Introduction to Engineering and Technology Concepts[介绍工程和技术概念](-83)

1、Introduction to Engineering and Technology ConceptsUnit NineChapter 3 Course ReviewInstructions for Success: This review is intended for you to follow along in your notebook. Material covered in this extensive review will be included on the final exam. Good luck!Objective Students will review key co

2、ncepts of the Introduction to Engineering and Technology Advanced Path course in preparation for the final exam.Mindjog!On your worksheet, please respond to the following question: “Remembering everything that you have learned, please redefine the term technology. Unit ReviewDefinition of Technology

3、 Technology humans using objects to change the natural and manmade environment (Wright, 2004) . All technology has FOUR basic features (Wright, 2004) .Four Features of Technology Technology is human knowledge. Technology uses tools, materials, and systems. Any application of technology results in ar

4、tifacts and other outputs. Technology is developed by people to modify or control the environment (Wright, 2004).Other Outputs? On the last slide, it was stated that one of the features of technology is the result of other outputs. What does this mean? First, if artifacts are human-made things, then

5、 the other outputs are the leftovers. These outputs can include things like pollution and scrap (Wright, 2004).Technologys Evolution We have already established that technology is dynamic. The earliest piece of technology has been around as long as humanity has walked this Earth 2.5 million years ag

6、o! (Wright, 2004). Can you guess what it is? The first piece of technology was A ROCK!Technologys Evolution (continued) How is a rock a piece of technology? While not manmade, a rock makes our life easier. Technology can also be defined as anything that makes a humans life easier. Our decedents used

7、 this early technology for cutting and pounding (Wright, 2004).The Timeline The evolution of technology can be divided up into seven “ages. They are: The Stone Age The Bronze Age The Iron Age The Middle Ages Renaissance The Industrial Revolution The Information Age (Wright, 2004).The System Componen

8、ts All technological systems are made up of several components. They include: Goals Inputs Processes Outputs Feedback and Control (Wright, 2004) Processes All technological systems are characterized by some sort of action. The steps in these actions are called a Processes (continued)problem solving

9、process Processes (continued)production process Processes (continued)management process Dynamic Technologies It has already been stated that technology is dynamic; constantly changing. For example, what was once the telegraph has become the cell phone. Technology can be said to have three “Levels of

10、 Development: Obsolete Current Emerging (Wright, 2004)Obsolete Technologies Consider that certain technologies go through a period of evolution. Think in terms of the printing press, the typewriter, the computer, and now the laptop. Most people no longer have a typewriter in their homes because it i

11、s, for the most part, obsolete. While the typewriter might work just fine, it is not efficient enough for humanities current needs. Obsolete technologies are those that can no longer efficiently meet human needs for products and services (Wright, 2004).Current Technologies Current technologies are t

12、he artifacts that you see around you everyday. They are currently efficient enough to meet humanitys needs. Think about cars, mp3 players, cell phones, microwaves, etc. These are all current. Current Technologies include the range of techniques used to produce most of the products and services today

13、 (Wright, 2004).Emerging Technologies Emerging Technologies are the new technologies that are not widely employed today (Wright, 2004). Emerging Technologies posses of chance of becoming mainstream as time passes. There was a time before the internet, the computer, television, and radio. During this

14、 time these ideas were considered, “high tech. As needs, desires, and costs changed, these “high tech artifacts found their way into our everyday lives. Unit ReviewProcesses Reviewproblem solving process In Fact Developing design solutions really come down to three steps: Developing preliminary solu

15、tions. Isolating and refining the best solution. Detailing the best solution (Wright, 2004). When developing solutions there is a good bit of imagination involved. Once the imagination has produced potential solutions, they need to be refined to see if they are, in fact, possible.Measurement Measure

16、ment is the practice of comparing the qualities of an object to a standard. In earlier times, we used body parts as that standard. Literally, one foot was the size of your foot. Unfortunately, not everyones foot is the same size. Two measurement standards are in use today: U.S. customary and the Met

17、ric System (Wright, 2004).U.S. Customary System This system was developed in England from the 1100s to the 1500s. Some aspects of this system were based on body parts, for instance an inch and a thumb being the same thing. Despite using logic and common understanding, the system is confusing in that

18、 numerous terms are used to describe the same measure. For instance, 12 inches equals a foot but 36 inches equals three feet or one yard. Also confusing are the inconsistencies in computing fractions and multiples of different base measurements. (Wright, 2004). Consider Consider that we have develop

19、ed standards for seven physical qualities, including: Size and shape the length, area, or volume of an object. Mass the amount of matter in an object. Temperature how hot or cold an object or place is. Time How long an event lasts The other qualities are number of particles, electrical current, and

20、light intensity (Wright, 2004). Material Resources Materials form the foundation for all production activities. Without material resources, production is not possible (Wright, 2004). There are three types of natural resources that can become the inputs to a production. These materials are: Genetic M

21、aterials Fossil Fuel Materials Minerals (Wright, 2004). Unit ReviewSix Simple Machines Machines are artifacts that transmit or change the application of power, force, or motion. Simple Machines work on the two basic principles of the lever and the inclined plane. The Six Simple Machines are: The Lev

22、er The Wheel and Axle The Pulley The Inclined Plane The Wedge The Screw (Wright, 2004)Quick Review In the last chapter, we defined energy as the ability to do work. The concept of technology is anything that makes our lives easierit does the work for us to a certain extent. Therefore, without energy

23、, humans could not work on the development of technology that in turn could not work to benefit our needs (Wright, 2004).Quick Review (continued) We also stated that energy is in two forms: kinetic and potential. Kinetic energy is energy that being used. Potential energy is energy that is being stor

24、ed. Think of a batteryalone the battery has the potential to be transformed and used. When placed in a device that runs on battery power, the energy becomes kinetic (Wright, 2004).Its the Law Finally, we noted that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore, energy can only be converted from o

25、ne form to another. Its general forms are as follows: Mechanical Radiant Chemical Thermal Electrical Nuclear (Wright, 2004)Sources Now that we have defined the different forms of energy, there needs to be an understanding of exactly what source we are using to harness it. There are three: Exhaustibl

26、e Renewable Inexhaustible (Wright, 2004)Energy Conversion So far, we have defined and discussed energy forms and sources. What we have said is that energy is transformedand it is through these four ways: Inexhaustible Energy Converters Renewable Energy Converters Thermal Energy Converters Electrical

27、 Energy Converters (Wright, 2004) Unit ReviewWhat is Construction? The Mindjog asked you to consider the components of your home. Did you think of things like lumber, piping, the foundation, and the like? What is construction anyway? Construction is a production activity that produces structures suc

28、h as buildings or roadways (Wright, 2004).What is Involved? What steps are taken when constructing a building? Preparing the Site Setting Foundations Building the Framework Enclosing the Structure Installing Utilities Finishing the Exterior and Interior Completing the Site (Wright, 2004)What is Tran

29、sportation? The Mindjog asked you to consider the different ways you could get from Point A to Point B. Did you mention a car, plane, or boat? What is transportation anyway? Transportation is all acts that relocate humans and their possessions. Transportation Technology provides movement using techn

30、ical means to extend human ability (Wright, 2004).Goals of Communication Every communication message is designed to deliver a certain impact. Communication can meet one or more of the three basic goals: Inform Persuade Entertain (Wright, 2004).Types of Communication Unit ReviewAgriculture When you h

31、ear someone say, “agriculture, what do you think of? Do you think of rows of corn, fields of wheat, and cows roaming the grounds? Agriculture is people using materials, information, and machines to produce food and natural fibers (Wright, 2004). Essentially, agriculture can described as “farming.Bio

32、technology Biotechnology and agriculture are two related studies. One aspect of biotechnology considers the practices that improve propagation, growing, and harvesting activities (Wright, 2004). More directly, biotechnology uses biological agents in processes to produce goods or services (Wright, 20

33、04). These agents are microorganisms, enzymes, or animal and plant cells (Wright, 2004).Medicine Medicine can be described as the diagnosing, treating, and prevention of diseases (Wright, 2004). Disease is any change that interferes with the appearance, structure, or function of the body (Wright, 20

34、04). There are many professionals that treat disease and injury: physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, medical technologists, dentists, dental hygienists, and pharmacists (Wright, 2004). Goals The aforementioned health care professionals respond to health care in three ways:

35、 Diagnosis performed by conducting interviews, physical examinations, and medical tests. Treatment involves applying medical procedures to cure disease. Prevention actions taken to keep people from contracting a disease (Wright, 2004).Technology in Medicine In the past, physicians depended on people

36、 to describe their symptoms. Today, many different types of diagnostic devices exist. For our discussion, we will examine three: Routine Diagnostic Equipment Noninvasive Diagnostic Equipment Invasive Diagnostic Equipment (Wright, 2004).Treatment Technologies Treatment of illnesses can also require d

37、rugs, specialized equipment, or both. A drug is a substance used to prevent, diagnose, or treat a disease. It can be used to prolong the life of patients with incurable conditions. Other areas of technology include developing life support equipment, artificial body parts, medical computer systems, b

38、lood chemistry sensors, therapeutic instruments, and medical imaging and treatment systems (Wright, 2004). Optical Technologies Optical Technologies consider the reaction to visible light waves (Wright, 2004). Optical properties include color (waves that are reflected), optical transmission (ability

39、 to pass light waves), and optical reflectivity (ability to reflect light waves) (Wright, 2004). Think about microscopes, lasers, fiber optics, bar code readers, and scannershow do they play a role in our lives (Wright, 2004)?Fiber Optics Still, the aforementioned techniques are limited by the dista

40、nce the information can be sent. Fiber optics are channels that guide light waves through internal reflection over some distance. Internal reflection means that when the light waves strike the outer edge of the fiber, they are reflected back towards the center. Optical communication of this type is

41、called guided optical transmission, which began development in the 1960s (Wright, 2004).Fluid Power Systems(Wright, 2004)Electrical Energy In the Chapters dealing with energy, we said that electrical energy is associated with electrons moving along a conductor (Wright, 2004). In a previous chapter,

42、we discussed that atoms have electrons and that electrons have a negative charge. ElectronsInsulator When the electrons do not move within the atom, binding them in such a way, the result is an insulator. An insulator is a poor conductor of electricity. Items that are considered insulators include w

43、ood, plastic, glass, and so on (Brian, 2004). Conductor Conductors, such as metals, allow the electrons to move within the atom. When the electrons move, it becomes easier for electricity to flow though the material. As the electrons move, they transmit electricity from one point to another (Brian,

44、2004).Computers When a lot of people think of technology they immediately visualize a computer with internet connection. Computers are used in all areas of life and are especially good when used for communication. A computer is a machine that performs a number of tasks controlled by a set of instruc

45、tions (Wright, 2004).Computer Memory Read only memory (ROM) is memory that can be read by the computer but cannot be changed (Wright, 2004). Random-access memory (RAM) is memory that can be read or changed by the computer and the user. In addition, data can be stored outside of the computer by exter

46、nal storage devices These can include CD-ROMs, hard drives, flash drives, etc (Wright, 2004).Networks While computers alone can be used to do a specific task, they can be connected into networks. In this case, a computer is connected to other computers. There are two types: Local Area Network (LAN)

47、used in a single building or site, it connects several personal computers to a special computer called the sever. The sever is used to store programs and data for the network. Wide Area Network (WAN) covers large geographical areas. The largest WAN is the internet (Wright, 2004).The Internet The ter

48、m internet means interconnected networks. The internet is a computer-based global information system. No one really owns it because much of its creation and initial workings emerged from research that was federally funded. It is a collection of large and small independent networks called intranets.

49、These intranets link hundreds of computers, with the internet allowing them to share information (Wright, 2004). Unit ReviewThree Factors When purchasing technology, think about these important factors: Function how well will the product meet your needs? How well does it work? Is the product durable

50、 and easy to maintain? How well will it do the job you have in mind? Value Does the performance of the product match its price? Do other products meet your needs as well but cost less? Is it worth the selling price (Wright, 2004)?Maintaining Technology Having your product work properly when called u

51、pon often requires maintenance. Preventive maintenance is designed to prevent breakdowns, such as oil changes. Understand that no technology will work all the time or last forever. Repairing technology is the process of putting a product back into good working order (Wright, 2004).Management Technol

52、ogy is purposeful; it is developed to meet a problem or opportunity. However, it must be managed. Therefore, technology is a product of managed human activity. Management can be defined as the act of planning, directing and evaluating an activity. Management involves authority and responsibility (Wr

53、ight, 2004).Areas of Industry There are several areas of industry: Research and Development activities that might result in new or improved products and processes. Production develop methods for producing products or services and the activities that produce the desired outputs. Marketing the activit

54、ies that encourage the flow of goods and services from the producer to the consumer. Industrial Relations activities that develop an efficient work force and maintain positive relations with the workers and the public. Financial affairs activities that obtain, account for, and disburse funds (Wright

55、, 2004). Unit ReviewProcessing Before we get started, realize that tools and machines are used in three major types of processing: Material Processing Energy Processing Information Processing For the purposes of this Unit, we will be looking at tools and machines used in material processing (Wright,

56、 2004).Motion Cutting motion is the action that causes material to be removed from the work. It causes the excess material to be cut away. Feed motion is the action that brings new material into the cutter. It allows the cutting action to be continuous. Cutting and feed motions can be: Rotating uses

57、 round cutters or spins the work around an axis Linear moves a cutter or work in one direction along a straight line Reciprocating moves the tool or the work back and forth (Wright, 2004).Types of Machine Tools Hundreds of different machine tools exist, however they can be grouped into six categorie

58、s: Turning Machines Sawing Machines Drilling Machines Shaping Machines Planing Machines Grinding Machines (Wright, 2004). General Safety Rules General Safety Rules Safety is an integral part of the technology laboratory setting. Understanding and following the appropriate safety procedures will aid

59、in the learning opportunities presented to you. Unit ReviewBridges We have said that construction activities do not always produce buildings. In regards to transportation technologies, a bridge is vital to provide a path to move over obstacles. These obstacles include marshy areas, ravines, other ro

60、ads, and bodies of water. Bridges can carry a number of transportation systems that include highways, railroads, canals, pipelines, and footpaths (Wright, 2004).Bridges (continued) Generally, there are two types of bridges: fixed and movable. A fixed bridge does not move. Once it is set in place, it