英语语法讲解

1、初中英语语法知识讲解英语语法讲解第一部分 时态概念： 英语语法中的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，用以表示在不同的时间下，动作的方式或状态。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是不同时间下的动词形式。分类：从时间上来划分，主要有三大类：过去时、现在时和将来时。每一种又有具体的分类：如：过去时: 一般过去式，过去进行时、过去完成时、 现在时：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时 将来时：一般将来时、过去将来时一、现在进行时态一、用法：(1) 现在进行时表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作 。如：He is downloading music from the Internet. 他正从网上下载音乐。 I

2、m visiting the websites. 我正在浏览(访问)网站。 They are watching TV.他们正在看电视表示现在正在进行的动作，通常有表示现在的时间做标志，如：now , look, listen等。(2)表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。如： Im reading Harry Potter these days. 这些天我在读哈利波特 Hes writing a novel at the moment. 目前他正在写一篇小说。(3) 表示位置移动的动词，常用现在进行时形式表示将要发生的动作，而不是表示动作现在正在进行。这一用法只适用于某些动词，如：g

3、o, come, leave, start, arrive, move, fly等。The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。Next month my family is moving to Beijing. 下个月我家要搬到北京。二、构成形式：be(am ,is are) + 动词-ing形式 其中be要根据句子主语的不同变化为相应的形式。 动词必须在末尾加上-ing.动词-ing形式（即动词的现在分词）的变化规律：规则例词1、一般的动词直接在末尾加-ingworking,buying,visiting,saying2、以不发音的e结尾

4、的动词，去掉e再加-ingtaking,having,leaving,driving,writing3、以辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ing。Swimming,shopping,sitting, gettingrunning4、以ie结尾的动词，先把ie变为y,再加-inglielying tietying diedying 三、现在进行时态常用于以下几种情况：1、句首或句尾有now, at the moment等表示“现在”意义的时间状语。2、以, look, listen开头的句子，提示动作正在进行。3、表示当前一段时间或现阶段一直在进行的

5、动作，句中有this week, these days/months/ years等时间状语。4、表示位置移动的动词，如leave, move, go, come等也常用现在进行时表示将要发生的事情，而不表示正在进行的动作。5、根据句意判断明显为正在进行的动作。四、用法举例： 1、我在打篮球。I am playing basketball. 2、听，小鸟在树上唱歌。Listen, birds are singing in the tree. 3、看，他们在跳舞。Look,they are dancing. 4、玲玲正在做作业。Lingling is doing her homework.五、句

6、式变换：（一）陈述句变一般疑问句：（方法：把be动词提到句子主语之前） 1.Theyre playing chess. Are they playing chess?(Yes, they are./No,they arent.) 2. Alex is drinking afternoon tea. Is Alex drinking afternoon tea? 3. Im taking photos Are you taking photos? (Yes, I am./ No, Im not.)（二）肯定句变否定句：（方法：在be动词之后加not） 1. Theyre playing ches

7、s. They arent playing chess. 2. Alex is drinking afternoon tea Alex isnt drinking afternoon tea. 3. Im taking photos Im not taking photos.（三）对划线部分提问： 1. Im eating an ice cream. 2. He is waiting for a bus. 3. Theyre flying a kite in the park.练习题：一、写出下列动词的现在分词形式（-ing） buy call drive have lie play run

8、sit stand take shop talk tell wait write 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. Look! They (swim) in the river. 2. Listen! Alice (sing)songs in the next room. 3. It (rain) now. 4. I (call) my grandma now. 5. My father _(wash)his car now. 6. These days Mike _ (learn)Chinese. 7. Where is Mr. Wang ?He _ (clean) the room. 8

9、. Be quiet ! The baby _ (sleep). 9. _ they _ (make) lanterns now ?10. What _ your mother _ (do)? She is cooking the meal.三、句型转换： 1. The girls are reading books.(改为一般疑问句，并做肯定回答) 2. Her mother is talking to a friend .（改为否定句） 3. He is standing on the Great wall .（对划线部分提问） 4. She is singing an English s

10、ong. （对划线部分提问）四、把下列句子译成英语： 1、Simon正在公园里拍照。 2、我的姐姐正在她的卧室里睡觉。 3、你在洗衣服吗？ 4、他们在干什么？他们在给Sam买生日礼物。二、一般现在时态一、用法：1. 表示现在一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often,usually,sometimes ,always ,every day等表示频度的副词连用 如： I get up at six every day. They start lessons at nine oclock. We always clean our classroom after school. They oft

11、en go to the park at the weekends.2.表示人或事物现在的特征、状态。 如：The sky is blue. She wears a red coat. I like English very much. I know him.3.表示客观现实或真理。 如：The earth goes around the sun. The sun raises in the east.二、构成形式：1. 谓语动词是be动词时，be动词要根据主语的不同变换相应的形式。（即am,is,are）2. 谓语动词是行为动词时，行为动词要用原形或第三人称单数形式。（即：当句子主语是第三人

12、称单数形式时，行为动词用第三人称单数形式：当句子主语不是第三人称单数形式时，行为动词用原形。）主语（非三单）+动词原形 主语（三单）+动词三单形式 3.特别注意：一般现在时态中，be动词与行为动词不能同时使用。行为动词变第三人称单数的规律：规律例词1、一般的动词，在末尾加-swears, reads, plays, works, makes, likes2、以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词，在末尾加-es watches,goes,does, brushes, washes,catches3、以辅音字母+结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-escarries, worries ,flies, tr

13、ies, studies不规则动词的第三人称单数：have-has三、常搭配的时间状语：Often， usually，always, sometimes, never ,every day /week /year;seldom四、用法举例：1、我经常在六点半起床。 I often get up at half past six.2、他通常在周六上午做作业。He usually does his homework on Saturday morning.3、他们从不玩电子游戏。 They never play computer games.4、我们总是在下午踢足球。We always play

14、football in the afternoon.5、萨姆喜欢花。Sam likes flowers.（注意：表频度的副词的位置：通常用在be动词之后或者行为动词之前：五、句式变换：（一）肯定句变否定句：（方法：句子谓语动词为行为动词时，需要在谓语动词前加助动词do 或does，然后加not否定，并且要把谓语动词变为原形）1. We go to school from Monday to Friday .2. I usully do my homework in the evening.3.They have lunch at school.4.I like English. 像上面的句子，

15、主语不属于第三人称单数，其否定形式一般是在谓语动词前加dont.即：1. We go to school from Monday to Friday .2. I usully do my homework in the evening.3.They have lunch at school.4.I like English.再如：1、 She walks to school every day.2、 Her mother usually goes to work by bus.3、 My English teacher speaks English very well.4、 Tony ofte

16、n does his homework after dinner. 这些句子，主语为第三人称单数形式，其否定形式一般是在谓语动词前加doesnt.即：1. She doesnt walk to school every day.2. Her mother doesnt usually go to work by bus.3. My English teacher doesnt speak English very well.4. Tony doesnt often do his homework after dinner.（二）陈述句变一般疑问句：（方法：句子谓语动词是行为动词时，要在主语前添

17、加助动词do 或does，并且把谓语动词变为原形）如：1. We go to school from Monday to Friday . Do you go to school from Monday to Friday ? Yes, we do /No, we dont.2. I usually do my homework in the evening. Do you usually do your homework in the evening?3.My English teacher speaks English very well. Does your English teache

18、r speak English very well? Yes, he does./ No, he doesnt.4.Tony often does his homework after dinner. Does Tony often do his homework after dinner? 练习题一、把下列动词变为第三人称单数形式： play_ like_ read_ sing_ dance_ go_ wash_ watch_ catch_ do_ fly_ study_ try_ 二、用动词的适当形式填空： 1. His father often _ (read) books in the

19、 library on Sundays. 2. My mother usually _ (watch) TV plays at home. 3. My cousin sometimes _ (play) cards with me. 4. -_ you often _(study) after school? Yes, I do. 5. Mike and Tom usually _ (fly) kites at the weekend. 6. They _ (go) to school by bus every day. 7. We usually _ (listen) to the radi

20、o in the morning. 8. -_ he usually_ (listen) to music at home? No, he _ . 9. _ your sister _ (know) English?10.Jenny and Danny usually _ (play) games in the afternoon.三、按照要求改写句子： 1.He has lunch at school. （改为否定句） 2.Daniel watches TV every evening. （改为否定句） 3. They do their homework carefully. （改为否定句）

21、 4.My sister gets up at six in the morning.（改为一般疑问句） 5. She often does housework at home. （改为一般疑问句） 6. I like milk. （改为一般疑问句） 7. I like taking photos in the park. （对划线部分提问） 8. John comes from Canada. （对划线部分提问） 9. He goes to bed at ten oclock. （对划线部分提问）四、翻译句子： 1、我们总是在周日进行足球比赛。 2、他从不玩电脑游戏。 3、我们的语文老师很年

22、轻。 4、我一直喜欢听流行音乐。 5、我的妈妈通常开车去上班。三、一般将来时态一、用法：1、表示打算做某事、计划做某事或即将发生的事情。2、表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，3、表示对未来的预测或对未来的设想或主观推测。二、构成形式：1、be(am, is are)+动词原形 （表示打算做某事、计划做某事或即将发生的事情。）2、will +动词原形 （表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，表示对未来的预测或对未来的设想或主观推测。）三、常搭配的时间状语： tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/ evening ; next+时间 如：next

23、 week / year/ monthin+一段时间 如：in two days, in three months ; in the futuresoon四、应用举例：1、下周日他打算去公园。2、下星期我打算乘飞机去纽约。3、他们打算本周末去野餐。4、我打算今天晚上查看我的电子邮件。5、明天有雨。6、下周我要去看望我的老师。五、句式变换：1、陈述句变一般疑问句。（方法：把be动词或will提到句子主语之前） He is going to the park next Sunday. Is he going to the park next Sunday . Im going to take a

24、plane to New York Are you going to take a .plane to New York? They will have a picnic this weekend. Will they have a picnic this weekend? Ill check my emails this evening. Will you check your emails this evening? There will be rain tomorrow. Will there be rain tomorrow?2、肯定句变否定句：（方法：在be动词或will之后加not

25、） He is going to the park next Sunday. He isnt going to the park next Sunday. Im going to take a plane to New York Im not going to take a plane to New York They will have a picnic this weekend They wont have a picnic this weekend Ill check my emails this evening I wont check my emails this evening注意

26、问题：1、 如果表示计划要到某地去，由于谓语动词go与going重复，一般表达成“be going to+地点。如: Im doing to Chengdu next week.2、 There be句型与be going to连用，其结构为：There is /are going to be 如：There is going to be a concert on Friday evening.There be 句型与will连用，其结构为：There will be 如：There will be a computer on every desk.There will be a basket

27、ball match tomorrow afternoon.练习题一、动词填空： 1. There _ (be) an English party in our school this Friday evening. 2. We _ (leave) for the factory at six tomorrow morning. 3.Everyone _ (have) a small car in the future. 4. There _ (be) a football match in our school next Sunday. 5. _ your father _ (buy) a

28、car next month? 6. My mother is very busy now, but she _ (be) free in two hours. 7. The Whites _ (visit) Shanghai next week. 8. Tomorrow is Sunday , I _ (not get) up early. 9. John _ (leave) for England next week. 10. What _ you _ (do) tomorrow morning?二、按照要求改写句子： 1. Jim is going to the park with hi

29、s parents.（对划线部分提问） 2. Kate is going to visit the Summer Palace.（改为否定句） 3. There will be strong winds tomorrow. （改为否定句） 4. People will have robots in their homes in the future. （对划线部分提问） 5. Im going to have a party at home. （改为一般疑问句） 6. We are gong to climb the Great Wall tomorrow. （对划线部分提问） 7. He w

30、ill send his homework to his teacher by email. （改为一般疑问句）三、翻译句子： 1、我们要去公园野餐。 2、他们打算为英语测试复习。 3、星期六上午我打算先做作业，然后去看望朋友。 4、星期天晚上在红星剧院有一场音乐会。 5、托尼打算星期天干什么？ 6、下周日他打算去公园放风筝。 7、下星期我将乘飞机去纽约。 8、明天将有暴雨。四、一般过去时态一、用法：1、表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作。二、谓语动词的构成形式： 一般过去时态中谓语动词要用动词的过去式形式。三、动词过去式的构成： 动词的过去式形式

31、分为规则动词的过去式和不规则动词的过去式两种。规则动词过去式的构成规律：规则例词1、一般的动词直接在末尾加-edwalk , listen, look , finish2、以e结尾的动词，加-dlive, notice, decide3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i再加-edhurry, carry4、以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写最后的辅音字母，再加edstop, step不规则动词的过去式形式：（略）四、常用的时间状语：1、yesterday morning/ afternoon / evening ; the day before yesterday; 2、ago. 如：a mo

32、ment ago ; three days ago ; ten years ago3、Last. 如：last week / year /night 4、just now; then ;at that time ; in 1998五、用法举例：1、我出生于1983年。2、她去年在这个学校教数学。3、刚才他完成了他的工作。4、十年前他们住在这儿。六、句式变换：（一）陈述句变一般疑问句： 1. I was born in 1983. Were you born in 1983? 2. My sister was at this school last year Was your sister at

33、 this school last year ? 3. They were on the playground just now Were they on the playground just now? . 4. We were in Beijing two days ago. Were you in Beijing two days ago? （这些句子的谓语动词为be动词，要把be动词提到句子主语之前构成一般疑问句）5. I walked to school today. Did you walk to school today? Yes, I did. / No, I didnt.6.

34、 I called my parents yesterday. Did you call your parents yesterday?7. He played basketball for two hours last Saturday.8. Lily met an old friend of hers yesterday. Did Lily meet an old friend of hers yesterday? （这些句子的谓语动词是行为动词，要在主语之前加助动词did，并且谓语动词要用原形）（二）肯定句变否定句： 1. I was born in 1983. I wasnt born

35、 in 1983. 2. My sister was at this school last year My sister wasnt at this school last year 3. They were on the playground just now They werent on the playground just now? . 4. We were in Beijing two days ago. We werent in Beijing two days ago? （这些句子的谓语动词为be动词，在be动词直接加not构成否定句）5、I walked to school

36、today. I didnt walk to school today.6、I called my parents yesterday. I didnt call my parents yesterday.7、He played basketball for two hours last Saturday.8、Lily met an old friend of hers yesterday. Lily didnt meet an old friend of hers yesterday? （这些句子的谓语动词是行为动词，在谓语动词之前加助动词did，然后加not否定，并且谓语动词用原形。）练习

37、题一、写出下列动词的过去式形式： 1. want _ 2. work_ 3. play _ 4. come_ 5. move _ 6. use_ 7. stop _ 8. cry_ 9. destroy _ 10. sent _ 11. reach_ 12. die_ 13. study_ 14. are_ 15. is _ 16. build_二、动词填空： 1.There _ (be)some trees in the park last year. 2. She _ (live)in the country five years ago. 3. We _(stop) to listen

38、to music just now. 4. Tony _ (be not) at school yesterday morning, he _ (be) at home. 5. The Smiths _ (be) in Beijing three years ago. 6. They all _ (go ) to the mountains yesterday morning. 7. I _ (have) an exciting party last weekend. 8. We walked into the forest and _ (pick) some flowers. 9. -_ s

39、he _ (practice) her guitar yesterday? 10. Last week we _ (pick) many apples on the farm.三、改写下列句子： 1. She was born in 1990 in Kunming. （对划线部分提问） 2. He was a doctor two years ago. （改为否定句） 3. They were at school yesterday.（改为一般疑问句） 4. He was naughty before. （改为一般疑问句） 5. I did my homework last night. （改

40、为否定句） 6. She picked some flowers in the forest. （改为一般疑问句） 7. I lived in a big house. （改为否定句） 8. They visited the Great wall last week.（对划线部分提问） 9. He did lots of jobs yesterday. （对划线部分提问） 10. They moved to Beijing in 2005. （对划线部分提问）四、翻译句子： 1、他五岁时就会讲故事。 2、昨天晚上我做作业花费了两个小时。 3、昨天下午我和妈妈去购物了。 4、你昨天晚上看电视了吗

41、？ 5、上周末你干什么了？五、现在完成时态用法： 1、表示在过去的某个时间里发生的动作对现在造成的影响。常与just , already , yet（用于否定句和疑问句）连用，谓语动词用非延续性动词。如：1. Lets go to see the film Harry Potter together. - Sorry, I dont want to see it. - Why ? - Because I have seen it . 2. - Where is Li Ming? - He has just gone out. 3. - Why are you watching TV? - I

42、have already finished my homework. 2、表示到目前为止曾经经历或没有经历的事情。常与never, ever, once , twice, three times 等连用，可以用how many times 提问，谓语动词用延续性动词。 如：1. I have never been late for school . 2. He has played baseball. 3. I have never eaten hamburgers. 3、表示从过去某一时间开始持续到现在的动作或状态。常与since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。 如：1. We hav

43、e lived here since 2000. 2. I have taught English for 20 years. 3. He has been a teacher since three years ago. 4. She has done her homework for about two hours.构成形式： have /has +动词的过去分词 注意：当句子主语为第三人称单数时，用has，句子主语为非三单形式时，用have。动词的过去分词的构成： 动词的过去分词形式分为规则动词的过去分词和不规则动词的过去分词两种。规则动词过去分词的构成规律：规则例词1、一般的动词直接在

44、末尾加-edwalk , listen, look , finish，work，help2、以e结尾的动词，加-dlive, notice, decide3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i再加-edhurry, carry, try , study, cry4、以重读闭音节结尾的动词，并且词尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写最后的辅音字母，再加edstop, step, plan不规则动词的过去式形式：（略）四、常用的时间状语：already , yet, ever, never, just, before词条用法例句already“已经”常用于肯定句，一般位于助动词之后，行为动词之前，也可用于

45、句末。Ive already finished the work.我已经做完了那项工作。yet“已经；还；仍然”，用于疑问句和否定句，位于句末。Have you read the book yet?你读过那本书吗？just“刚刚”，常用于肯定句和一般疑问句，位于助动词之后，行为动词之前。My father has just bought a new watch.我父亲刚买了一只新手表。ever“曾经”位于助动词之后，行为动词之前。Have you ever talked to a foreigner?你曾经和外国人谈过话吗？never“从不”，是ever的否定词，位于助动词之后，行为动词之前。

46、Ive never been to Hong Kong.我从未去过香港。before“以前”可单独用于句子末尾。She has never met the man before.她以前从未遇见过这个人。瞬间动词与延续性动词概念：瞬间动词：也叫非延续性动词、短暂动词，指动作发生后立即结束，不能持续的动作。 延续性动词：指发生后能够持续的动作。常用的瞬间动词：open, close ,die, begin, start, finish, come, go, leave, move, borrow, lend, buy, join, arrive, reach等。 常用的延续性动词：learn, w

47、ork, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等等。 用法：瞬间动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。 瞬间动词变为延续性动词的方法：come/arrive be here ; go/leave be away die be dead; borrow keep;buy have marry be married begin/start be on finish be overjoin be in +组织名称/ be a member of 五、用法举例： 1、我看过这部电影。I

48、 have seen this film. 2、我从没去过青岛。I have never been to Qingdao. 3、他已经吃过饭了。He has already had a meal. 4、他们刚刚去了公园。They have just gone to the park. 5、托尼已经完成作业了。Tony has already finished his homework.have been to /have gone to 用法上的区别：have/has been to 意为：去过某地。指以前曾经去过某地，现在已经不再那儿了。如： I have been to the Great

49、 Wall. 我去过长城。Have/has gone to 意为：去了某地。人可能在途中，也可能已经在那儿。指现在不在此地。如： She has gone to Shanghai for holiday.她去上海度假了。如果have been to ,have gone to后接表示地点的副词there, here时，介词to要省略。如：They have gone there.他们已经去那里了。六、句式转换： （一）肯定句变否定句 1. I have seen this film.I havent seen this film. 2. I have been to Qingdao. I ha

50、vent been to Qingdao. 3. He has already had a meal. He hasnt had a meal yet. 4. They have gone to the park. They havent gone to the park. 5. Tony has already finished his homework. Tony hasnt finished his homework yet.（二）陈述句变一般疑问句 1. We have lived here since 2000. Have you lived here since 2000? Yes

51、, we have. 2. I have taught English for 20 years. Have you taught English for 20years? 3. He has been a teacher since three years ago. Has he been a teacher since three years ago? Yes, he has. / No, he hasnt. 4. She has done her homework for about two hours. Has she done her homework for about two hours? Yes, she has ./ No, she hasnt.练习题一、用动词的正确形式填空：1. Tom _(finish) his homework and now he is watching TV.2. _ you ever _ (read) that story book?3. Tony _ (not take) a plane yet.4. She _ never _ (be) to India or Russia.5. I _ (stay) at my a