprinciplesofnon-discriminatorytreatmentforgovernmental

16、measuresaffectingtradesbyprivatetraders;Suchenterprisesshallmakepurchasesorsalessolelyinaccordancewithcommercialconsiderations,includingprice,quality,availability,transportation,etc.a) Contractingpartiesshallnotprevententerprisesfromactinginaccordancewiththeprinciples;Subsidies-ArticleXVISubsidiesin

17、General:whengrantinganysubsidies,contractingpartiesshallnotifyotherpartiesinwritingoftheextent,nature,estimatedeffectandnecessity;Incaseofseriousprejudice,thecontractingpartygrantingthesubsidyshalldiscusswithotherpartiesaboutthepossibilityoflimitingthesubsidization;AdditionalProvisions:partiesshalls

18、eektoavoidtheuseofsubsidiesontheexportofprimaryproducts,orthesubsidyshallnotincreasetheparty?sequitableshareoftheworldexportinthatproduct;ImplementalMechanism-ArticleXXIVTerritorialApplication-FrontierTraffic-CustomsUnions-FreeTradeAreas,anexceptionofMFNGSP(GeneralizedSystemofPreference)Betweendevel

19、opedcountriesanddevelopingcountries;Nondiscrimination,unilateral;History:China'sreenterinGATTAnoriginalcontractingparty;Suspendeditseligibilityasacontractingpartyin1950;Taiwan:observertoGATTin1965;China?seffortstoreenterin1986;ComplexityofChina?srelevancetoGATT;GATT1994TheframeworkofURAgreements

20、abouttradeincommodity,GATS,TRIPs,DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes),TPRMsPTA(PlurilateralTradeAgreements);TheinitiativesofWTOPrinciples?b) LegalinstrumentsunderGATT1947Tariffconcession;Protocolsofaccession;WaivergrantedunderArticle25UnderstandingonParagraph1(2)Art

21、icleIIAimsatpromotingthetransparencyoftherightsandobligations;Agreementtorecordinnationalschedulesotherdutiesorcharges(which”shallbeexempted)leviedinadditiontotherecordedtariff,andtobindthematthelevelsprevailingatthedateestablishedintheURProtocol;UnderstandingonArticleXVIITopromotethetransparencyofs

22、tatetrading-enterprises?activities,contractingpartiesshallreportsuchenterprisestothecommittee,regardlessofwhetherexporthashappenedornot;Increasesurveillanceofenterprises?activitiesthroughstrongernotificationandreviewprocedures;UnderstandingonArticleXVIIIa)Article18:fortheBalance-of-Payment(BOP)andde

23、velopmentofeconomy,especiallyforthelessdevelopedcountries,tariffprotectionandQRscanbeimposed;Theschedulefortherestrictionmeasuresonimportshallbenotifiedassoonaspossible;ContractingpartiesimposingrestrictionsforBOPpurposesshalldosointheleasttrade-disruptivemanner,andshallfavorprice-basedmeasures,like

24、importsurchargesandimportdeposits,ratherthanquantitativerestrictions.c) AgreementisalsoonprocedureforconsultationsbyGATTBOPCommittee,aswellasfornotification.a) UnderstandingonArticleXXIVClarifyandreinforcethestandardandproceduresforthereviewofneworenlargedcustomunionsorFTAandfortheevaluationoftheire

25、ffectsonthirdparties;Clarifytheproceduretobefollowedforachievinganynecessarycompensatoryadjustmentintheeventofcontractingpartiesformingacustomsunionseekingtoincreaseaboundtariff;Theobligationsofcontractingpartiesinregardtomeasurestakenbyregionalorlocalgovernmentsorauthoritieswithinterritoriesarealso

26、clarified;4OtherAgreements(1)AgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT,技术性贸易壁垒协议)NarrowTBT:processingandproductionmethodsrelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheproductitself;DilemmaonBroadTBT:needsforindustrializationvs.potentialitytowardprotection;b) ThisagreementwillextendandclarifytheAgreementonTechnicalB

27、arrierstoTradereachedintheTokyoRound.Itseekstoensurethattechnicalnegotiationsandstandards,aswellastestingandcertificationprocedures,donotcreateunnecessaryobstaclestotrade.However,itrecognizesthatcountrieshavetherighttoestablishprotection,atlevelstheyconsiderappropriate,forexampleforhuman,animalorpla

28、ntlifeorhealthortheenvironment,andshouldnotbepreventedfromtakingmeasuresnecessarytoensurethoselevelsofprotectionaremet.Theagreementthereforeencouragescountriestouseinternationalstandardswheretheseareappropriate,butitdoesnotrequirethemtochangetheirlevelsofprotectionasaresultofstandardization.Innovati

29、vefeaturesoftherevisedagreementarethatitcoversprocessingandproductionmethodsrelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheproductitself.Thecoverageofconformityassessmentproceduresisenlargedandthedisciplinesmademoreprecise.Notificationprovisionsapplyingtolocalgovernmentandnon-governmentalbodiesareelaboratedinmored

30、etailthanintheTokyoRoundagreement.ACodeofGoodPracticeforthePreparation,AdoptionandApplicationofStandardsbystandardizingbodies,whichisopentoacceptancebyprivatesectorbodiesaswellasthepublicsector,isincludedasanannextotheagreement.AgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures(SPS,实施动植物卫生检

31、疫措施协议)a)Specificintheprotectionofhumanhealthandecologicalbalance,AgreementonTrade-RelatedInvestmentMeasures(TRIMs,与贸易有关的投资措施协议)a)ThisAgreement,negotiatedduringtheUruguayRound,appliesonlytomeasuresthataffecttradeingoods.Recognizingthatcertaininvestmentmeasurescanhavetrade-restrictiveanddistortingeffe

32、cts,itstatesthatnoMembershallapplyameasurethatisprohibitedbytheprovisionsofGATTArticleIII(nationaltreatment)orArticleXI(quantitativerestrictions).Examplesofinconsistentmeasures,asspelledoutintheAnnex,sIllustrativeList,includelocalcontentortradebalancingrequirements.TheAgreementcontainstransitionalar

33、rangementsallowingMemberstomaintainnotifiedTRIMsforalimitedtimefollowingtheentryintoforceoftheWTOoTheAgreementalsoestablishesaCommitteeonTRIMstomonitortheoperationandimplementationofthesecommitments.a) AgreementonAgriculture(农业协议)Long-termobjectives:substantialprogressivereductioninagriculturalsuppo

34、rt;Adecisivemovetowardstheobjectiveofincreasedmarketorientationinagriculturaltrade;TotalAMS(AggregateMeasureofSupport):coversallsupportprovidedoneitheraproduct-specificornon-product-specificbasis;Marketaccess-tariffication:non-tariffbordermeasuresarereplacedbytariffsthatprovidesubstantiallysamelevel

35、ofprotection;Tariff-quota:under10%&outside80%;Domesticsupport-amber,blue,greenbox.deminimisb) Amberbox:Alldomesticsupportmeasuresconsideredtodistortproductionandtrade(withsomeexceptions)fallintotheamberbox,whichisdefinedinArticle6oftheAgricultureAgreementasalldomesticsupportsexceptthoseintheblue

36、andgreenboxes.Theseincludemeasurestosupportprices,orsubsidiesdirectlyrelatedtoproductionquantities.Thesesupportsaresubjecttolimits:minimalsupportsareallowed(5%ofagriculturalproductionfordevelopedcountries,10%fordevelopingcountries);the30WTOmembersthathadlargersubsidiesthanthedeminimislevelsatthebegi

37、nningofthepost-UruguayRoundreformperiodarecommittedtoreducethesesubsidies.c) BlueBox:Thisisthe“amberboxwithconditionsconditions”designedtoreducedistortion.Anysupportthatwouldnormallybeintheamberbox,isplacedintheblueboxifthesupportalsorequiresfarmerstolimitproduction(detailssetoutinParagraph5ofArticl

38、e6oftheAgricultureAgreement).Atpresenttherearenolimitsonspendingonblueboxsubsidies.Inthecurrentnegotiations,somecountrieswanttokeeptheblueboxasitisbecausetheyseeitasacrucialmeansofmovingawayfromdistortingamberboxsubsidieswithoutcausingtoomuchhardship.Otherswantedtosetlimitsorreductioncommitments,som

39、eadvocatingmovingthesesupportsintotheamberbox.GreenBox:Inordertoqualify,greenboxsubsidiesmustnotdistorttrade,oratmostcauseminimaldistortion(paragraph1).Theyhavetobegovernment-funded(notbychargingconsumershigherprices)andmustnotinvolvepricesupport.Theytendtobeprogrammesthatarenottargetedatparticularp

40、roducts,andincludedirectincomesupportsforfarmersthatarenotrelatedto(are“decoupled”from)currentproductionlevelsorprices.Theyalsoincludeenvironmentalprotectionandregionaldevelopmentprogrammes.“Greenbox”subsidiesarethereforeallowedwithoutlimits,providedtheycomplywiththepolicy-specificcriteriasetoutinAn

41、nex2.Inthecurrentnegotiations,somecountriesarguethatsomeofthesubsidieslistedinAnnex2mightnotmeetthecriteriaoftheannex?sfirstparagraphbecauseofthelargeamountspaid,orbecauseofthenatureofthesesubsidies,thetradedistortiontheycausemightbemorethanminimal.Amongthesubsidiesunderdiscussionhereare:directpayme

42、ntstoproducers(paragraph5),includingdecoupledincomesupport(paragraph6),andgovernmentfinancialsupportforincomeinsuranceandincomesafety-netprogrammes(paragraph7),andotherparagraphs.Someothercountriestaketheoppositeviewthatthecurrentcriteriaareadequate,andmightevenneedtobemademoreflexibletotakebetterac

43、countofnon-tradeconcernssuchasenvironmentalprotectionandanimalwelfare.d) Exportcompetition:Membersarerequiredtoreducethevalueofmainlydirectexportsubsidiestoalevel36percentbelowthe1986-90baseperiodleveloverthesix-yearimplementationperiod,andthequantityofsubsidizedexportsby21percentoverthesameperiod.A

44、greementonTextilesandClothing(纺织品与服装协议)a)MFA(MultifibreArrangement):UptotheendoftheUruguayRound,textileandclothingquotaswerenegotiatedbilaterallyandgovernedbytherulesoftheMultifibreArrangement(MFA).Thisprovidedfortheapplicationofselectivequantitativerestrictionswhensurgesinimportsofparticularproduct

45、scaused,orthreatenedtocause,seriousdamagetotheindustryoftheimportingcountry.TheMultifibreArrangementwasamajordeparturefromthebasicGATTrulesandparticularlytheprincipleofnondiscrimination.On1January1995itwasreplacedbytheWTOAgreementonTextilesandClothingwhichsetsoutatransitionalprocessfortheultimaterem

46、ovalofthesequotas.a) ATC(AgreementonTextilesandClothing)isatransitionalinstrumentbuiltonthefollowingkeyelements:(a) theproductcoverage,basicallyencompassingyarns,fabrics,made-uptextileproductsandclothing;(b) aprogrammefortheprogressiveintegrationofthesetextileandclothingproductsintoGATT1994rules;(c)

47、 aliberalizationprocesstoprogressivelyenlargeexistingquotas(untiltheyareremoved)byincreasingannualgrowthratesateachstage;(d) aspecialsafeguardmechanismtodealwithnewcasesofseriousdamageorthreatthereoftodomesticproducersduringthetransitionperiod;(e) establishmentofaTextilesMonitoringBody(“TMB”)tosuper

48、visetheimplementationoftheAgreementandensurethattherulesarefaithfullyfollowed;and(f) otherprovisions,includingrulesoncircumventionofthequotas,theiradministration,treatmentofnon-MFArestrictions,andcommitmentsundertakenelsewhereundertheWTO'sagreementsandproceduresaffectingthissector.Securetheevent

49、ualintegrationofthetextilesandclothingsector(MFA)intotheGATTonthebasisofstrengthenedGATTrulesanddisciplinesGeneralAgreementonTradeinService(GATS,服务贸易总协定)ForthepurposesofthisAgreement,tradeinservicesisdefinedasthesupplyofaservice:(a) fromtheterritoryofoneMemberintotheterritoryofanyotherMember;(b) int

50、heterritoryofoneMembertotheserviceconsumerofanyotherMember;(c) byaservicesupplierofoneMember,throughcommercialpresenceintheterritoryofanyotherMember;(d) byaservicesupplierofoneMember,throughpresenceofnaturalpersonsofaMemberintheterritoryofanyotherMember.a) Thescopeoftradeinservice:servicessuppliedfr

51、omtheterritoryofonepartytotheterritoryofanother(ernationaltelephonecalls),officiallyknownascross-bordersupply”servicessuppliedintheterritoryofonepartytotheconsumersofanyother(forexample,tourism);),officiallyconsumption“abroad”servicesprovidedthroughthepresenceofserviceprovidingentitiesofonepa

52、rtyintheterritoryofanyother(forexample,banking)(e.g.foreignbankssettingupoperationsinacountry),officiallycommercialpresenceindividualstravellingfromtheirowncountrytosupplyservicesinanother(e.g.fashionmodelsorconsultants),officiallypresenceofnatural“persons”6. AgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPs,与贸易有关的知识产权协议)CopyrightandRel