高考必备高中化学方程式大全(分类)

1、word格式 3Cl2+2PCl33Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3（在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl ）Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl 2+2Br =2Cl +Br2Cl2+2I =2Cl +I2Cl2+I +3HO=6H+6Cl +IO3催化剂N+3传高温高压, 2NH._: I 二.N2+3Mg MgNN2+3Ba-Ba3N2N2+6Na-2Na3N高中化学方程式大全一、非金属单质（F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H）1、氧化性：F2+H2=2HF（阴暗处爆炸）F2+Xe（过量）=XeF22F2（过量）+Xe=XeF4（

2、XeF4是强氧化剂，能将MrT氧化为MnO）nF2+2M=2MFn（函示大部分金属）2F2+2H2O=4HF+O（水是还原剂）2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OfHOF2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+|27F2（过量）+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2（等体积）=2ClF（ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O=HF+HClO）3F2（过量）+Cl2=2ClF3（ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO）Cl2+W型%HCl（将H2在Cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸）Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+2Na-2NaClCl2+CuCuCl2Cl2

3、+2KI=2KCl+I23cl2（过量）+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO35Cl2+12+6H2O=2HIO+10HCl5Cl2+12+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+Cl2+NspS=2NaCl+SjCl2+S2=2Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+Sj（水溶液中：Cl2+H>S=2hl+2Cl+SCl2+SQ+2H2O=HSO+2HClCl2+SO+2H2O=4H+SO2+2ClCl2+HO=2HCl+。Cl2+h2O=2H+Cl+C2占性2Q+3Fe-Fe3QQ+K=KOS+hTH2S2S+C1CSS+ZrrZnSS+Fe=FeS（既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取）S+2c曰

4、ClpS（只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取）3S+2ALAl2S（只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取）N2+3CaCa3N2N2+2Al二2AlNH2+2Li2LiH2、还原性S+O1SOS+HSO（浓）=3SQT+2H2OS+6HNO浓）=aSO+6NOT+2H2OS+4l4+6=6NOT+2h2O+SC4"3S+4HNOS稀）=3SO+4NOT+2H2O3S+4HH+4NO3=3SO+4NOT+2H2O学习参考N2+Q2NO4P+3KOH浓)+3H2O=PHT+3KHPO(4P+3OH+3伟O=PHT+3H2PO)11P+15CuS0+24件O=5CuP+6HPO+15H2SO4P+5

5、O;P400（常写成BQ）3C+CaOLoaG+COT2P+3X2=5212Px(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3+X2PX53C+SiO2：-SIC+2COTP4+20HN浓)=4H3PO+20NOT+4H2O.金属单质（Na,Mg,AI,Fe,Cu）的还原性C+2F>CF4C+O(足量)=8LcqC+CO2COC+2CI2CCl42C+O（少量）亘暨2COC+HO=CO+区生成水煤气）2Na+H2NaH4Na+O2=2NaO2Na2O+A2N注。2Na+O'NaQ2Na+S=Na2s(爆炸)_+_2Na+2HO=2NaOH七H2Na+2HO=2Na+2OH+H2T2Na+2

6、NH=2NaNH+hbT2Na+2NH=2Na+2NhT+H2T熠融4Na+TiCI44NaCI+Ti2C+SiQ=Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2CI2=SiCI4(SiCI4+2H2=Si(纯)+4HCI)Si(粉)+O2雪如。2Si+C里遁LSiC(金阿J砂)Mg+CI2MgC2Mg+BrMgBr22Mg+O'2MgOMg+S-MgS2Cu+ClpS(Cu2s只能由单质制备)Mg+2IHOMg(OH>+H>TSi+2NaOH+HO=NaSiO3+2H2f3、歧化反应CI2+HO=HCI+HCIO(加碱或光照促进歧化:CI2+2NaOH=NaCI+NaCIO+2O

7、CI2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCI2+Ca(CIO)2+2HO3CI2+6KOH侬)5KCI+KCIO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH_2N&S+NaSO+3HO(Si+2OH+HO=SiO2+2H4)(CI2+HzOH+CI+HCIO)(CI2+2OH=CI+CIO+HO)(CI2+2OH=CI+CIO+H2O)(3CI2+6OH5CI+CIO3+3H2O)(3S+6OH2S2+SO2+3H2O)焙融2Mg+TiCI-Ti+2MgCI2小，点塔小八2Mg+CO2MgO+CMg+HS=MgS+HMg+HSO=MgS®件T占期2AI+3CI22AICI3Mg+2RbC"M

8、gC2+2Rb2Mg+SiO2MgO+Si(Mg+2H+=M&+H4)4AI+3O2=2AI2Q（常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧）word格式4Al（Hg）+3O2+2xHaO=2（Al2Q.xH2O）+4Hg（铝汞齐）高温_4Al+3MnO2Al2C3+3Mn高温2Al+Cr2Q=Al2Q+2Cr（铝热反应）4HCl（g）+O2Cl2+2H2O2Al+Fe2C3高温Al2C3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2Q+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H42Al+3H2SO=Al2（SO4）3+3HT2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H2T2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H2T2Al+6H

9、2sO（浓）=Al2（SO4）3+3SO+6H2OAl+4HNO（稀）=Al（NO3）3+NOT+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2HO=2NaAlO+3h2T（Al,Fe在冷，浓的H2SO,HNO中钝化）Al+4H+NO=Al3+NOT+2H2O2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlQ+3H2T16HCl+2KMnO=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2T+8H2OI6H+10Cl-+2MnO=2Mn+5Cl2T+8H6HCl+KClO=KCl+3Cl2f+3H2O6H+5Cl+CQ=3Cl2f+3作。14HCl+RCr2O=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2T+7H2O14H+6Cl+Cr2。2=2Cr&

10、quot;+5Cl2T+7建。2H2O+2E=4HF+O2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2（F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、HSNH气体不能共存）2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2（Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NR气体不能共存）2H2S+3O（足量）2S§=2SO+2aO2HS+O（少量）iS=2SJ+2峰。学习参考2Fe+Q=2FeO （炼钢过程）2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr33Fe+2OFe3QFe+l2Fel2Fe+S=FeS(FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4HO(g)Fe3Q+4H2f2H2S+SO=3SJ+2H2OHaS+HS®浓）=SJ+SOT+2

11、传。+3H2S+2HNQ稀）=3SJ+2NOT+4伟。3HS+2H+2NO=3SJ+2NOT+4传。5H2S+2KMnG3H2SQ=2MnSOK2SO+5Sj+8H2O5H2S+2MnO+6H+=2MrT+5SJ+8H2O3H2S+2Cr2O+4H2SO=Cr2（SO4）3+K2SO+3SJ+7H2O3H2S+Cr2。2+8H+=2Cr3+3Sj+7作。H2S+4Na>Q+2h2O=NaSO+6NaOHHaS+4Nc2Q+2h2O=8N<a+SO2+OH加麹2NH+3CuO3Cu+N+3H2ONH!+NaN（2+HCl=NaCl+N> T +2H2ONH+NO +HI=N2

12、T +2H2OFe+2HCl=FeCl2+HdFe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu+2+Fe+2H=Fe+HdFe+CiT=Fe2+CuJ2NH+3cl2=N+6HCl8NH+3Cl2=N+6NHCl占怦催化剂4NH+3Q（纯氧）=2N2+6H2O4NH+5O2丁 4NO+6HO4NH+6NO=5N+6H2。（用氨清除 NO）NaH+HO=NaOH+2H （ 生氢齐） NaH+HO=Na+OH +H TI力联4NaH+TiCl 4 Ti+4NaCl+2H2 fCaH+2H2O=Ca（OH） J +2H2 TFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下，不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡F

13、e+SnCl2=FeCl2+SnJFe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三.非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性：4HCl（M）+MnO=MnCl2+Cl2T+2H2O4H+2Cl+MnO=MrT+C12T+2H2O4HCl（浓）+PbQ=PbCl2+Cl2T+2H2O4H+2Cl+PbOPt2+Cl2T+2H2O2、酸性：4HF+SiQ=SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻)4HF+Si=SiF4+2心T2HF+CaCk=CaE+2HClH2S+Fe=FeSL+H2TH2S+CuCE=CuSj+2HC1（弱酸制强酸的典型反应）伸S

14、+2AgNO=AySj+2HNO件S+HgCk=HgSj+2HC1HbS+Pb（NO）2=PbSj+2HNO（铅试纸检验空气中HkS）h2S+Cd+=CuSj+2HH2S+2Ag+=AySj+2H+H2S+Hg+=HgS+2HH2S+PtT=PbSj+2H+H2S+2Ag=AgS+HT（银器在空气中变黑的原因）2NH（液）+2Na=2NaNH+H4（NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH）3、NH的碱性:SO+Br2+2H2O=HSO+2HBrBr2+SO+2H2O=4+SO2+2Br+2SO+12+2H2O=HSO+2HII2+SO+2H2O=4H+SO+2I2NO+O=2NONO+N2+2Na

15、OH=2NaN。用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NONO）NO+N320H=2NO点然加热2CO+O2COCO+CuOCu+CONH+HX=N4X（X:F、Cl、Br、I、S）NH+HNO=NHNONH+l4=NH+2NH+H2SO=（NH）2SONH+NaCl+hbO+CO=NaHC3+NHClNH+HaS=NHHS4、不稳定性：+NH+H=NH（侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）+NH+HS=NH+HS加热3CO+FeO2Fe+3CO2、氧化性：SO+2H2s=3S+2Ho加熟SO+2KIK2SO+I2催化剂CO+HO加热-CO+HNO+2KI+H2O=NO+I+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶

16、液鉴别澳蒸气和NO）4NO+件S=4NO+SOHO高温2HF伸+F22Ho=2HO+O2H2。2H2+。催化剂2NH-：N2+3H22HI二-代+12四.非金属氧化物（SO3、SO、N2ONON2Q、NN2Q、N2O、COCO、SiO2、P2O、PO、Cl2OCl2Q、Cl2。、Cl2。、ClO2）1、低价态的还原性：（S。、CONO）2SO+G2+2WO=2HSO（这是SO在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）催化剂2SO+C2丁加热、2SOS8N8=SO+NOSO+Cl2+2H2O=HSO+2HClCl2+SO+2h2O=4H+SO2+2Cl力口热2NO+Cu-4CuO+N力晦NbO+ZnZnO

17、+NC（O+2Mg=2MgO+C（CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾）加热加切SiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si3、与水的作用：SO+HaO=hSOSO+h2O=HSOSO+HaO=2hl+SO23NO+HO=2HN®NO（NO不是硝酸的酸酎）NO+HaO=2HNON2Q+HaO=2h!+2NOBQ+hbO（冷水）=2HPOPO+3H2O（热水）=2H3PO（P2O5极易吸水，可作气体干燥剂）2OH+CO=CO2 +HbO_ _ _ _ _ _ 一OH+CO=HCOCa+2OH +CO=CaCO J +HOO1 +CO=HCOCO+C

18、aCO+HO=Ca+2HCOPO+3伟SQ（浓）=2H3PO+3SOCO+件O=HCOCl2O+HO=2HClOCl2O+HO=2HClOCl2O+HaO=2H+2ClO44、与碱性物质的作用：SO+2NH+H>O=（NH）2SOSO+（NH4）2SO+HaO=2NHHSO2NHHSO+HSO=（NH4）2SO+2HO+2SOT（硫酸工业尾气处理）SO+Ca（OHX=CaSOj+HO（不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO和CO.可用品红鉴别）SO+MgO=MgSOSO+Ca（OH）2=CaSOj+件。CO+NH+HaO=N4|HCOI催停留11CO+2NH（过量）+H2O=（NH）2CO（NH4）2

19、CO（NH2）2CO+2HDCO+2NH（NH2）2CO+HO（工业制取尿素）CO+2NaOH过量）=Na2CO+HOCO（过量）+NaOH=NaHOOCO+Ca（OH）2（过量）=CaCO+H2O2cO（过量）+Ca（OH）2=Ca（HCQ2CO+CaC（3>HO=Ca（HCO22CO（不足）+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al（OH）3J+NaCOCO+3H2O+AlQ=Al（OH）3J+COCO（足）+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al（OH）3J+NaHCOCO+2H2O+AlQ=Al（OH）3J+HCOCO+C6伟ONa+HO=CH5O川+NaHCOCO+C6伟CT+h2O=CHO川+

20、HCOSiO2+CaOSCaSi。（炼钢造渣）SiO2+2NaOH=NSiO3+hbO（常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）SiO2+NaCONIa2SiO3+CO（制取玻璃）SiO2+CaC避量CaSiO+CO（制取玻璃）2NO+2NaOH=NaNCNaNC+H2O2NO+20H=NO+NO+H2ONO+N32NaOH=2NaN+HO（制取硝酸工业尾气吸收）NO+N®20H=2NO+库。五.金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性：6FeO+O=2FeOFeO+4HNO=Fe（NQ）3+NO+2H2OFeO+4H+NO=Fe3+NOT+2H2O2、氧化性：N*Q+2Na-2N&O（此反应用于制备N

21、*O）MgOAl2O几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg,Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2Q+3H2Fe+3H2。（制还原铁粉）Fe3Q+4H2,3Fe+4H2。CuO+H2-Cu+HO2Fe3Q+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3Q+16H+4I=6Fe2+8H2O+2l2aFezQ+Fe望国3FeO（炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂）FeO+CFe+CO（高温炼钢调节C含量）2FeO+S晅遍2Fe+SiO2（高温炼钢调节Si含量）3、与水的作用：NcPO+HO=2NaOHN&O+HO=2Na+20H2NaPO+2H2O=4NaOH+32NaO+2HO=4Na+40H+O2T

22、（此反应分两步：Na2Q+2H2O=2NaOH+O；;2H2O=2HO+OH2Q的制备可利用类似的反应：BaO2+HzSO（稀尸=BaSO+HQ）MgO+2O=Mg（OH2（缓慢反应）word格式 4、与酸性物质的作用Na2O+SO=NaSONO+CO=NCOMgO+S®=MgSONaO+2HCl=2NaCl+HONaO+2*2Na+H2O2NapQ+2CO=2NaCO+。TNaO+HaSQ（冷，稀）=Na2SO+H2OMgO+bSQ=MgS<4>hbOAl2Q+3H2SO=Al2（SO4）3+3H2OAl2Q+2NaOH=2NaAl2O件OFeO+2HCl=FeC2+H

23、2OFe2Q+6HCl=2FeCl3+3HOFe3c4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O六.含氧酸1、氧化性：4HClO+3HS=3HSO+4HCl+2+MgO+2件Mg +H2OAl 2Q+6H+=2Al3+3H2O（Al 2。两性氧化物）Al2Q+2OH =2AlO2 +H2OFeO+2H=FeT+l4OFe2Q+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O+8hl=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2OClO3 +3H2S=6l4+SO2 +ClHClQ+HI=HQ+HCl3HClO+HI=HIQ+3HClHClO+HSO=HSQ+HClHClO+hO=HCl+H2O+OTClO3+I=IO3+C

24、l3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+ClHClO+HSO=3h+SQ2+ClHClO+HQ=h+Cl+HO+OT（氧化性：HClO>HClO>HClO>HCl。,但浓，热的HClQ氧化性很强）2HaSQ（浓）+C=COT+2SOT+2HO2H2SO（浓）+S=3SOT+2H2OHaSQ+Fe（Al）室温下钝化6H2SO（浓）+2Fe旦Fe2（S。）3+3SOT+6H2。2H2SO（浓）+Cu=CuSO+SQT+2H2O（不能用浓硫酸与 NaBr制取HBr）（不能用浓硫酸与 NaI制取HI）HbSQ（浓）+2HBr=SQT+Br2+2H2O件SO（浓）+2HI=SQT+12+2H

25、2OHSQ（稀）+Fe=FeSO+件 TWSO+2H2s=3SJ +3H2O2H+Fe=Fe2+Hd4HN/浓）+G=COT+4NOT+2H2O6HN国浓）+S=HSO+6NOT+2H2O6HN可浓足）+Fe=Fe（NO3）3+3NOT+3H2O4HN浓）+Fe（足尸=Fe（NO3）2+NOT+2件0（先得Fe3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe2+的盐）4HN稀足）+Fe=Fe（NO3）3+NOT+2H2O4H+NQ-+Fe=Fej+Na+2H2O30HNO+8Fe=8Fe（NO）3+3N20T+15H2O30H+6NO+8Fe=8Fe3+3N20T+15HO36HNO10Fe=10Fe（NO）3+

26、3NH+18HO36H+6NO+10Fe=8Fe"+3NH+18HO30HNO+8Fe=8Fe（NO）3+3NHNO+9HO30H+3NO+8Fe=8Fe,+3NH+9H2O4Zn+10HN稀）=4Zn（NO3）2+NOT+5H2O4Zn+10M+2NO=4Zn2+NOT+5H2O4Zn+10HN®稀）=4Zn（NO3）2+NHNO+3HO4Zn+10Hh+NO=4Zn2+NH+5H2O2、还原性：HaSQ+X2+hbO=HSO+2HX（X表示Cl2,Br2,I2）H2SO+X2+hbO=4H+SQ2-+X2H2SO+O=2HSQ2H2SO+Q=4H+SQ2'WSG

27、+HO=h2SO+伸Oh2SO+HaOa=2H+SQ2+伸Oh2SQ+2FeCl3+HzO=HSO+2FeCl2+2HCl H2SO+2Fe3+HaO=4hi+2Fe2+ +SO425H2SO+2KMn©=2MnSO>&SQ+2H2SO+3H2O5H2SO+2MnO=2Mr2+4H+3SO2+3H2O3、酸性：H2SO（浓）+CaF2=CaSO+2HFTH2SQ（浓）+NaClNaHSOhHClTH2SQ（浓）+2NaCl三NaaSO+2HClTH2SO（浓）+NaNQNaHSOhHNOT3H2sO（浓）+Ca3（PO4）L3CaSO+2H3PQ2H2sO（浓）+Ca3

28、（PO4）A2CaSO+Ca（H2PQ）2（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（强酸制弱酸酸）（工业制磷肥）2H+CaC（3=Cci+H2O+C0T2HNO+CaC（3=Ca（NQ）2+HO+COT学习参考word格式（用HN断口浓件SO不能制备HaS,HI,HBr,SO2等还原性气体）4H3PO+Csp（PQ）2Aca（H2PO）2（重钙）HPQ（浓）+NaBr且NaWPQ+HBrT（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸，磷酸是非氧化性酸）伸PO（浓）+NaI4laHPO+HIT4、不稳定性：NaOH+AI（OH）=NaAIQ+2H2OO

29、H+AI（OH）3=AIO2+2H2OCa（OH+2NHCI22CaCl2+2NHT+2件0（实验室制NH）NaOH+N4CINaCI+NHT+H20Mg（OH）+2NHCI=MgCl2+2NRHOBa（OH）2+HSO=BaSOj+2HO3、不稳定性2HClO=2HCl+QT（保存在棕色瓶中）4HNO=4NOT+O4+2HO（保存在棕色瓶中）H2SGqHO+SOT（在加热或酸性条件下分解）H2COqHO+COT（在加热或酸性条件下分解）HSiO，一H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3SiOzJ+H2OH2S2。JaO+S+SOT（在加热或酸性条件下分解）七.碱1、低价态的还原性：Mg（OH）rM

30、g0+2O2Fe（OH）=Fe2O+3HO八.盐1、氧化性：（在水溶液中）2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2（AI（OH）3+nHCI不溶解）2H+2OH+Ba2+SO2=BaSOj2H202AI（OH）Al2Q+3H2OCu（OH）2CuO+HO2AgOH=AgD+HO2FeCl3+Cu=2FeC2+CuCl2（用于雕刻铜线路版）2FeCl3+Zn（少量）=2FeCI2+ZnCl2FeCI3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCIJ2Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2Fe3+Cu=2F（5+Cu+2Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+2Fe3+CI_+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgCIJ4Fe（OH）2+Q+2H2O=4F

31、e（OH>2、与酸性物质的作用：2NaOH+SO少量）=Na2SO+HaONaOH+SO足）=NaHSO2NaOH+SiO=N8SiO3+HO2NaOH+AO=2NaAlQ+H2O2KOH+C2=KCI+KCIO+HOOH+S8SO2+hbOOH+SO（足）=HSO_2_OH+SiO2=SiO3+H2O-2OH+AI2。=2AIO2+H2OCl2+2OH=CI+CIO+H2ONaOH+HCI=NaCI+H>NaOH+2S（足）=NaHS+HO2NaOH+2S（少量）=Na2S+2HO3NaOH+AIC3=AI（OH）3J+3NaCIHI+OH=H2Ooh+H2S=hs+ho2OH+

32、HS=g+2HO3OH+AI3+=AI（OH）3jFe2（SO4）3+2Ag=FeSO+AgSQJ（较难反应）Fe（NO3）3+Ag不反应2FeCl3+HzS=2FeCl2+2HCI+Sj2Fe3+hbS=2Fe2+2H+Sj2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCI+122Fe"+2I-=2Fe，I2FeCI2+Mg=Fe+MgC2IFe2+Mg=Fe+MgNaN®NHCI=NaCI+N2T+2H2O（实验室制氮气）NH+NO-=Nd+2HO2、还原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3（在水溶液中不需加热）2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6CI-3NS2S+8HNO稀

33、）=6NaNO+2NOT+3S+4H2O3S2-+8l4+2NO=2NOT+3S+4HO3NaSO+2HN稀）=3Na2SO+2NO?+H03SO2-+2H+2NO_=3SO2_+2NOT+H202NaSO+C2=2NSO（Na2SO在空气中易变质）NspSO+S=Na2S2QN*S+Cl2=2NaCI+Sj（在水溶液中）S2-+Cl2=2C+SJ3、与碱性物质的作用：Ca（OH）2+CuSO=Cu（OH）2J+CaSOJ（波尔多液）学习参考PO3-+2H+=HPBHPG2-+HXPQ-一一一 - 一一HaPO+H=HPQ co2-+i4=hco HCO+=COT +H2O（物质之间的双水解反

34、应）（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）MgCl2+2NHHO=Mg(OHH+2NHC1M4+2NHHO=Mg(OHH+2NH+A1C13+3NHH2O=A1(OH)3J+3NHC1A1"+3NHH2O=A1(OH)2J+3NH+FeC13+3NHHO=Fe(OH)d+3NHC1Fe"+3NHHO=Fe(OH)d+3NH+CuSO+2NHH2O(不足)=Cu(OH)2j+(NH4/S0Cif+2NHH2O=Cu(OH2J+2NH+Cu(OH)2+4NHH2O=Cu(NH)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NHh2O=Cu(NH)42+2OH+4H2O铜氨溶

35、液CuSO+4NHHO(足)=Cu(NH3)4SO+4H2O总方程式Cu2+4NHh2O=Cu(NH)42+4H2O铜氨溶液AgNO+NHH2O=AgOH+NHNO2AgOH=Ag2。(灰黑色)+H2OAg2O+4NHH2O=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH+3H2O银氨溶液AgNO+2NHH2O=Ag(NH)2NO+2H2OAg+2NHH2O=Ag(NH3)2+2H2O总方程式2+ZnSO+2NHHO(不足)=Zn(OH)2(+(NH4)2SOZn+2NHHO=Zn(OH)4+2NHZn(OH)2+4NHH2O=Zn(NH)4(OH"+4H2OZnSO+4NHH2O(足)=Zn(NH3)

36、4SO+4H2OZn2+4NHH2O=Zn(NH3)42+4HO总方程式4、与酸性物质的作用：强酸制弱酸，或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸NspPO+2HC1=N&HP2NaC1NaHPO+HC1=NaHPQ+NaC1NaHPO+HC1=HPQ+NaC1Na2CG+HC1=NaHCO-NaC1NaHC3>HC1=NaC1+HO+COT3NaCO-2A1C13+3H2O=2A1(OH)3J+3COT+6NaC1(物质之间的双水解反应)3CO2-+2A13+3H2O=2A1(OH)3J+3COT3Na2CO-2FeC13+3H2O=2Fe(OH)J+3CO+6NaC1(物质之间的双水解反应)3

37、CO2-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH>J+3COT3NaHC3+A1C13=A1(OH)3J+3COT(物质之间的双水解反应)3HCO+A13+=2A1(OH)3J+3COT3NaHC3-FeC13=Fe(OH)3J+3COT3HCO+FeT=2Fe(OH)3j+3COT3NaaS+A12(SO4)3+6H2O=2A1(OH)3J+3H2ST3S2-+2A13+3H2O=2A1(OH)3J+3H2sT3NaA1O2+A1C13+6H2O=4A1(OH)3J+3NaC13A1O2-+A13+6H2O=4A1(OH)3J3NaA1Q+FeC13+6HbO=3A1(OH)3J+Fe(OH

38、gJ+3NaC13A1O2-+Fe3+6H2O=3A1(OH)3J+Fe(OH)3JNaA1O2+NHC1+2H2O=A1(OH)3J+NHH2O+NaC1A1O/+NH+2H2O=A1(OH)3J+NHHO_2-NaaCO+H2O+C2=2NaHCOCO+WO+CO=2HCONaaCO+H2O+2SO=2NaHS&COT(1:2)CO2+H2O+2SO=2HSO+COT2NaCO(足)+H2O+SO=NaSO+2NaHCO(CO2中的SO不能用Na2CO洗气)2CO2-+H2O+SO=SO2-+2HCO(2:1)NspCO-SO=NaSO+CO(1:1)CO2-+SO=SO2-+CO

39、NaHC吩SO=NaHS3-CO(CO2中的SO可能用NaHCO!气)2HCO+S32HSG+CO2NaHCOSO=Na2SO+2CO+HO>2HC0+SO=SO2+2CO+HaONspSiO3+2HC1=H2SiO3J+NaC1或N&SiO3+2HC1+H2O=HSiO4J+2NaC1SiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3J或SiO32-+2H+H2O=HSiO4JNstSiO3+CO+2H2O=HSiO3J+NstCOSiO32-+CO+2H2O=HSiO4J+C02-5、盐与盐复分解反应N%SO+BaC12=BaSOj+2NaC1(沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸)SO2-+Bf=BaSO

40、JN*SO+BaC12=BaSOj+2NaC1(沉淀溶于盐酸，在硝酸中生成新的沉淀，沉淀不消失)SO2-+Ba2+=BaSOjNaaCO-BaC12=BaCOj+2NaC1(沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀?肖失)CO2-+Ba2+=BaCOjNKCO-CaC12=CaCOj+2NaC1(NaHCO3不反应)CO2-+Ca2+=CaCOjAgN0-NaC1=AgC1J+NaNOAg+C1-=AgC1JAgNO-NaBr=AgBrJ+NaNOAg+Br-=AgBrJword格式 AgNO+KI=AgCl J +KNOAg +I 三Agl J3AgN(3+N&PO=Ag3PO J +3NaN 3Ag+P

41、O3-=Ag3PO JCuSONaS=CuS +NaSQCi?+S2=CuSjFeCl 3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN+3KClFe"+3SCN=Fe(SCN)3 (血红色，用于 Fe”的特性检验)6、不稳定性： 2-+NaS2Q+h2SQ=NaSO+Sj +SOT +H2O S2Q +2H=SJ +SOT +H2ONHCl=NRT +HCl TNHINHT+HIT2HI库+12NHINHT +Hd +12 TNHHCONHT +HaO+COT2KN(3T2KNC2+C2 T2Cu(NO) 32CuO+4NO +Q T光照I2AgNO=Ag+2NO T +OT (保存在棕色瓶中)5NH

42、NO-N2 T +2HNO+9H2O10NHNO=8N2 T +4NOT +QT +20H2O仙硝酸钱爆炸反应)2KMn(4)K2Mn(4+Mn(2+C2 T2KClQ2KCl+3。T2NaHCO二 NaCO+HO+COTCa(HCO) 2CaCOHO+COTHCl=H+ClHPO hf+H2PO4H H+FH+HBr=H+BrH2PQ= Hf+HP。2SO=+HSQHI=H+Ihpc4h+po4_ _+ _ _ 2HSO 3=H+SO3ChfCOO hl+CHCOO H2CO h+hcc3hcc3 h+ co3h2S= H + HSHS H + S2HNOH+NC2C6H5。H+C6H5。（

43、苯酚不是酸，显酸性 ）HCk H+CNHClAr+ClOH 2 H+OH2HHC+OH2、碱的电离(NaOH KOH Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)、Al(OH) 3、NH 忤0)NaOH=lN+OHKOH=K-OHBa(OH)2=Bai+2OHMg(OH)= Mg+2OHAl(OH) Al3+3OH酸式电离：Al(OH)H+ AlO 2+H2OCaCO "CaO+COTMgCO： MgO+CONH HONH 4 +2OH九、电离方程式1、酸的电离(H2SO、HNCXHCl、HBr、HI、降PO、HF、H2SO、CHCOOHH2CO、伸S、HN0QHsOHHCNHClO)HaSC4=2

44、H+S(4>-或：HaSC4+2H2O=2i40>+SO2-HN(4=FI+N(4)或：HN(4>HaO=HIC>+N(C-(以下雷同)Ca(OH)2=ca2+2OH(澄清石灰水)Ca(OH尸=C+2OH(石灰悬浊液)CuS3、盐的电离(NaCl、N&SO、NaHSONaSO、NaHSOMgSQCaS3Al2(SO4)3学习参考word格式AlCl3、AgNO、CHCOONaNHNO、FeCl3、NazCO、NaHCON注S、NaHSNaHPO、N»PNaPO、KI、NaBr、NaClOAgCl、CaCO)NaCl=Nci+ClNa2SQ=2Na+SO

45、4_+_oNaHSO4=H+Na+SO4+N&SO=2Na+SOMgS(4=M(2+SO4NaHSO3=Ns+HSO(错误书写：NaHS(3=Nsi+hl+SO2")3+Al2(SO4)3=2Al-2+3SO；CuSO4=Cu+so4AlCl3=Al3+3Cl_+_AgNO3=Ag+NO_+CHCOONa=GCOO+Na_+_-NHNO=NH+NOFeCl3=Fe3+3Cl+2Na2CO=2Na+CO2+NaHC®=Na+HCO(错误书写:+2NaHCO=Na+H+COf)Na2s=2Na+SNHCl+H2的二一NHHO+HClNH+HUAH+NHHOFeCl3+3

46、H2O=一Fe(OH)3+3HClFe3+3件0=Fe(OH)3+3hfAlCl3+3H2czzAl(OH)3+3HClAl+3H2O-Al(OH)3+3HCuSO-2H28Cu(OH)2+HaSO(金属活动顺序表中Mg以后的阳离子均水解)NaHC吩HaO=HkCO+NaOH(NaHSM水解，NaHSO电离大于水解)NaCO+H2O=NaHCO+NaOHCO2+HO-HCO+OHNaHC吩屋O=HkCO+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)NaaSO+H2O=一NaHSO-NaO图O2+HbAHSG+OHNaHS4>HaO=H2SO+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)十

47、、水解反应1、单水解-可逆水解HS(3-+h2O=H2SO+OHO+HagHS+OHNaHS=Na-HS(错误书写:+2+NaHS=Ns+H+S)NaH2PO=Na+HPO4NaaS+HANaHS+NaOH-2N&HPO=2Na+HPQ(错误书写:N&HPO=2N；+l4+Pd)NaHS+2O=HS+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加HS+HO=HS+OHNaPQ=3Ns+PO4KI=K+I_+_+_NaBr=Na+BrNaClO=Na+ClON%PO+H2NaHPGNaOHNaaHP(4+h2O=NaHPO+NaOHNaHPO+漳HPO+NaOHPO3-+H2gHPO

48、2+OHHPC+HaOH2PO-+OHHaPQ-+Ha=H3PO+OHAgClAg+Cl(难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离)CHCOONa七CHCOOH+NaOHCHCOOh2O=CHCOOH+OHCaC(O=Ca+CO3(错误书写：CaC0=Ca2+CO2)CaSOCf+Sd(错误书写：CaSO=Cf+Sd)C6H5ONa+H3=GhbOH+NaOH2、双水解ChlCOONHHaO=CHCOOH+NHH2ONHF+hbAHF+NHH2OGHO+H2O=QHsOH+OH3、熔融电离Al2S3+6H2O=Al(OH)3J+HST(隔绝空气，密封保存)NaClj+ClMgC4Md+2ClNaO=2

49、Nsf+O熔融一Al2c32Al3+3C2MgN2+6H2O=Mg(OHH+NHT(隔绝空气，密封保存Na3P+3HO=3NaOH+PH(隔绝空气，密封保存)Zn3P2+6H2O=Zn(OH)4+PHT(Zri3B一种老鼠药，CaC+2H2O=Ca(OH3J+QHd(隔绝空气，密封保存PH剧毒神经毒剂)学习参考OH5ONa+HO=CHOH+NaOH十一、电解及电极方程式1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下，或阴极是较活泼金属电极，阳极是惰性电极条件下的电解电解2NaCl+2HaO2NaOH+H?+C12T(-)2H2O+2e-=Hd+2OH或2H+2e=HT(+)2C1-2e-=C12T2C1-+2

50、H2O*解2OH+HT+C12T酸性水解：(-)4H+4e=2H4(+)2H2O-4e-=OT+4H+4OH-4e-=O2f+2H2O2H2O*耳Hd+O4碱性水解：(-)4H2O+4e-=2Hd+40H或：4H+4e-=2hbT(+)4OH-4e-=O2f+2H2O2H2O*H2T+O4电解CuC12Cu+Cn(-)Cu2+2e-=CuJ(+)2C1-2e-=C12fCu2+2C1电解-CuJ+C12T电解2CuSO+2HO2CuJ+QT+2HSQ(-)2Cu2+4e-=2CuJ(+)2H2O-4e-=O2>+4或：40H-4e-=O2>+2H2O4H2O=4h4+4OH2Cu2

51、+2H2O-2CuJ+QT+4H2H2O-2H4+。T2、电镀：镀件作阴极，被镀金属作阳极，被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液镀铜：CuSO电镀液镀件(-)Cu2+2e=CuJ纯铜(+)Cu2e-=Cu2+镀锌：ZnSO电镀液镀件(-)Zn2+2e-=ZnJ-2+纯锌(+)Zn-2e=Zn镀银：AgNO电镀液镀件(-)Ag+e-=AgJ纯银(+)Ag-e=Ag+镀馍：NiS。电镀液镀件(-)Ni2+2e=NiJ纯馍(+)Ni-2e-=Ni2+3、熔融状态下的电解：+(-)4H+4e-=2H2f(+)4OH-4e-=O2f+2H2O中性电解4H2O4H+4OHJ电解2H2OHd+QT一电解2NaC1(熔融)2Na+C12T(-)2Na+2e-=2Na(+)2C1-2e-=C12?2Na +2Cl-(熔融)电解 2Na+Cl2T一 电解2Al 2。(熔融)4A1+202 T(-)4A13+12e =4A1(+)602- -12e-=3O2?熔融电景4A13+ +602- 嬴 4A1+3O2 T一 电解NaH风熔融)12 T +F2 T(-)2H+2e =Hd(+)2F-2e-=F 2 T电解 2HF H4