参考说明教案tpo

1、tpo1PASSAGE No.1英文文本：GroundwaterGroundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all theavailable spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is wa

2、ter that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot

3、 to hold all this water.The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are thoseamong the particlessand grains and tiny pebblesof loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers c

4、arrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited

5、as the flow slowed down.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the for

6、m of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes tho

7、usands of meters thick.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed ofa river that has sincee buried by soil; if they are now below the waters uppersurface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars,will be saturated with g

8、roundwater.So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too,contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of theoriginal grains maye dissolved by pe

9、rcolating groundwater, either whileconsolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, forexample, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.14008-116-269Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists ofempty sp

10、ace. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosityis not the same as permeability,

11、 which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it ifthe sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will re

12、main, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water tha

13、t cannot, drain away.The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock orsediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tensio

14、n to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are smallenough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light tosurface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.e the force of中文文本：水水是指渗入到并将所有岩石孔隙填满的水。到现在为止，大气水是最丰富的水，是水循环中的一个环节。普通的大气从地表、降水以及湖泊河流侵入到。在再次冒出地表之前，这些地下

15、水有时会长时间留在储存这么些水。最初让人觉得难以置信的是，在我们脚下“坚实的”土地中竟然有足够的空间能然而，水所需的储存空间多种多样。松散的砂子和砾石间有许多颗粒，如沙粒和小石子，它们之间的孔隙是最常见的储存水的空间。由这些颗粒组成的水床非常普遍，通常位于看不见的土壤下方，在携带粗糙沉淀物的湍急的河流曾流过的地方都能找到它们的踪迹。比如，冰河覆盖的巨大冰层逐渐融化，大量水从那儿流出。水里总会携带些石子、砾石和沙石，这些颗粒会随着水流的水沉积。而沉淀，这就是所谓冰河期的冰现代也有冰水沉积，尽管规模相对较小。凡是有携带沙石的河流或者溪流从山谷流至相对平坦的地面时，砂石就随着水流速度的减慢逐渐沉淀；

16、水流通常呈扇形扩散，它们所携带的沙石也会沉淀为光滑的扇形斜面。当河24008-116-269流汇入湖泊和海洋的时候也会有沉淀，这些沉淀最初在湖底或海底，但将来海平面下降或者陆地崛起时，它们就会分布于内陆，通常厚达几千米。低地区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床，后续被土壤覆盖而变成现在的样子。如果那些过去的河床和沙洲现在位于水位之下，一定会有大量的水浸在它们的沙子和砾石之间。以上说的都是松散的沉积物，那些坚固的沉积物，也拥有以数万计的毛细孔来容纳水。因为最初颗粒间的缝隙通常并未完全被黏固的化学物质塞满，而且部分颗粒很可能在砂岩最终变得和形成它的散沙一样多孔。时或后被渗入的水溶解；结果这些因此，不

17、管沉积物是疏松还是坚固，它们中一定有空间。大部分结晶体岩石都非常坚硬，但也有例外，最常见的就是玄武岩，它是一种的火山熔岩，经常充满了微小气泡，从而变得十分多孔。岩石的孔隙度就是指其中空间的比例。但需要注意的是，孔隙度与渗透率是不同的。渗透率衡量的是水渗透物质的难易程度，它取决于与单个空隙以及连接孔隙间裂缝的大小。当充满水分的沉淀物或者岩石样本被放置在适宜的干燥环境中时，大部分的水分会流失，但仍有部分继续附着在坚实的表面上。要不是因为表面张力，这些水分也会立刻蒸发，仅留下完全干燥的样本。因此，试验样本的含水量既包括可以流干的水，也包括不能流干的水。这两种水的相对含量因岩石或沉积物种类不同而改变，

18、即便它们有相同比例的孔隙，还取决于孔隙的大小。如果孔隙很大，其中的形成水滴，太重足以克服吸引它的表面张力，就会流走；但如果孔隙够小，像薄膜一样，太轻无法克服表面张力，从而稳稳地附着在孔隙表面上。题目 1<推断题>Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?选项：A. It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.B. It prevents most groundwater from circul

19、ating.C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.正确选项：C.It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.：问从第一段可以推断出关于我们行走着的地面的哪一项，通过 inferred 知道这是一道推断题。首先通过ground that we walk on到最后一行 ground underfoot 脚下的地面，underfoot 是对 walk on

20、的同34008-116-269意转换，这句说地面 incredible to hold all this water，所以现在去找与关键信息地面能hold water 一致的选项，A 它没办法长时间储存雨水；B 它水循环；C 它有储存大量水的能力；D 它吸收了很多它包含的来自于河流的水。C 项中的 store large amounts water 对应着选C； ABD 中的关键信息rainwater，circulating 和rivers 都不是句中的 hold all this water，所以本题句的关键信息，所以不能选。题目 2<词汇题>The word incredibl

21、e in the passage is closest in meaning to选项：A.confusingforting C.unbelievable D.interesting正确选项：C.unbelievable：incredible 不可思议的，选 C，unbelievable 难以置信的，in-和 un-都是前缀，表示“不”。Aconfusing的，令人困惑的；B comforting 安慰的；D interesting 有趣的。题目 3<词汇题>The word out of sightin the passage is closest in meaning to选项

22、：A.far away B.hidden C.partly visible D.discovered正确选项：B.hidden：out of sight 视野之外的，sight 视线，视野，选B，hidden 隐藏的，就是看不见的。A far away 远处的；C partly visible 部分可见的，visible 可视的，可见的，来自于名词vision 视野；D discovered 探索，发现。题目 4<细节题>44008-116-269According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?选项：A. I

23、nside pieces of sand and gravelB. On top of beds of rockC. In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soilD. In spaces between pieces of sediment正确选项：D.In spaces between pieces of sediment：水经常在哪里被发现。细节题，由于 groundwater 是这篇文章主题， 全文都有出现，本题通过问usually found到第二句话the commonest spaces，最常见的地方是在微粒之间，破折号之后的砂砾

24、石是对 particles 的解释。A 在砂砾石内部；B 在岩层之上；C 在土壤以下快速的河流中；D 在沉积物微粒之间的空隙中；本题选 D，the spaces between 对应原文的 spaces among， pieces of sediments 对应particles。本题乍一看选项 A 中的 sand and gravel 直接与原文对应，但是注意原文说的是在砂砾石之间的空隙中，among 和 inside 是完全不同的概念，所以 A 不能选；C 对应的是文中后面 beds of this materials的地点，不在句，也与groundwater 无关。题目 5<指代题

25、>The phrase glacial outwash in the passage refers to选项：A.fast rivers B.glaciersC.the huge volumes of water created by glacial meltingD.the particles carried in water from melting glaciers正确选项：D.the particles carried in water from melting glaciers：问“glacial outwash”指的是什么。指代题，回原文最后一句找到 glacial outw

26、ash，它前面出现 known as被称作，因此我们要找的就在前半句，水充满 pebbles, gravel, and sand，这些其实就是上一题刚刚出现的particles，所以本题选D，冰川消融的水负载微粒。A 快速河流；B 冰川；C 冰川消融产生的大量的水； 这里C 只说了水，没有提及微粒，所以错。题目 6<选非题>54008-116-269All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden riverscan deposit their sediments EXCE

27、PT选项：A.A mountain valley B.Flat landC.A lake floor D.The seafloor正确选项：A.A mountain valley：问以下各项都是沉积负载河流沉淀沉积物的地方， 除了哪一个。EXCEPT 表示这是选非题， 首先通过sediment-laden rivers到第二行，这里说这些河流从山谷出现，流到平地，沉淀它们的沉积物当水流变缓的时候，这里的dropping load 是对 deposit sediments 的同义替换，所以 flat land 必然是沉积地点；同时这句话里的 mountain valley 和 flat land

28、 形成对比，一个是出现一个是沉积，出现的地方不可能沉积，所以本题选 A 山谷。为了确认一下，可以找一下 CD 的 lake floor 和 seafloor，倒数第三行，它们是通过or 连接并列出现，看到or 就知道肯定不能选，因为它们地位相同，如果对两个必然两个都不对，这句话也确实在说沉积一开始就在湖底或海底。，但是这是单选题，所以题目 7<词汇题>The word overlie in the passage is closest in meaning to选项：A.cover B.change C.separate D.surround正确选项：A.cover：overlie

29、 躺在上面，覆盖在上面，over 表示在之上，lie 躺，位于，本题选 A cover 覆盖。B change 改变；C separate，单独的；surround。题目 8<词汇题>The phrase So much for in the passage is closest in meaning to64008-116-269选项：A. that is enough aboutB. now let us turn toC. of greater concern areD. this is related to正确选项：A.that is enough about：so muc

30、h for 到此为止，仅仅就这么多，本题选 A，关于已经足够了，就说这么多。B 现在我们转移到； C 更重要的是；D 这与有关。原文说的是关于松散沉积物就说这么多了，后面确实有转移话题，但是这句本身没有转移，所以不要推断，词汇题就选本身的意思，BC 肯定不能选。题目 9<词汇题>The word plugged in the passage is closest in meaning to选项：A.washed B.dragged C.filled upD.soaked through正确选项：C.filled up：plug，塞住，塞满，本题选 C 装满。A wash 洗，冲刷；

31、B drag 拖拽；D soak through 渗入，湿透。如果完全不认识 plug，看原文，那句说有 gaps 空隙，后面说没完全被化学物质怎么样，有空隙当然是没被装满，也可以选出C。题目 10<细节题>According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?选项：A. It is unusually solid.B. It often has high porosity.74008-116-269C.It has a low proportion of empty

32、 space.D.It is highly permeable.正确选项：B.It often has high porosity.：问根据六、七两段，为什么 basalt 玄武岩不像大多数晶形岩石。细节题，通过 basalt 和 most crystallineforms of rock到第六段第二句，许多晶形岩坚硬，玄武岩是个例外，这里的exception 就对应着题干中的unlike，所以具体的不像的点就在后半句，a form of是basalt 的同位语，后面的which 从句也是对basalt 的解释，说它是一种岩浆，有很多小气泡使它很多孔，所以我们要找的关键点就是 bubbles和

33、porous，本题选B，它经常有高孔隙率，porosity 是 porous 的名词形式，它们共同的来源是 pore 孔。A它异常坚硬，这是晶形岩石的特点，basalt 是例外；C 它空隙率低，不对；D 它是可以高度渗透的， 有出现渗透的问题，同时通过后文可以知道permeable 不等于porous。句没题目 11<段落功能题>What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?选项：A. To explain why water can flow through rockB. To emphasize the large amount of empt

34、y space in all rockC. To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeableD. To distinguish between two related properties of rock正确选项：D.To distinguish between two related properties of rock：问第七段的主要目的是什么。段落功能题，一般这类题目是先看段首句，但是本题鉴于第七段非常短，就整体看一下，首句通过 known as 知道这里就是解释了一下什porosity 孔隙率，第二句，but 转折

35、表示对比关系，后面说 porosity 和 permeability 渗透性不一样，permeability 后面的 which 定语从句是对它的解释，看到这里就可以知道这段具体解释了 po 和 pe 的不同，所以本题选 D，区分岩石的两种相关的属性， two related properties 就是 po 和pe。A 解释为什么水可以从岩石中流过，本段没说；B 强调所有岩石中的大量空间，这里强调的数量在文中也没说；C 指出岩石不能既多孔又有渗透性，确实出现了 po 和 pe，但是原文只是单纯的解释了这两个东西，没说岩石会怎样，所以C 肯定也不对。题目 12<句子简化题>8400

36、8-116-269Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.选项：A. Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large

37、pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.B. Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.C. Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will ho

38、ld water as heavy drops or as a thin film.D. If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.正确选项：A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with

39、large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.：先看原句，第一个分号之后的 but 表示转折将句意分为两层，两层都以 if 开始，表示条件，所以是两种条件下的对比，这个时候就可以到选项中看一下，只有 A 有 but 转折，B 中的 and 表示并列，C both 表示都，D 只有一个 if 条件句，且没有转折，所以这题只通过逻辑关系就可以选出 A。具体看一下这几个句子，原句说如果，其中的水滴就会很重以至于地表张力无法 hold 住，走；但是如果孔足够小，其

40、中的水就会以薄膜的形式存在，地表张力足够将它们 hold 在原处，从而水被牢牢 hold 住。简单来说就是水流走，孔小水留住。A 说地表张力不够强大去保留大的水，但是足够强大去 hold 住小以薄膜形式存在的水，虽然省去了 if 条件，但是与原句的意思完全一致，retain 是对 hold 的同义替换。B 说大的被hold 在原处，这就已经说反了，后面都不用看了；C 大小和地表张力相互作用以决定岩石以或薄膜的形式 hold 住水，看到 both 不是对比关系就知道肯定错，而且原句中大孔是 hold 不住水的；D 如果地表张力太小以至于 hold 不住，水仍然会以薄膜形式被 hold 在原处当大

41、孔存在的时候，还是在说大hold 住水，而且这句没说小孔，所以不对。题目 13<句子题>Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?选项：A.1B.2C.3D.494008-116-269

42、正确选项：D：先看句子，那么什么决定了留下的流走的水的比例？本句中的逻辑词 then 不便用于；通过 then 和what determines 知道前文肯定有提及这句的主题，即留下的流走的水的比例，所以回原文找 waterstays 和 drains away，发现第二空之前两句话，一句说会 drain，一句说会 remain，这里好像就可以句子了，但是注意第二空之后的It，指代前文的 some 和前文紧密，句子不可以破坏原文已有的衔接，所以这里不能插，只能接着往下看，第三空之前只是 drain，第四空之前的 water can and cannot drain away 就是同时提及了流走

43、和留下的水，而且下一段开头的 the relative amount of these two kinds of water 就是开始说水的比例问题了，因此这题选第四空。题目 14<文章小结题>Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the pa

44、ssage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.选项：A. Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are s

45、till spread by rivers and streams.B. Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.C. The size of a saturated rocks pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.D. Groundwater often remains underground for a long time befor

46、e it emerges again. E.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.F.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.正确选项：A. Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.B. Water is s

47、tored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.C. The size of a saturated rocks pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.104008-116-269：本题首先通过标题 Groundwater 和题目中的总起句，很多的地面实际上充满水，可以知道正确的选项一定是跟地面储存水相关；接下来看选项，A 沉积物储存水，曾经由冰川现在由河流的水，是说

48、沉积物里，没问题；B 水被储存，在疏松的砂砾石层或者在紧实沉积物中，也是哪儿，没问题；C 岩石中的孔的大小决定多少被留住当它被放在一个干的地方，这是我们做第六、七两段的题目的时候已经看到的这两段的主要意思，也没问题。D 通过 groundwater 可以到第一段最后的位置，文中用的是sometimes 和选项中的 often 不是一个概念，所以不能选；E 像砂石一样，玄武岩是一种多孔的晶形岩石，原文中 basalt 只是个细节，肯定不能选；F 疏松沉积层典型的存在于曾经在水下的内陆地点，拿 Beds of unconsolidatedsediments原文很不好找，located at inl

49、and site 可以在第三段中找到，这里也是个细节，而且主语疏松岩石层跟地面储存水没有关系，所以不选。114008-116-269PASSAGE No.2英文文本：The Origins of TheaterIn seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation,since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anth

50、ropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of itsdevelopment, a societyes aware of forces that appear to influence or control

51、 itsfood supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributesboth desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by

52、 the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths includerepresentatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Pe

53、rformers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythicalcharacters or supernatural forces in the rituals or inpanying celebrations. As aes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causalrelationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the my

54、ths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic

55、 values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the onlytheory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and lis

56、tening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) iselaborated through the narrators pantomime and imation and eventuallythrough each role being assumed by a different.A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of da

57、nces that are primarilypantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performers skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have alsotheorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater124008-116-269develop, and why was it valu