(专升本)名词,冠词,代词

1、名词，名词， 冠词，代词冠词，代词读音规则-字母及字母组合的读音1. 字母a 重读开音节中 ei take name spade capable wave 例外：have 重读闭音节中 lamp rat hand cap2. 字母组合 ai，ay 非重读音节中 i mountain Friday bargain 重读音节中 ei wait train play today 3. 字母ear 大多数情况i dear, fear, gear : research early learn heard e wear bear pear a: heart4. 字母ie 在词中 i: receive th

2、ief believe 例外：friend e 重读音节词尾，die，tie，lie ai 5. 字母ea 6. 字母组合 oo 1）大多数情况 u: fool pool moon 2）字母d,k 之前： u hood hook wood 例外： foot food 3）少数情况 flood blood 7. 字母组合 gh 1） f laugh cough enough 2）在词尾多数情况不发音 high weigh though through8. 字母 th 1）实词中， thin，think，month，thing 2）虚词及部分代词， those，with，whether, ther

3、efore 注意: weather，both9. ch t check choose church k chemical school stomach machine 10. tion 多数 n mention protection notion 少数 tn question suggestion digestion 名词的种类 个体，集体名词 可数名词 物质，抽象名词 不可数名词 document news wind information group people newspaper paper health year question plane time work job 名词的数两袋

4、大米两袋大米 一则消息一则消息五个星期五个星期一个人一个人两个房间两个房间一些问题一些问题两块蛋糕两块蛋糕四瓶啤酒四瓶啤酒 two bags of rice a piece of news five weeks a person/ a man two rooms some questions two pieces of cake four bottles of beer数词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词/ 可数名词复数名词不规则变化 mouse - miceJapanese、Chinese复数不变Frenchman、Englishman、Dutchman等的复数 把a改为eGerman、

5、Russian、American、Indian、Italian、Korean等 复数加s复合名词：改变中心名词 a woman driver - two women drivers a man doctor - three men doctors名词所有格有生命的名词 s + 名词 Toms plan the teachers room Marys sister Jacks new car 2. 所有格s的特殊用法 定冠词 + 职业，称谓，姓氏 s = 地点名词 the Greens the barbers the dentists3. 时间，距离，国家，地区的名词也可用所有格of 表示所属关

6、系的介词表示所属关系的介词 名词 + of + 名词（无生命） 会议的主题 the topic of the meeting 大楼的名字 the name of the building双重所有格 双重所有格：of + 名词所有格s 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词，则用双重所有格来表示。 杰克的三个朋友 Jacks three friends 错误 three friends of Jacks 正确 three of Jacks friends 正确 名词在句中的作用作主语：This new medicine can cure lung cancer.The lawyer

7、 is talking to his client.2. 及物动词vt. 或介词之后，充当宾语 I havent received her letter yet. The manager is talking with the new staff.3. 表语（在系动词之后，如，be，become.） He is a new comer. My elder sister is a college teacher.主谓一致1) 重量金钱时间距离的量词以复数形式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数：is, was, 动词-s 形式 Ten years is too long for me. 400 yua

8、n is too expensive for this coat.2) 就近原则：either or/ neither nor/ not only but also, there be Not only you but also I like sports. Not only I but also Jack _ sports. 3) 就远原则：with, together with, as well as, like，1） The teacher, together with his students, _ going to visit the park. (be)2） There _ thr

9、ee books, a dictionary and a pen on the desk. (be) 注：None of / neither of + 主语+ 谓语动（第三人称单数is/does） None of us _ from Hubei. (come) Both she and I _ good at English. (be) 冠词 the/ a/ an 一：不定冠词不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做en。 an hour a university a party an important meeti

10、ng an interesting story 1. an/a： 泛指，一个，一种 She is a good singer. They had a meeting just now二：定冠词二：定冠词 the用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，或者用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或或者用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物事物 。 e.g.: 请把门打开。请把门打开。 Open the door, please. 2. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前用在序数词和形容词最高级前 e.g.: January is the first month of the year. 一月

11、份是一年当中的第一个月。一月份是一年当中的第一个月。3. 表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物。表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物。 the sky the world4. the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物事物 5. 表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加the play the piano / guitar/ violin6. 由普通名词构成的专有名词前（海洋、江河、湖由普通名词构成的专有名词前（海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词）。泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词）。 the Great Wall 长城长城 the United S

12、tates 美国美国 the West Lake 西湖西湖 China America7. 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物人或物 the poor 穷人穷人 the rich 富人富人 the black 黑人黑人 the old 老人老人 the young 年轻人年轻人三：零冠词三：零冠词1. 复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如e.g.: He is fond of reading novels.（the novel）2. 专用名词、泛指的抽象名词和物质名词、专用名词、泛指的抽象名词和物质名词、人名前，不用冠词。人名前，不用冠词。 E

13、urope 欧洲欧洲 wood 木头木头 Peter 3.月份、日期、季节、节日月份、日期、季节、节日 4. 三餐和球类运动三餐和球类运动, 棋类游戏名词棋类游戏名词 have lunch/ supper play badminton5. 交通方式交通方式 by bike/ bus/ plane/ ship, on foot We work five days _ week. A. a B. an C. the D. /2. _book on the desk is _ useful one. A. The; an B. A ; a C. The ; a D. The ; /3. We can

14、t see _ sun at _ night. A. a; / B. a; the C. the; /.D. the; the4. After _ supper, he stayed at home and played _ piano.A. the; the B. /; the C. /; a D. /; /5. Bill is _English teacher. He likes playing _ football.A. a; the B. an; the C. a; / D. an; /6. It took me _hour and _half to finish_ homework.

15、A. a, a, a B. an, an, the C. an, a ,the D. an, a,7. English is _ language. It is _ important tool.A. a ,a B. a, an C. the, an D. a , _girl in _Grade Three is _tallest in our school. A. The, the, the B. A, a, a C. The, , the D. A,a 9. I have _ blue coat. A. a B. an C. the D. some 10.This is _interest

16、ing story-book and it is also _ useful one. A. a; a B. an; an C. an; a D. a; an代词代词一. 人称代词：主格（主语）， 宾格（宾语） 主格代词的位置：句首，动词(be)之前 宾格代词的位置：动词(be)/介词之后e.g.: 她在等他。 _ is waiting for _. 他说他明天来看我们。 _ said _ would come to see _. （二）物主代词：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词+ 名词 名词性物主代词（用于省略上文中提到的名词） = 名词 1. My bag is blac

17、k and yours is red. 2. 我的电脑坏了，能用用你的电脑吗？ My computer is broken. May I use yours?名词+ of + 名词性物代 3. 他们的建议 我们的生活（三）反身代词1. 反身代词是 oneself根据所指词的人称、性别、单复数等的变化可以有 myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。注：不作主语，可作宾语，同位语 You should take care of yourself. enjoy oneself,

18、 help oneself to .（四）指示代词（特指）this these that those(1) that 常用来代替前面出现的人.事.物,以免重复.that代替可数名词和不可数名词;those可代替复数名词. (2). 在打电话时,英语中常用this代替自己,that代替对方.例如: A: May I speak to Mr. Zhang, please? B: This is Zhang Ming speaking. Whos that. 1. 在表示对比关系的句子中，为避免同一名词的重复，可用 that 或 those 代替前面提到的特指的名词特指的名词。如： Our inco

19、me is now 5 times that of 2000.（that=income）1.The weather in Australia is quite different from _ of Shijiazhuang. A. it B. that C. those D. ones 2. The cars made in Japan are much cheaper than _ made in America. A. ones B. those C. that D. itsuch：如此,这样 & same 同样such: 放句首，倒装结构 Such is my hope for

20、 the future. Such were the facts.注： the same + （名词） such a/ an + 名词（五）疑问代词1. who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。如： What did she say? 她说了什么? Whose seat is this? 这是谁的座位? What are you worrying about? 你为什么事烦恼? With whom were you talking just now? Which color do you like, red,

21、black or white? What would you like to have? （七）不定代词 表示肯定 否定可数 a few few不可数 a little little 强调“有” 强调“少” e.g.: 他对此知道得很少。 He knew _ about it. 电影院里还有几个人。 There are still _ people in the cinema.one every each 1. one 一个（泛指），一个人= 名词 复数形式：ones 2. every 每一个，不单独使用，+ 名词 3. each 每一个，可以单独使用充当名词，也可接名词，接of e.g.:

22、Everyone is here. One should be honest. Each of us has got a gift at the party. Take these pills every six hours.1. another: 泛指，另一个，=单数名词注：another后一般要单数可数名词，若其后的名词有数词或 few 修饰，则也可接复数名词。 Can you give me another piece of paper?I need another three hours to finish the work?2. the other:+单数名词( 特指)两者中的另一个

23、 the other + 复数名词：特指，另外一些3. other + 复数名词 = others (泛指)4. any other + 单数名词： 任何其他的e.g.: Jack is taller than any other student in the class.both 两者都 neither 两者都不either 两者中的任何一个 1. Both of + 复数名词/ 宾格代词 主格人称代词+ both e.g.: 我们两人都通过了考试。 Both of us passed the exam. We both passed the exam.Both (of the) texts

24、 are difficult. Neither of the texts is difficult.There are trees on _ side of the road.固定搭配either or / neither nor all none no all: 三者都或三者以上（所有），可单独使用，或后接名词，或接of，意为“全都” none: 后接of，或单独使用，表示三者或三者以上的否定，意为“都不” no: 后接名词，表示否定，没有 All (of )the students should be on time. None of us likes working on weekend

25、s. some 与 any (可数或不可数) some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是，在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中，通常要用 some 而不用any。如： Would you like some coffee? Is there any water in the cup? many & much 许多 many + 可数名词复数 much + 不可数名词相关用法： 询问价格或数量：How much 询问数量（可数）：How many e.g.: How much is the coat？ How many students are there in the r

26、oom？ 复合不定代词 复合不定代词主要包括复合不定代词主要包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。其中等。其中something, someone 等和等和 anything, anyone等的区别与等的区别与 some 和和 any 的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句和疑问句。句，后者一般用于否定句和疑问句。e.g.: Is there _ I can

27、 do for you?（八）it 的用法It 作非人称代词，表示时间，距离，天气等It is far from my home to the school.It is + 形容词/名词 + to do / doing 主语 + find + it + 名/形+ to do/ doing think, believe(6) It 用于强调句 It is (was)+ 名/代/介词短语+ that (who)+ e.g.: It was yesterday that I met her. It was the little boy who broke the window.1. The Engl

28、ish novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few2. -You want _ sandwich？ -Yes， I usually eat a lot when Im hungry. A. other B. another C. others D. the other3. -Which do you prefer， a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk？ -_， thanks. Id like a cup of tea. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None4. I m moving to the country because the air there is much fresher than _