高三二轮复习语法专题定语从句

1、2015年高三二轮复习语法专题定语从句考纲解读定语从句是中学阶段一个重要的语法项目,是同学们学习的难点,也是高考的考查热点主要出现在单项选择，完形填空及阅读表达翻译等题型中。而命题点则主要涉及到关系代词或关系副词的选择。为了帮助同学们学习,本专题拟就定语从句的命题角度作一归纳,以期提高同学们的应考能力。易混易错易错点一：不会选择正确的关系词。易错点二：不能区别定语从句与别的从句或结构。学生们极易弄混定语从句与强调结构，定语从句与状语从句、表语从句等间的区别。易错点三：不注意标点符号。标点符号在定语从句中，尤其是以逗号连接主从句的非限制性定语从句中作用极大，又极易被学生忽视。许多学生不注意符号的

2、特定作用，只要主从句指代无误，翻译通顺就可以，因而易导致错误。易错点四：不注意介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句时的介词的习惯搭配。往往不知道关系代词前面应该加上与从句中谓语动词意义相符的介词。易错点五：不能准确断句，甚至疏忽句子的结构。许多学生因粗心或因对句子结构理解不清而易出现一些错误。考点一：关系词的选用1关系词的选择主要依据先行词在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词(where，when，why)。2who，whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，

3、在从句中可作主语、宾语等。Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/that I am waiting for.他就是我正在等待的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。He failed in the exam，which made his father angry.他考试不及格，这使他父亲很生气。3关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，

4、在从句中作状语。具体用法如下：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语；why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。【专家提醒】先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，如果在从句中不作状语，则不能用when或where引导定语从句，而要用which/that。I still remember the day which/that we spent together in the city.我仍然记得我们一起在那座城市度过的

5、那一天。(这里which/that指代the day作spent的宾语)。考点二：关系代词whose的用法：whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语I know the girl whose father is our headmaster.我认识那个女孩，她的父亲是我们的校长。The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.门破了的那间教室很快就会被维修。考点三：that引导的定语从句1不用that的情况(1)引导非限定性定语从句时(2)介词后不能用。2只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(1)在there be 句

6、型中，只用that，不用which。This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.(2)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。(3)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 (4)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。(5)先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Fin

7、ally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。考点四：介词+关系代词1介词关系代词中介词的宾语只能是which或whomThe gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.你昨天告诉我的那位绅士证实是小偷。In the dark street，there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为

8、她提供帮助。2当复合介词短语which引导定语从句时，这种定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开，从句用倒装语序He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大树。3介词which/whom不定式结构The poor man has no house in which to live.那个可怜的人没有房子住。4ofwhich/whom表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose)Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(whose

9、price) was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。考点五：As,which 引导的定语从句：1关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：(1)such.as.像那样的。当先行词被such修饰或本身是such 时，as作为关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰这个先行词。如：We hope to get such a tool as he is using.我们希望弄到像他使用的一样的工具。They are such warm hearted me

10、n as Ill never forget.他们是那样热心的，我永远不会忘记的人们。That was such terrible weather as destroyed our whole trip plan.那是一个那样可怕的天气，毁坏了我们的整个旅游计划。【专家提醒】such.as.与such.that.的区别as引导定语从句，as要在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。that引导结果状语从句，that在从句中不作成分。如：He is such a good student as all the teachers like.他是那样一个老师们都喜欢的好学生。He is such a good s

11、tudent that all the teachers like him.他是那样一个好学生，以致于老师们都喜欢他(2)the same.as.像一样的。这是一个习惯句式，当先行词是the same或被the same修饰时，后面的定语从句常用as引导，这时as是关系代词，常在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。这样的定语从句常用省略形式。如：I live in the same house as he(lives in). 我的房子与他的房子相同。She got the same salary as a man(got)她的薪金与男的相同。【专家提醒】as引导的这种从句有时用that或where

12、引导。that表示“同一个人或物”；as表示“相同中的另一个”。如：I lived in the same house that he lives in.我与他住在同一房子中。I lived in the same house where he lives.比较：the same.that.像一样的。that引导定语从句，表示“同一个”。如：She gave him the same answer as before：“No”她回答他跟以前一样：“不。”This is the same dictionary that I lost last week.这部词典同我上星期丢失的那一本一样。2关系

13、代词as，which的区别(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon trave

14、ls round the earth once every month，as/which is known to everybody.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.后两句属名词性从句范畴。(3)as意为“正如”，后面的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report，

15、announce等；which意为“这一点”。As is known to all，Bell invented the telephone.Bell invented the telephone，as is known to all.As is often the case，Mike was late again and made up an excuse to fool the boss.考点六：定语从句和其他从句的区别1. 定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“的(名词)”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名

16、词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较： We all have heard the news that our team won.我们都听到了我们球队胜利的消息。 (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分) We dont believe the news that/which he told us yesterday. 我们不相信他昨天告诉我们的那个消息。(定语从句，that 作told

17、的宾语).请看例题：1). a. The news that our volleyball team won the match made us excited.b. The news that /which he told me yesterday is exciting.2) a. I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.b. The mother made a promise that /whichpleased all her children.解题点拨：that引导的定语从句是对其

18、先行词的修饰或限制；在句中作成份(作宾语省略),指物时可用which代替；而同位语从句是对前面名词的说明和解释。that在从句中仅起连接作用,不充当成份，不能省略,不能用which代替。 2.定语从句与强调句型1) a. It is in this room that I lived last year.b. It is the room where I lived last year.2) a. It was at seven oclock that he went to school this morning.b. It was seven oclock when he went to s

19、chool this morning.解题点拨：强调句型：It is/was+被强调的成份+that/who+其它部分; 去掉 It is/was.that/who ,句子照样成立;而定语从句的引导词在句中要作成份。强化训练1. (2015·北京模拟) My daughter, job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home. A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. where2. Children are excited about the approach of Christma

20、s, may bring great happiness to them. A. itB. whichC. whatD. that3. (2014·兰州模拟) The news spread quickly through the villagethe war had ended, made villagers wild with joy. A. which; thatB. that; whatC. that; whichD. where; which4. is known to us all is that the old worker, life was hard in the

21、past, still works hard in his seventies. A. As; whomB. What; whomC. It; whoseD. What; whose5. Is this tourist attractionyou paid a visit to several days ago? A. thatB. whichC. the oneD. where6. Many thanks to the whole team and to my family, understanding and support has made my success possible. A.

22、 whichB. thatC. whoD. whose7. (2013·合肥模拟) The very thingmost senior 3 students long for is to study inthey call the Tower of Ivory in the near future. A. what; whereB. which; whatC. that; whereD. that; what8. is reported in the newspaper, 86 persons were killed in the hurricane. A. ItB. AsC. Wh

23、ichD. What9. Three minutes later, more than ten policemen turned up at the spotthe accident happened. A. whichB. whatC. whereD. that10. (2014·杭州模拟) Encouraged by my science teacher, I set about my studies on developing my product, I hope I will succeed in applying for a patent (专利权) . A. with w

24、homB. to whomC. through whichD. for which11. It is exactly the arearacial conflicts arise now and then. A. whereB. thatC. whichD. why12. (2014·贵阳模拟) Last Sunday I climbed to the top of the hill near my home, _ I could see half of the city. A. thatB. whereC. whichD. there13. When did your brothe

25、r begin to show his interest in medicine? It was a Saturdayhe noticed his classmate experimenting on a frog in the lab. A. thatB. whatC. whenD. which14. The villagers thought highly of the waywe treated the beggar. A. whichB. whereC. whyD. that15. (2014·福州模拟) More public kindergartenspreschool

26、kids can spend their fun-filled childhood will be built this year. A. to whichB. with whomC. in whichD. from where16. (2014·兰州模拟) Living in the eastern part of the city has its problems,_ shopping is not the least. A. with whichB. of whichC. for whichD. which17. The doctorthe farmer sent his so

27、n is well-known in the field. A. by whomB. at whomC. to whomD. for whom18. (2014杭州模拟) Doris, do you have anything in mindyoud like for breakfast? is okay with me. Im not particular about food. A. that; AnythingB. which; EverythingC. what; NothingD. whether; Something19. It will be longshe sees Mr. W

28、hite again at Beijing, business has just started in Switzerland. A. after; whoB. since; whoC. when; whoseD. before; whose20. (2013·厦门模拟) “Youth” is regarded by many people as a time in their life _ fun, passion, and imagination seem limitless. A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where21. The school has de

29、veloped an online systemstudents can choose their own teachers. A. whichB. thatC. whomD. where22. (2014·西安模拟) In the past few years, My Heart Will Go On was a popular song among young people, were often heard singing it at parties. A. theyB. thatC. whoD. which23. (2013·宝鸡模拟) Manyread the b

30、ook have asked me to write another book, which their students can read without difficulty. A. whichB. thatC. whatD. who24. (2015·咸阳模拟) The British are not so familiar with different cultures, is often the case in other countries. A. thatB. whoC. asD. where25. (2014·西安模拟) We climbed to the

31、top of Dayan Pagoda at night, believe it or not, we could see a Buddha image in the sky. A. from thereB. whereC. from whereD. There答案解析1. 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意: 我女儿的工作需要她经常旅游, 她总是远离家。关系代词whose作定语, 修饰job, whose job在定语从句中作主语。2. 【解析】选B。考查非限制性定语从句。句意: 孩子们对于圣诞节的来临感到很兴奋, 它可以带给他们快乐。从句子结构分析可以排除it和what; that不能引导非

32、限制性定语从句, 故选用which, 在定语从句中作主语。3. 【解析】选C。考查定语从句和名词性从句。句意: 战争结束的消息很快传遍全村, 这使村民们欣喜若狂。第一空that引导同位语从句, 具体说明the news的内容; 第二空which引导非限制性定语从句, 指代前面整句话的内容。4. 【解析】选D。考查定语从句和名词性从句。分析句子成分可以看出, 第一空使用what引导主语从句, 第二空使用whose引导一个非限制性定语从句。5. 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。把题干改为陈述语序则为This tourist attraction isyou paid a visit to severa

33、l days ago. 主句缺少表语, 故使用the one, 其后省略了that。6. 【解析】选D。考查定语从句。whose引导非限制性定语从句, whose understanding and support在定语从句中作主语。7. 【解析】选D。考查定语从句和名词性从句。先行词被the very修饰一般使用that引导定语从句; 第二空what引导一个宾语从句。8. 【解析】选B。考查定语从句。当非限制性定语从句的谓语是be +过去分词时, 多使用as引导定语从句, 表示整个主句的内容, which所引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在主句之后, 故排除C。9. 【解析】选C。考查定语从句。

34、分析句子成分可知, 此处spot应为先行词, 使用where引导定语从句, where在从句中作状语, 表示地点。【知识拓展】模糊先行词后的定语从句当先行词为case, condition, situation, position, point, stage, circumstance, play, job, work, scene, spot, activity, process等名词时, 若在从句中充当状语成分, 可用where引导; 若作主语、宾语等成分, 可用that/which引导定语从句。occasion, point, stage等名词表示时间节点的时候, 其后的定语从句可用when引导, 在从句中作时间状语。10. 【解析】选D。考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意: 受我的理科老师鼓励, 我开始着手开发产品的研究, 因为我希望我会成功申请专利。根据句意, 此处使用介词for, 表示原因。11. 【解析】选A。考查定语从句。句意: 就是在这个地区不时地发生种族冲突。先行词为the area, where引导定语从句, 在从句中作地点状语。12. 【解析】选B。考查定语从句。句意: 上周日我爬上了我家附近的那座山的山顶, 在那里我能够