过去分词的形式及意义

1、Grammar - Past ParticipleGrammar - Past ParticipleI.过去分词的形式和意义过去分词的形式和意义1. 1. 过去分词通常由动词原形加过去分词通常由动词原形加- -eded构成。此外还构成。此外还有少数不规则形式，有的不规则动词的过去分词有少数不规则形式，有的不规则动词的过去分词有两种形式。有些现代语法著作把过去分词称为有两种形式。有些现代语法著作把过去分词称为- -eded分词（分词（- -ed Paticiple)ed Paticiple)2. 过去分词与其它非限定词一样，都没有时的过去分词与其它非限定词一样，都没有时的特征，所不同的是，它形式

2、单一，没有体与语特征，所不同的是，它形式单一，没有体与语态的变化。态的变化。3. 及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。II. 过去分词的在句中的用法过去分词的在句中的用法1. 过去分词（短语）表语过去分词（短语）表语1.1 过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是说明的是主语的状态主语的状态All the windows are broken.All hope is gone.This article is well wr

3、itten.He appeared more satisfied with my work.（1 1）有许多过去分词已经完全形容化了，它可以被有许多过去分词已经完全形容化了，它可以被veryvery等等副词修饰，可以有比较级等级形式，这类过去分词常见的有：副词修饰，可以有比较级等级形式，这类过去分词常见的有：amazed, bored, disappointed, disturbed, embarrassed, excited, amazed, bored, disappointed, disturbed, embarrassed, excited, frightened, intereste

4、d, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, frightened, interested, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried tired, worried 等。等。（2）有的过去分词可以被副词有的过去分词可以被副词well修饰，如：修饰，如：built, cooked, done, dressed, known, organized, prepared, written等。等。（3）其它副词也可以修饰过去分词，如：其它副词也可以修饰过去分词，

5、如：deeply moved, greatly indebted, highly developed 等。等。1.2 1.2 由过去分词构成的合成形容词也可以作表语由过去分词构成的合成形容词也可以作表语They are well-behaved and well-spoken.1.3 1.3 过去分词作表语时，其后可以接介词短语、不定式短语过去分词作表语时，其后可以接介词短语、不定式短语及及that that 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句He is very much opposed to your plan.The mother was pleased to hear from her so

6、n.Im satisfied that you didnt tell me a lie.1.4 “be+过去分词过去分词” 有可能是一个系表结构，也有可能有可能是一个系表结构，也有可能是一个被动结构，这两种结构的差别是：是一个被动结构，这两种结构的差别是：（1）被动结构表动作，而系表结构表状态。）被动结构表动作，而系表结构表状态。（2） 被动结构之后可以接被动结构之后可以接by + 动作的执行者，系表结构则不行。动作的执行者，系表结构则不行。（3）系表结构中的过去词可以被）系表结构中的过去词可以被well, very, much, quite 等副词修饰，等副词修饰，而被动结构中过去分词则不能

7、。而被动结构中过去分词则不能。（4）系表结构中的过去分词往往具有固定的介词搭配。）系表结构中的过去分词往往具有固定的介词搭配。Why is the glass broken?By whom is the glass broken?(系表结构）系表结构）(被动结构被动结构)It is covered with thick ice and deep snow.Your table should be covered by a white cloth.(系表结构）系表结构）(被动结构被动结构)1.5注意注意: 过去分词和过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别：分词作表语的区别： 过去分词作表语通常表示主语

8、所处的状态或感受，而过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were mo

9、ved to tears.看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。 2. 摸底测验1. The painter looked so_ (tire) after working for a whole day.2. I was_ (disappoint) with the film I saw last night. I had expected it to be better.3. Everybody is really _(excite) about the new Olympic stadiums.4. His wound became_ (infect) with a new

10、 virus.tireddisappointedexcitedinfected小试牛刀小试牛刀1. 过去分词知多少1. 惊恐的人们惊恐的人们2. 预留的座位预留的座位3. 被污染的水被污染的水4. 拥挤的教室拥挤的教室5. 打碎的花瓶打碎的花瓶6. 关了的门关了的门7. 疲惫的观众疲惫的观众1. terrified /astonished people2. reserved seats3. polluted water4. a crowded room5. a broken vase6. a closed door7. the tired audienceIII. III. 过去分词作定语过去

11、分词作定语1. 1. 单个过去分词作定语单个过去分词作定语, , 通常前置通常前置a. 及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意义。及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意义。a broken cupa wounded soldieran unexpected guestthe excited crowd b. 不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完成意义。不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完成意义。a grown womana retired officerC. 合成的过去分词合成的过去分词a much-needed reformstate-owned enterprises2. 过去分词短语作定语：

12、通常后置，其作用相当于过去分词短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。定语从句。a letter written in pencilthe book recommended by Jackthe machines produced last yearThis substance, discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.= a letter which was written in pencil= the book which was recommended by Jack= the machines which

13、were produced last year= This substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine. A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playingA解析 过去分词做定语：过去分词做定语：表被动，表完成表被动，表完成。现在分词作定语：现在分词作定语：表主动，表进行表主动，表进行。不定式作定语：表示不定式作定语：表示将要发生将要发生的动作。的动作。The Olympic G

14、ames,_ in 776 B.C. did not include women players until 1912.区别区别 1 11. Falling leaves2. Fallen leaves3. Disappointing news4. Disappointed people5. Exciting story6. Excited people7. Tired people/ Im tired8. Tiring film1. 正在飘的正在飘的落叶落叶2. 已经落在地上的已经落在地上的落叶落叶3. 令人令人失望的消息失望的消息4. 感到感到失望的人们失望的人们5. 激动人心的激动人心的

15、故事故事6. （感到）（感到）激动的人们激动的人们7. 累了的人累了的人/我我感到感到累了累了8. （使人觉得）（使人觉得）无聊的电无聊的电影影区别区别 2Falling leavesFallen leaves区别区别 2Exercises:Exercises: 1. We lived in the house _(我舅舅们修建的我舅舅们修建的). 2. Any medicine _(服用服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble. 3. We spent two hours discussing the plan _ (她制定的她

16、制定的). 4. _ (开水开水) 5. _ (一个破碎的茶杯一个破碎的茶杯) 6. three _ (受伤的士兵受伤的士兵)built by my unclestakenmade by herboiled watera broken cupwounded soldiersExercises:Exercises: 1. Most of the people _(被邀请参加宴会的被邀请参加宴会的) were famous scientists. 2. Lessons _ (易学的易学的)are soon forgotten. * _ (易学的易学的) lessons are soon forgo

17、tten. 3. The computer center _(开办开办) last week is popular with the students .invited to the partylearned easilyopened/startedEasily-learnedExercises1. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _D_ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known2. As

18、we joined the big crowd, I got _ from my friends A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed3. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay4. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C. , did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first playe

19、d C. first played D. to be first playingACC5. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun6. The television is a _ machine. A. newly-invented B. new-invented C. newly-invent D. newly-invention7. _ English is different from

20、_ English in many ways. A. Spoken, written B. Speaking, written C. Spoken, writing D. Speak, writeDAA8. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars9. Prices of daily goods _ through a co

21、mputer can be lower than some store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying10. Mr Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boringDBA11. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. follo

22、wing C. to be followed D. being followed12.Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited13. The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. openedBAD14

23、. This news sounds _. A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage 15. - How did Bob do in the exams this time? - well, his father seems _ with his result. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please 16. - How did the audience receive the new play? - They got very _. A. excite B. exci

24、ted C. excitedly D. exciting ACB17. The _ look on Miss Whites face told us that she was _ great trouble. A. worrying; in B. worried; in C. worrying; with D. worried; with18. Though _ to stop, the _ speaker kept on talking at the meeting. A. being told; exciting B. to be told; exciting C. told; excit

25、ed D. telling; excited19. The autumn wind sent the _ leaves on the ground _ here and there. A. fallen; flying B. falling; to fly C. fallen; flown D. falling; flew BCAsenddoing 使使 成为成为20. The audience, greatly _ by his speech, all voiced support for the suggestion. A. moved B. to be moved C. moving D

26、. being moved21. The yellow River, _ to be “the mother river”, runs across China like a huge dragon. A. saying B. to say C. said D. being said22. - Who gave you this message? - A man _ himself Mr Zhang. A. called B. calling C. calls D. is calledACB23. The education system rather than the teachers _

27、to answer for the overburden on the students. - I agree. I hope the reform being carried out in our country at present will bring about the _ result. A. are; desired B. is; desired C. are; desiring D. is; desiring24. - Shall we go swimming? - OK. Ill just go and get _. A. to change B. changed C. be

28、changed D. changingBBget changed 换衣服换衣服25. The door of the shop remained _, though it was ten oclock am. A. opened B. opening C. locked D. locking26. My mother was _ to see the work _ so early. A. astonishing; finished B. astonished; finishing C. astonished; finished D. astonishing;finishing27. I ad

29、vise _ early, but I dont advise you _ that, since you lack much sleep. A. getting up; to do B. to get up; doing C. to get up; to do D. getting up; doingCCA过去分词作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语1. 过去分词常表示动作的完成、状态或动作的全过去分词常表示动作的完成、状态或动作的全过程。过程。2. 宾语与过去分词在逻辑上常存在着被动关系。宾语与过去分词在逻辑上常存在着被动关系。3. 不及物动词的过去分词作宾补时没有被动意味，不及物动词的过去分

30、词作宾补时没有被动意味，只表示动作的完成和状态。只表示动作的完成和状态。When I returned there, I found the bag gone.We found the village greatly changed.过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语过去分词（短语）可以在有些动词所带的复合中作宾语过去分词（短语）可以在有些动词所带的复合中作宾语补语语，宾语为过去分词（短语）的逻辑主语。过去分补语语，宾语为过去分词（短语）的逻辑主语。过去分词（短语）作宾语补语有以下几种情况。词（短语）作宾语补语有以下几种情况。1. 1. 在感观动词在感观动词feel, h

31、ear feel, hear 和和see see 之后，如：之后，如：I heard my name called.He felt himself cheated.I saw his eyes fixed on me in curiosity.2. 2. 在有些可跟带在有些可跟带to to 的不定式作宾语补语的动词之后，这类的不定式作宾语补语的动词之后，这类动词有：动词有：cant bear, hate, like, love, need, prefer, cant bear, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want, wish want, wish 等，等，

32、 如：如：I cant bear my steak overcooked, and want it underdone.我受不了牛排做得太熟，我想要它做得嫩。我受不了牛排做得太熟，我想要它做得嫩。He needs his coat mended.Kate would like her room painted white.I prefer eggs boiled.We wish your work finished quickly.3. 在有些可跟现在分词作宾语补语的动词后，这类词有：在有些可跟现在分词作宾语补语的动词后，这类词有：discover, find, keep, leave, sh

33、ow等，如：等，如：I discovered / found the place deserted.The photograph showed the dog tied to a post.Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened?4. 在使役动词在使役动词get, have 和和make 后，后， 如：如：I shall make my views known to everybody.have have 和和 get get 带过去分词作宾语补足语含

34、义与带现在分带过去分词作宾语补足语含义与带现在分词作宾语补足语时相似：词作宾语补足语时相似：have have 和和get get 有时表示有意识有时表示有意识的行为，作的行为，作“使使”解，但动作的执行者不一定是句子解，但动作的执行者不一定是句子的主语，如句（）；有时表示句子主语无意识的行的主语，如句（）；有时表示句子主语无意识的行为，作为，作“经历经历”或或“遭遇遭遇”解，如句（）；解，如句（）；wont wont havehave表示句子的主语不允许某种情况发生，如句表示句子的主语不允许某种情况发生，如句（）：（）：He had / got his car serviced.He had

35、 / got his car stolen.I wont have my son laughed at .他（找人）检修了他的车。他（找人）检修了他的车。他的汽车被人偷了。他的汽车被人偷了。我不允许我的儿子被嘲笑。我不允许我的儿子被嘲笑。现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语1. 现在分词作宾补时，通常表示一个正在进现在分词作宾补时，通常表示一个正在进行或持续的动作，宾语与宾语补足语在逻行或持续的动作，宾语与宾语补足语在逻辑上存在着主谓关系，即宾补所表示的动辑上存在着主谓关系，即宾补所表示的动作通常中宾语发出来的。作通常中宾语发出来的。2. 现在分词的被动式作宾补时，它仍表示一现在分词的被动

36、式作宾补时，它仍表示一个正在进行或持续的动作，但宾语与宾补个正在进行或持续的动作，但宾语与宾补存在逻辑上的动宾关系。存在逻辑上的动宾关系。I saw a boy crying there.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.I saw the child being beaten by his father.I often watched the ship being loaded.用所给单词的正确形式填空用所给单词的正确形式填空1 What he had said made me _ (surprise)2 My glasses are broken. I

37、ll have to get them _. (repair)3 The doctor warned him _ food after the operation. (not eat)surprisedrepairednot to eat4 I dont want any bad words _ (say) about him behind his back.5 Please get the work _ (do) as soon as possible.6 Ill have the materials _ (send) to you next Monday morning.7 She won

38、t have her long and beautiful hair _ (cut) short. said done sent cut 8 You should make your voice _ (hear).9 I want you to keep me _ (inform) of how things are going with you.10 The price is fine with me. How would you like it _ (pay)?11 At last I succeeded in making myself _ (understand). heard inf

39、ormed paid understood1. Did you find the city2. When will he ever get the work3. She cannot make herself4. Next week I will have my bedroom5. I got the watch6. You have got to keep the door7. She heard her name done? greatly changed? called. understood. locked. repaired. decorated.Match the two part

40、s to make sentences.1. They woke up, finding everything around changing.2. The gate remained locking and we had to wait outside.3. Youll see many problems to be settled in this way.4. The murderer was brought in, with his hands being tied behind his back.changedsettledlocked改错改错tiedExercises:1. If y

41、ou want _ immediately, you have to give us some money in advance. A. that the work be done B. the work done C. to have done the job D. the job that is done2. They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed3. Yo

42、u will see this product _ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertisingBABinstall sth. in sth. 安装安装4. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Altantic Ocean in five years. A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed5. If you wave your book in front of your face,

43、you can feel the air _ against your face. A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move6. Dont get your schedule _; stay with us in this class. A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change BBC非谓语动词作宾补非谓语动词作宾补高考题点击：高考题点击： 7. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. (95 N

44、) A. not toB. not to doC. not to itD. do not toA为了避免重复，常用省略形式 to 来代替前面的动作。如：Would you like to visit our school? Yes, Id like to.有些动词后面需要用不定式作宾补，除 tell 外，常见的还有：adviseallowcauseconsider encourage forbid forceintendorder permitpersuade remind request requireurge warn ask wish want 等特别注意：特别注意： hope, agr

45、ee, demand, suggest 等没有宾补。8 Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. (95 N) A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning9 A computer does only what thinking people _. (99 上海) A. have it doB. have it done C. have done itD. having it done使役动词使役动词 make / have / let sb. do sth. 但改为被动语态后，但改为被动语态后

46、，则应为：则应为：be made / let to do。注意其它不带。注意其它不带 to 的动词不定的动词不定式的用法。式的用法。此句中的此句中的 it 指代的是指代的是 a computer，what 在从句中作在从句中作 do 的的宾语，表示宾语，表示“人们让计算机所做的事人们让计算机所做的事“应该用应该用 people have a computer do 这一结构。需要注意的是这一结构。需要注意的是 have 的的几个常用结构：几个常用结构：have sb. / sth. do ; have sb. / sth.done ; have sb. / sth. doing ; have

47、sb. / sth. to doBA过去分词作状语过去分词作状语1. 1. 过去分词（短语）作状语可表示时间、原因、过去分词（短语）作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、和伴随情况。在过去分词条件、让步、方式、和伴随情况。在过去分词（短语）前可带有从属连词（短语）前可带有从属连词when, until, if, unless, when, until, if, unless, though, as, as ifthough, as, as if等。等。2. 2. 在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，过在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，过去分词（短语）通常可转换为应的状语从句；去分词（

48、短语）通常可转换为应的状语从句；在表示伴随情况时，通常可转换为一个并列的在表示伴随情况时，通常可转换为一个并列的谓语成分或并列句中的一个从句。谓语成分或并列句中的一个从句。1. 作时间状语作时间状语Told of his mothers accident, Jack immediately phoned the hospital.Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.When asked to speak, he complained about the

49、poor service.2. 作原因状语作原因状语Covered with confusion, he refused to eat .Caught in the rain, he had a fever.神志迷乱神志迷乱3. 作条件状语作条件状语Considered from this point, the question will be of great importance.Cleared, this site would be very valuable.The house will look bigger if painted white.She will gladly come

50、 to your house if invited.4. 作让步状语作让步状语Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.Though told to stop, he kept on walking.Even though given every opportunity, they would not cooperate with you.5. 作方式状语作方式状语I am returning your letter as requested.He was walking with a limp as if injured.The lad started ou

51、t of bed, as if awakened from some dream.6. 作伴随状语作伴随状语Mary came out of the room, followed by her dog.A crowd rushed in, armed with sticks.He was gazing into the distance, fascinated by the beautiful evening glow.= and (she) was followed by her dog.使迷惑使迷惑过去分词与现在分词的区别过去分词与现在分词的区别(1) 过去分词只有一种形式，不像现在分词那

52、样具有语过去分词只有一种形式，不像现在分词那样具有语态和时态的变化形式。态和时态的变化形式。(2) 现在分词的一般形式表示主动和进行意义，而及物现在分词的一般形式表示主动和进行意义，而及物云动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动云动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。I found them watering flowers.I found the flowers watered.= I found that they were watering flowers.= I found that the flowers had

53、 been watered.falling leaves fallen leaves= leaves which were / are falling.=leaves which have / had fallen.(3) 两者所担任的句子成分基本相同，两者所担任的句子成分基本相同，但过去分词不能像现在分词那样作结果但过去分词不能像现在分词那样作结果状语。状语。(4) having been done 与与done 之区别之区别Permitted, he would have succeeded in doing that. 讨论讨论：此句为什么不用此句为什么不用having been per

54、mitted?本句的句意是本句的句意是“如果当时他被允许（做这件事）的话，他本会如果当时他被允许（做这件事）的话，他本会成成功的功的” 过去分词做状语可以表示条件，与过去分词做状语可以表示条件，与if + done可以互换。可以互换。而现在分词中的完成被动式不可以，它只可以表示完成被动，而现在分词中的完成被动式不可以，它只可以表示完成被动，而且只有非谓语与谓语是很鲜明的先后关系时才可以用而且只有非谓语与谓语是很鲜明的先后关系时才可以用, 如：如：Having been finished, his homework was sent to his teacher to be corrected.

55、 如果非谓语与谓语是一般的先后关系的话，直接用过去分词如果非谓语与谓语是一般的先后关系的话，直接用过去分词即可。如：即可。如：Guided by the guide, he found the place easily.Scolded by the teacher, he felt very depressed.关于非谓语动词作状语时的逻辑主语关于非谓语动词作状语时的逻辑主语1.非谓语动词作状语时非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语往往其逻辑主语往往 就是句子的主语就是句子的主语. eg:. In order to pass the English examination, _. A. My fat

56、her bought me a dictionary. B. I often get up early to read English. C. The important thing is to make full use of time. D. It is not enough to remember the new words. . _ from the top of the hill, the city looks so beautiful. A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen . He sent me an E-mail, _ to get furth

57、er information. A. hoped B. hoping C. hope D. to hope 2. 分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时, 可以带有自己的主语可以带有自己的主语- 名词名词 / 代词代词 + 分词分词(独立主格结构独立主格结构),有时前面还可以加介词有时前面还可以加介词with构成复合结构构成复合结构. Eg:Weather permitting, well go out for a picnic tomorrow. The homework finished, the boy went home. With so many people

58、looking at her, she felt nervous.3. 现在分词作状语其逻辑主语与句中主语不一致的常见情况现在分词作状语其逻辑主语与句中主语不一致的常见情况: .Generally / Strictly / Frankly speaking , Judging from, Considering, Allowing for(考虑到考虑到), Counting(算上算上), Supposing(假定假定), Talking / Thinking of(谈到谈到) 用过去分词的情况用过去分词的情况: Given(鉴于鉴于),Taken as a whole(总之总之).Eg: _

59、the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Give B. Giving C. Given D. To give被动句中被动句中,分词常与被动结构动作的执行者形成逻辑关系分词常与被动结构动作的执行者形成逻辑关系. The idea can be expressed using a simple sentence.当现在分词在句中作结果状语当现在分词在句中作结果状语,其逻辑主语为前面整个句其逻辑主语为前面整个句子时子时.如如: European footbal

60、l is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.It作形式主语时作形式主语时,分词的逻辑主语通常是句子中所描述的主分词的逻辑主语通常是句子中所描述的主要对象要对象. Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.Practise1). When _(heat) water will be changed into vapour. While _ (heat)